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Stutsel M, Jordan L, Smith C, Lee WY, Symonds N, Bell R, Young A. Comparison of distal extremity magnetic resonance imaging findings in Australian racing Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. Aust Vet J 2024. [PMID: 39340248 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Foot-related lameness is common in Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides information on both the soft tissue and osseous structures of the distal extremity. The aim of this study was to determine whether abnormalities identified on distal limb MRI differed between these two racehorse populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The records of Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorse distal extremity MRI examinations conducted at Camden Equine Centre and Ballarat Veterinary Practice between 2013 and 2023 were retrieved. Horses were included if pain causing lameness had been localised to the foot using perineural or intra-articular analgesia. MRI abnormalities of the structures within the distal extremity were recorded and comparisons made between the two groups. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the rate of occurrence of certain MRI abnormalities between the Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorse populations, including distal phalangeal fractures, proximal phalangeal short tau inversion recovery (STIR) hyperintensity (distal aspect), the presence and severity of ungular cartilage ossification, abnormalities of the navicular bone distal border synovial invaginations/vascular channels and navicular bone distal border fragments. The presence of distal extremity STIR hyperintensity and fractures was significantly higher in Standardbred compared to Thoroughbred racehorses when these findings were grouped and considered in combination. CONCLUSION There were many similarities in the distal extremity MRI abnormalities identified in lame Australian Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses. However, distal phalangeal fractures, ungular cartilage ossification and distal extremity STIR hyperintensity were identified in significantly more in Standardbred than Thoroughbred racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stutsel
- Agnes Banks Equine Clinic, Agnes Banks, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Jordan
- Agnes Banks Equine Clinic, Agnes Banks, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Smith
- Agnes Banks Equine Clinic, Agnes Banks, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W Y Lee
- Ballarat Veterinary Practice, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Symonds
- Uni Vets Camden, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rjw Bell
- Uni Vets Camden, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Young
- Alex Young Specialist Veterinary Imaging, Anstead, Queensland, Australia
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Germonpré J, Vandekerckhove LMJ, Raes E, Chiers K, Jans L, Vanderperren K. Post-mortem feasibility of dual-energy computed tomography in the detection of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot: a proof of concept. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1201017. [PMID: 38249561 PMCID: PMC10797750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this proof-of-concept study, the post-mortem feasibility of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in the detection of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot is described in agreement with the gold standard imaging technique, which is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods A total of five equine cadaver feet were studied, of which two were pathological and three were within normal limits and served as references. A low-field MRI of each foot was performed, followed by a DECT acquisition. Multiplanar reformations of DECT virtual non-calcium images were compared with MRI for the detection of bone edema-like lesions. A gross post-mortem was performed, and histopathologic samples were obtained of the navicular and/or distal phalanx of the two feet selected based on pathology and one reference foot. Results On DECT virtual non-calcium imaging, the two pathological feet showed diffuse increased attenuation corresponding with bone edema-like lesions, whereas the three reference feet were considered normal. These findings were in agreement with the findings on the MRI. Histopathology of the two pathologic feet showed abnormalities in line with bone edema-like lesions. Histopathology of the reference foot was normal. Conclusion DECT virtual non-calcium imaging can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot. Further examination of DECT in equine diagnostic imaging is warranted in a larger cohort, different locations, and alive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Germonpré
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Louis M. J. Vandekerckhove
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Raes
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lennart Jans
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Akgun RO, Orhan IO, Ekim O, Bumin A. Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and gross anatomy of forelimb joints in New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:762-769. [PMID: 37254602 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to define the anatomical structures by comparing the transversal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images of the forelimb joints of the rabbits with the cross-sectional plastinated images. A total of 14 (seven females, seven males) one-year-old adult New Zealand rabbits were used in the study. After the CT and MR imaging procedures were completed, the forelimbs were removed from the body. The forelimbs were plastinated using the silicone plastination method and sectioned transversal. Cross-sectional plastinates were evaluated and correlated anatomically with conjugate CT and MR images. Joint and surrounding anatomical structures were defined in sections. Cross-sectional plastinated samples were highly correlated with CT and MR images in terms of bone and soft tissue, respectively. It is thought that the anatomical and radiological data obtained from the forelimb joints of rabbits will provide a basis for scientists who are involved in both experimental surgical interventions and clinical anatomy education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remzi Orkun Akgun
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Ismail Onder Orhan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Okan Ekim
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Bumin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Castro-Mesa AF, Resende Faleiros R, Martínez-Aranzales JR. Transmural Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Horse Hoof Internal Structures: Comparative Qualitative Findings-Part 1. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1951. [PMID: 37370461 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography is commonly used to evaluate equine lameness-related structures, but traditional hoof approaches cannot adequately visualize internal structures such as the lamellar layer. To address this limitation, we used 62 healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of thirty anatomical pieces (phase 1) and thirty-two hooves from living horses (phase 2). In both phases, half of the digits were submerged in water (group 1) and the other half in water and ice (group 2) for 24 h. Ultrasonographic views and temperature and humidity measurements were taken every two hours, and sagittal sections were obtained in phase 1. Good quality images were obtained in both phases. The transmural technique allowed the evaluation of several structures of the DEJ (tubular and lamellar strata of the hoof wall, sublamellar dermis, and solar and coronary papillae) and of the distal phalanx (extensor process, parietal surface, and apex). Our findings suggest that the transmural technique following hoof submersion can be useful for internal evaluation of hoof conditions, such as laminitis. However, further validation of the technique in natural or experimental cases is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Castro-Mesa
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Rafael Resende Faleiros
- Equinova Research Group, School of Veterinary, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - José Ramón Martínez-Aranzales
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Antioquia, Colombia
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Brounts SH, Lund JR, Whitton RC, Ergun DL, Muir P. Use of a novel helical fan beam imaging system for computed tomography of the distal limb in sedated standing horses: 167 cases (2019–2020). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1351-1360. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.10.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of a novel helical fan beam CT system used for imaging of horses with a range of clinical distal limb problems.
ANIMALS
167 horses.
PROCEDURES
Medical records were reviewed of horses presented for CT of the distal limb at 2 university-based veterinary hospitals. The following data were recorded: age, sex, breed, presenting complaint, sedation used for imaging, scanning time, procedure time, other diagnostic imaging methods performed, imaging diagnosis, clinical diagnosis, and complications during imaging.
RESULTS
Most horses were Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses. Procedure times ranged from 15 to 40 minutes, with scanning completed in 15 to 45 seconds for each region of interest. The foot or pastern region was commonly scanned (88/167 [53%] horses), with navicular bone disease diagnosed in 42 of 88 (48%) horses. The fetlock region was also commonly scanned (42/167 [40%] horses), with palmar or plantar osteochondral disease diagnosed in 17 of 42 (40%) horses. Horses were compliant during scanning, and no complications with sedation or damage to the scanner occurred. A specific imaging diagnosis for the lameness was achieved more frequently with CT imaging (166/167 [99%]) than with planar digital radiography (26/58 [45%]).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The helical fan beam CT system could be used safely to scan sedated standing horses from the carpal or tarsal region distally. Subjectively, the machine was easy to operate, allowing CT to be incorporated into lameness investigations. CT imaging was very likely to result in a clinical diagnosis in horses with distal limb lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H. Brounts
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Jane R. Lund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - R. Chris Whitton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - David L. Ergun
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Asto CT Inc, Middleton, WI
| | - Peter Muir
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Imaging the Equine Foot. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:563-579. [PMID: 34674912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, advancements in diagnostic imaging technology have led to improvement of radiographic technique and development of standing computed tomography (CT) and PET-CT scanners. Although these modalities are in their initial stages of development and clinical applications, they are meant to revolutionize the diagnosis and management of diseases of the foot in the standing patient, in particular detecting subclinical lesions, and the establishment of computer-assisted surgical suits. This article also reviews the improved radiographic projections of the equine foot and benefits of high-field and contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosis of cartilage and ligamentous pathologies.
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Orsini JA. The Big Picture in Better Understanding the Equine Foot. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:521-528. [PMID: 34674909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple topics summarized in this article and discussed in detail in this issue of VCNA are comprehensive and in-depth, exploring concepts and clinical experiences for state-of-the-art care of the equine foot. The research on the equine foot will translate to the clinical setting and with this the compassionate care of the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Orsini
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Ehrle A, Lilge S, Clegg PD, Maddox TW. Equine flexor tendon imaging part 2: Current status and future directions in advanced diagnostic imaging, with focus on the deep digital flexor tendon. Vet J 2021; 278:105763. [PMID: 34678501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexor tendon injuries are a common cause of lameness and early retirement in equine athletes. While ultrasonography is most frequently utilised, advanced diagnostic imaging modalities are becoming more widely available for detection and monitoring of flexor tendon lesions. Part two of this literature review details current experience with low- and high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of equine flexor tendinopathy with a focus on the deep digital flexor tendon. Implications of the 'magic angle' artefact as well as injection techniques and the use of contrast media are discussed. Future developments in tendon imaging aim to gain enhanced structural information about the tendon architecture with the prospect to prevent injury. Techniques as described for the assessment of the human Achilles tendon including ultra-high field MRI and positron emission tomography are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ehrle
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Equine Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, 10965 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Svenja Lilge
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, 10965 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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Pauwels F, Hartmann A, Alawneh J, Wightman P, Saunders J. Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography Findings in 105 Horse Distal Extremities. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103704. [PMID: 34416993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The poor soft tissue conspicuity of CT can be improved by using intra-arterial CT Angiography (CTA), and intra-articular and intra-bursal contrast enhanced CT (CTAR). This retrospective study describes a combination protocol of CT and CTA of the horse's foot, and CTAR of the distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa. It is hypothesized this would provide a comprehensive overview of the range and severity of distal limb pathology. Radiology reports of all horses admitted for distal limb CT over a 5 year period were reviewed. All horses with a complete four stage CT examination and radiology report with lameness isolated to the foot were included. Twenty seven imaging findings using a four grade semiquantitative severity scoring system contributing towards six main diagnostic categories were described. One hundred and five examinations on 56 horses revealed a diagnosis of navicular bone disease in 64%, deep digital flexor tendinopathy in 43%, distal interphalangeal osteoarthritis in 35%, navicular bursitis in 31%, distal interphalangeal collateral ligament desmopathy in 26%, and hoof capsule and distal phalanx pathology in 10%. Only 25% of the navicular bone disease cases were considered clinically significant. The majority of deep digital flexor tendon lesions (77%) and distal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis (51%) were considered significant. Approximately one third of navicular bursa (37%) and collateral ligament (33%) abnormalities were considered significant. Navicular bursa abnormalities were associated with navicular bone and deep digital flexor tendon lesions. The findings support the hypothesis and the use of this protocol for evaluation of foot lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Pauwels
- Radiology Department, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, University Ave, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Angela Hartmann
- Radiology Department, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, University Ave, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John Alawneh
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Wightman
- Radiology Department, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, University Ave, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jimmy Saunders
- Radiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Perez-Jimenez EE, Biedrzycki AH, Morton AJ, McCarrel TM. Three-dimensional printed guides for screw placement in equine navicular bones. Vet Surg 2021; 50:758-766. [PMID: 33687084 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of a custom 3D-printed guide for placement of cortical bone screws in the equine navicular bone. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo study. SAMPLE POPULATION Eight pairs of normal adult equine forelimbs. METHODS A 3.5 × 55 mm cortical screw was placed in the longitudinal axis of each intact navicular bone. Screws were placed with a 3D-printed guide (3D) in one bone and with a traditional aiming device (AD) in the contralateral bone within each pair. Duration of surgery and the number of fluoroscopy images were compared between techniques. Screw placement was subjectively evaluated by gross examination and scored by three boarded veterinary surgeons. RESULTS The use of a 3D-printed guide reduced the duration of surgery by 6.6 min (±1.5 min) compared to traditional screw placement (20.7 min ± 4.8 min, p < .01). Fewer peri-operative fluoroscopic images were obtained when the 3D guide was used (18 images ± 2.6 images vs. 40 images ± 5.1, p < .01). No difference was detected in navicular screw placement. CONCLUSION The use of a 3D guide decreased the time required to place screws and the number of intraoperative images taken without affecting screw placement in intact navicular bones. CLINICAL RELEVANCE 3D-printed guides can aid in the study, practice, and execution of surgical procedures reducing surgical time and radiation exposure throughout the operative period achieving similar results to those obtained with a conventional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E Perez-Jimenez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Adam H Biedrzycki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Surgical Translation and 3D Printing Research Laboratory (ST3DPRL), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alison J Morton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Taralyn M McCarrel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Norvall A, Spriet M, Espinosa P, Ariño-Estrada G, Murphy BG, Katzman SA, Galuppo LD. Chondrosesamoidean ligament enthesopathy: Prevalence and findings in a population of lame horses imaged with positron emission tomography. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:451-459. [PMID: 32491220 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased 18 F-Sodium Fluoride (18 F-NaF) uptake at the chondrosesamoidean ligament (ChSL) attachment on the distal phalanx was identified in an exploratory positron emission tomography (PET) study. The prevalence and significance of this lesion has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of this lesion, its association with other imaging findings and with clinical signs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional analytical study. METHODS All horses with 18 F-NaF PET and computed tomography (CT) imaging of the feet performed between October 2016 and December 2017 were included in the study. All PET scans were independently assessed by two radiologists for increased uptake at the ChSL attachment site and concurrent imaging was reviewed. Clinical findings, treatment and outcome were retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS Fourteen of 30 horses (20/56 feet) had increased 18 F-NaF uptake in the region of interest. ChSL enthesopathy was the primary lesion in three horses. Other PET abnormalities included navicular bone uptake (13 feet) and ipsilateral palmar process uptake (9 feet). There was no significant association between ChSL enthesopathy and other lesions. ChSL enthesopathy was significantly associated with foot lameness. CT abnormalities at the ChSL attachment were initially identified in one foot, and retrospectively noted in another five following the results of PET imaging. MAIN LIMITATIONS The study is retrospective and there was a limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS PET led to identification of ChSL enthesopathy in a large proportion of horses with foot pain. This finding is most commonly associated with other lesions but may also represent the main abnormality. The axial border of the palmar processes of the distal phalanx should be carefully assessed on cross sectional imaging to identify this lesion. ChSL enthesopathy may be an important but previously not recognised component of foot pathology in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Norvall
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Espinosa
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Larry D Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Hontoir F, Paques F, Simon V, Balau B, Nicaise C, Clegg P, Dugdale A, Vandeweerd JM. Is the T-ligament a ligament? A histological study in equine cadaver forelimbs. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:10-16. [PMID: 32470846 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Foot pain is a frequent cause of lameness in horses and can involve multiple structures within the hoof. The T-ligament (an anatomical structure connecting the synovium of the distal interphalangeal joint, the digital flexor tendon sheath and the navicular bursa) is poorly described. Five pairs of equine cadaver distal forelimbs were collected from a slaughterhouse. Sagittal sections (medial, middle and lateral) were obtained and processed with Haematoxylin Eosin Safran, Unna's Orcein, and Picrosirius red stains. Histological assessment revealed that the T-ligament was covered by the surrounding synovia of the distal interphalangeal joint, the digital flexor tendon sheath and the navicular bursa. Its collagen content was lower (30.01%±10.15) than that of the collateral sesamoidean ligament (89.48%±5.8; P = .0008) and the middle phalanx (85.72%±3.67; P = .0008). Under polarized light microscopy, it showed a slight heterogeneous pattern of birefringence, with angle-related changes. Elastic fibres were more numerous (21.76%±8.72) than in the collateral sesamoidean ligament (0.28%±0.45), or deep digital flexor tendon (0.04%±0.02); and were more densely packed. Mean cell count was higher for the T-ligament than for other tissues (P = .0007). Blood vessels were identified in the T-ligament and were penetrating the deep digital flexor tendon (8/10 limbs, 5/5 horses). In conclusion, the T-ligament looked like a vinculum for the deep digital flexor tendon, with a central elastic core, surrounding loose connective tissue and blood vessels. It is not a ligament. Its clinical relevance still needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hontoir
- NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - F Paques
- NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - V Simon
- NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - B Balau
- NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - C Nicaise
- NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - P Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - A Dugdale
- ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists CVS (UK) Ltd, Units E & F Telford Court, Gates Lane, Chester CH1 6LT, United Kingdom
| | - J M Vandeweerd
- NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Salem M, El-Shafaey ES, Mosbah E, Zaghloul A. Ultrasonographic, Computed Tomographic, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Normal Donkeys (Equus asinus) Digit. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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