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Wilcox CV, Knych HK, Katzman SA, Arthur RM, Rodriguez V, Finno CJ. Effect of clodronate on gene expression in the peripheral blood of horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:187-192. [PMID: 38197553 PMCID: PMC11052667 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
There are two FDA-approved bisphosphonate products, clodronate (Osphos®) and tiludronate (Tildren®), for use in horses. It is hypothesized that bisphosphonates can produce analgesic effects and prevent proper healing of microcracks in bone. Therefore, bisphosphonate use is banned in racehorses. However, bisphosphonates have a short detection window in the blood before sequestration in the skeleton, making the reliability of current drug tests questionable. Seven exercising Thoroughbred horses were administered clodronate (1.8 mg/kg i.m.), and four were administered saline. RNA was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected immediately before a single dose of clodronate or saline and then on Days 1, 6, 28, 56 and 182 post-dose. mRNA was sequenced and analysed for differentially expressed transcripts. While no single transcripts were differentially expressed, pathway analysis revealed that p38 MAPK (p = .04) and Ras (p = .04) pathways were upregulated, and cadherin signalling (p = .02) was downregulated on Day 1. Previously investigated biomarkers, cathepsin K (CTSK) and type 5 acid phosphatase (ACP5), were analysed with RT-qPCR in a targeted gene approach, with no significant difference observed. A significant effect of time on gene expression for ACP5 (p = .03) and CTSK (p < .0001) was observed. Thus, these genes warrant further investigation for detecting clodronate use over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie V. Wilcox
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott A. Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rick M. Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Veronika Rodriguez
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Espinosa-Mur P, Spriet M, Manso-Diaz G, Arndt S, Perez-Nogues M, Roman JLS, Garcia-Mata R, Katzman SA, Galuppo LD. 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography provides pertinent additional information to computed tomography for assessment and management of tarsal pain in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1638-1645. [PMID: 37562781 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.03.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the value of 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging the tarsus and proximal metatarsus and compare it with CT and lameness evaluation. ANIMALS 25 horses with lameness localized to the tarsal and proximal metatarsal regions that underwent 18F-NaF PET/CT between 2016 and 2021. METHODS 18F-NaF PET and CT images were retrospectively independently evaluated by 3 observers. Standardized uptake values (SUV) were used to characterize 18F-NaF uptake. Correlation between PET and CT findings with subjective and objective maximum (Max-D) and minimum pelvic height lameness data was estimated. RESULTS The inter-observer Kappa-weighted value (κ) was higher for PET (κ = 0.66) than CT (κ = 0.6). CT and PET scores were fairly correlated (R = 0.49; P < 0.05). PET SUVratio (SUV of the main lesion/SUV talus) had the highest correlation with Max-D (R = 0.71; P < .05). PET and CT scores for the plantar region were significantly higher in Quarter Horses (P < .05) and showed consistently higher correlation with objective lameness data (CT plantar grade - Max-D [R = 0.6; P < .05], PET plantar grade - Max-D [R = 0.47; P = .04]) than other regions of the distal tarsal joints. Three Warmbloods presented marked uptake at the medial cochlea of the distal tibia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE PET had a moderate correlation with CT for assessment of tarsal lesions. The degree of PET uptake can help differentiate active versus inactive lesions. Specific location of the uptake is important in determining clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Espinosa-Mur
- 1Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Gabriel Manso-Diaz
- 3Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefanie Arndt
- 4Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University
| | | | | | | | - Scott A Katzman
- 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Larry D Galuppo
- 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Spiesshofer P, Kilcoyne I, Spriet M, Katzman SA, Affolter VK, Vaughan B. Septic inflammation of the bicipital bursa: clinical, imaging, and surgical findings in nine horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1380-1387. [PMID: 37225156 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.02.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the etiologies, clinicopathologic findings, diagnostic modalities employed, treatments, and outcome associated with cases of septic bicipital bursitis. ANIMALS 9 horses. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PROCEDURES Medical records of horses diagnosed with septic bicipital bursitis between 2000 and 2021 were reviewed. Horses were included if synoviocentesis of the bicipital bursa revealed a total nucleated cell count of ≥ 20,000 cells/µL with a neutrophil proportion of ≥ 80%, a total protein concentration of ≥ 4.0 g/dL, and/or the presence of bacteria on cytology, or positive culture of the synovial fluid. Information retrieved from medical records included signalment, history, clinicopathologic variables, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS Trauma was the most common inciting cause (n = 6). Synoviocentesis using ultrasonographic guidance was performed in all cases and showed alterations consistent with septic synovitis. Radiography identified pathology in 5 horses, whereas ultrasonography identified pathology in all horses. Treatment consisted of bursoscopy (n = 6) of the bicipital bursa of which 1 was performed under standing sedation, through-and-through needle lavage (3), bursotomy (2), or medical management alone (2). Five (55.6%) horses survived to discharge. Long-term follow-up was available for 3 horses and all were serviceably sound, with 2 in training as pleasure horses and 1 case continuing retirement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ultrasonography was the most informative imaging modality and paramount in obtaining synovial fluid samples for definitive diagnosis of septic bicipital bursitis. Bursoscopy performed under standing sedation is a feasible treatment option. Horses treated for bicipital septic bursitis have a fair prognosis for survival and may return to some level of athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius Spiesshofer
- 1William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Isabelle Kilcoyne
- 2Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- 2Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Scott A Katzman
- 2Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Verena K Affolter
- 3Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Betsy Vaughan
- 2Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Hisey EA, Martins BC, Donnelly CG, Cassano JM, Katzman SA, Murphy CJ, Thomasy SM, Leonard BC. Identification of putative orthologs of clinically relevant antimicrobial peptides in the equine ocular surface and amniotic membrane. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:125-133. [PMID: 36478371 PMCID: PMC10175123 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to define the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression pattern of the equine ocular surface and amniotic membrane using a targeted qPCR approach and 3'Tag-sequencing. It will serve as a reference for future studies of ocular surface innate immunity and amniotic membrane therapies. PROCEDURES A targeted qPCR approach was used to investigate the presence of orthologs for three of the most highly expressed beta-defensins (DEFB1, DEFB4B, and DEFB103A) of the human ocular surface and amniotic membrane in equine corneal epithelium, conjunctiva, and amniotic membrane. 3'Tag-sequencing was performed on RNA from one sample of corneal epithelium, conjunctiva, and amniotic membrane to further characterize their AMP expression. RESULTS Equine corneal epithelium, conjunctiva, and amniotic membrane expressed DEFB1, DEFB4B, and DEFB103A. DEFB103A was expressed at the highest amounts in corneal epithelium, while DEFB4B was most highly expressed in conjunctiva and amniotic membrane. 3'Tag-sequencing from all three tissues confirmed these findings and identified expression of five additional beta-defensins, 11 alpha-defensins and two cathelicidins, with the alpha-defensins showing higher normalized read counts than the beta-defensins. CONCLUSIONS This study identified AMP expression in the equine cornea and conjunctiva, suggesting that they play a key role in the protection of the equine eye, similar to the human ocular surface. We also determined that equine amniotic membrane expresses a substantial number of AMPs suggesting it could potentiate an antimicrobial effect as a corneal graft material. Future studies will focus on defining the antimicrobial activity of these AMPs and determining their role in microbial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Hisey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bianca C Martins
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Callum G Donnelly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cassano
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Arndt S, Katzman SA, LaPorte AD, Spriet M, Maglaty MA, Murphy BG, Galuppo LD. Catastrophic fracture of the middle phalanx following intra‐articular ethanol injection for facilitated proximal interphalangeal joint ankylosis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Arndt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California Davis California USA
| | - Scott A. Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California‐Davis Davis California USA
| | - Alexandra D. LaPorte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California Davis California USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California‐Davis Davis California USA
| | - Marisa A. Maglaty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California Davis California USA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | - Larry D. Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California‐Davis Davis California USA
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Depenbrock SM, Morris CM, Machado ML, Chohan AS, Wilson SS, Slater RT, Arndt S, Katzman SA. Anesthesia Case of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1792-1794. [PMID: 35947684 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.06.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Depenbrock
- 1Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Celeste M Morris
- 2William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Marcela L Machado
- 2William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Amandeep S Chohan
- 3Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sabrina S Wilson
- 2William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Robert T Slater
- 2William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Stefanie Arndt
- 2William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Scott A Katzman
- 3Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Levine JM, Rentko VT, Austin J, Hardie E, Davis EG, Fubini SL, Katzman SA, Wells KL, Yaxley PE, Marcovici O, Birkenheur A, Fingland RB, Arthur W. Assessment and Revision of the Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program Standardized Letter of Reference. J Vet Med Educ 2021; 48:528-532. [PMID: 33661088 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2019-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program (VIRMP) recently revised its electronic standardized letter of reference (SLOR) to improve the quality and usefulness of the data obtained from it and to enhance the relevance of non-cognitive and cognitive candidate attributes assessed. We used a stepwise process including a broad survey of SLOR readers and writers, analysis of past SLORs, and a multi-wave iterative revision that included key stakeholders, such as residency and internship program directors from academia and private practice. Data from the SLOR survey and analysis of past SLOR responses identified opportunities to improve applicant differentiation, mitigate positive bias, and encourage response consistency. The survey and other analytics identified and confirmed performance domains of high relevance. The revised SLOR assesses four performance domains: knowledge base and clinical skills, stress and time management, interpersonal skills, and personal characteristics. Ratings within the revised SLOR are predominantly criterion-referenced to enhance discernment of candidate attributes contained within each domain. Questions assessing areas of strength and targeted mentoring were replaced with free-text boxes, which allow writers to comment on positive and neutral/negative ratings of attributes within domains. Minor revisions were made to certain questions to enhance readability, streamline responses, or address targeted concerns identified in the SLOR survey or stakeholder review. The revised SLOR was deployed in the 2020 VIRMP; data from a survey of writers (n = 647) and readers (n = 378) indicate that the redesign objectives were achieved.
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Hales EN, Aleman M, Marquardt SA, Katzman SA, Woolard KD, Miller AD, Finno CJ. Postmortem diagnoses of spinal ataxia in 316 horses in California. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:1386-1393. [PMID: 34061609 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.12.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine period prevalences of postmortem diagnoses for spinal cord or vertebral column lesions as underlying causes of ataxia (spinal ataxia) in horses. ANIMALS 2,861 client-owned horses (316 with ataxia [ataxic group] and 2,545 without ataxia [control group]). PROCEDURES The medical records database of the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital was searched to identify horses necropsied between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2017. Results were compared between the ataxic and control groups and between various groups of horses in the ataxic group. Period prevalences were determined for the most common causes of ataxia. RESULTS 2,861 horses underwent full necropsy, and the period prevalences for the most common definitive diagnoses for ataxia were 2.7% (77/2,861) for cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (CVCM), 1.3% (38/2,861) for equine neuroaxonal dystrophy or equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD-EDM), and 0.9% (25/2,861) for trauma; the period prevalence of ataxia of unknown origin was 2.0% (56/2,861). Horses in the ataxic group (vs the control group) were more likely to have been warmblood horses (OR, 2.70) and less likely to have been Arabian horses (OR, 0.53). In the ataxic group, horses < 5 (vs ≥ 5) years of age had greater odds of CVCM (OR, 2.82) or eNAD-EDM (OR, 6.17) versus trauma or ataxia of unknown origin. Horses in the ataxic group with CVCM were more likely Thoroughbreds (OR, 2.54), whereas horses with eNAD-EDM were more likely American Quarter Horses (OR, 2.95) and less likely Thoroughbreds (OR, 0.11). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that breed distributions differed for horses with CVCM versus eNAD-EDM; therefore, breed should be considered in the clinical evaluation of spinal ataxia in horses.
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Donnelly CG, Bellone RR, Hales EN, Nguyen A, Katzman SA, Dujovne GA, Knickelbein KE, Avila F, Kalbfleisch TS, Giulotto E, Kingsley NB, Tanaka J, Esdaile E, Peng S, Dahlgren A, Fuller A, Mienaltowski MJ, Raudsepp T, Affolter VK, Petersen JL, Finno CJ. Generation of a Biobank From Two Adult Thoroughbred Stallions for the Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes Initiative. Front Genet 2021; 12:650305. [PMID: 33763124 PMCID: PMC7982670 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.650305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the successful creation of a biobank from two adult Thoroughbred mares, this study aimed to recapitulate sample collection in two adult Thoroughbred stallions as part of the Functional Annotation of the Animal Genome (FAANG) initiative. Both stallions underwent thorough physical, lameness, neurologic, and ophthalmic (including electroretinography) examinations prior to humane euthanasia. Epididymal sperm was recovered from both stallions immediately postmortem and cryopreserved. Aseptically collected full thickness skin biopsies were used to isolate, culture and cryopreserve dermal fibroblasts. Serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and gastrointestinal content from various locations were collected and cryopreserved. Under guidance of a board-certified veterinary anatomic pathologist, 102 representative tissue samples were collected from both horses. Whole tissue samples were flash-frozen and prioritized tissues had nuclei isolated and cryopreserved. Spatially contemporaneous samples of each tissue were submitted for histologic examination. Antemortem and gross pathologic examination revealed mild abnormalities in both stallions. One stallion (ECA_UCD_AH3) had unilateral thoracic limb lameness and bilateral chorioretinal scars. The second stallion (ECA_UCD_AH4) had subtle symmetrical pelvic limb ataxia, symmetrical prostatomegally, and moderate gastrointestinal nematodiasis. DNA from each was whole-genome sequenced and genotyped using the GGP Equine 70K SNP array. The genomic resources and banked biological samples from these animals augments the existing resource available to the equine genomics community. Importantly we may now improve the resolution of tissue-specific gene regulation as affected by sex, as well as add sex-specific tissues and gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum G Donnelly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erin N Hales
- Morris Animal Foundation, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Annee Nguyen
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Scott A Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ghislaine A Dujovne
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kelly E Knickelbein
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Felipe Avila
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ted S Kalbfleisch
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Elena Giulotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicole B Kingsley
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Tanaka
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Esdaile
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sichong Peng
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anna Dahlgren
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anna Fuller
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Michael J Mienaltowski
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Verena K Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Nottle BF, Tatarniuk DM, Caldwell FJ, Bell CD, Caston SS, Merkatoris PT, Gillen AM, Katzman SA. Fibro-Osseous Lesions Of The Craniofacial Complex In Horses: 30 Cases (2001-2019). Vet Surg 2021; 50:383-392. [PMID: 33399249 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for horses with fibro-osseous lesions of the craniofacial complex. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective multicenter case series. ANIMALS Thirty horses evaluated for fibro-osseous lesions of the skull from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2019 in four centers. METHODS Medical records were reviewed for signalment, clinical presentation, histological and diagnostic imaging findings, treatment instituted, and outcome. Long-term outcome information was obtained by owner questionnaire or the medical record. RESULTS Diagnoses included ossifying fibroma in 20 of 30 horses, osteoma in eight of 30 horses, and fibrous dysplasia in two of 30 horses. Twelve of 30 lesions were diagnosed in horses <1 year old, and 20 of 30 lesions originated from the rostral mandible. The most common treatment was rostral mandibulectomy. Recurrence was not reported after complete excision. Incomplete excision was confirmed in eight horses (four ossifying fibromas, three osteomas, and one fibrous dysplasia), and follow-up information was available for seven horses. Recurrence occurred in one horse, while six horses had long-term resolution of clinical signs. Prognosis for survival and return to use was excellent in 23 horses with long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION Fibro-osseous lesions were uncommon in this multicenter study; they were most commonly diagnosed in young animals and most frequently affected the rostral mandible. Long-term survival was excellent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The definitive diagnosis of fibro-osseous lesions of the craniofacial complex in horses is made from results of histopathology and cannot be determined on the basis of clinical presentation alone. Surgical excision is indicated, and prognosis can be favorable even when complete surgical margins are not obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget F Nottle
- William R. Pricthard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dane M Tatarniuk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Fred J Caldwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Chris D Bell
- Elders Equine Veterinary Services, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Stephanie S Caston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Paul T Merkatoris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Alex M Gillen
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Scott A Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Crosa AT, Katzman SA, Kelleher ME, Nieto JE, Kilcoyne I, Dechant JE. Incidence of incisional complications after exploratory celiotomy in equids affected with enterolithiasis. Can Vet J 2020; 61:1085-1091. [PMID: 33012825 PMCID: PMC7488371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the prevalence of and risk factors for incisional complications in equids after ventral midline celiotomy for enterolithiasis. This study covered the years 2008 to 2015 and included 72 equids. Enteroliths were removed from the ascending or descending colon through 1 or more enterotomies. Complications were defined as surgical site infection and/or incisional hernia formation. Follow-up by telephone questionnaire or medical records determined that 10/72 (13.9%) equids experienced complications, with 6/72 (8.3%) developing a surgical site infection and 5/72 (6.9%) a hernia. Seven of ten were presented for chronic abdominal discomfort (> 24 hours), and 8/10 had right dorsal colon and pelvic flexure enterotomies. All equids that developed an incisional hernia and 4 with surgical site infection had enteroliths > 15 cm diameter removed from the right dorsal colon. Antimicrobial powder applied to the ventral midline incision during closure significantly reduced incisional complications. Removal of > 15 cm diameter enteroliths from the right dorsal colon may predispose to postoperative incisional complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Torrent Crosa
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Torrent), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Katzman, Nieto, Kilcoyne, Dechant), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, Virginia, USA (Kelleher)
| | - Scott A Katzman
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Torrent), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Katzman, Nieto, Kilcoyne, Dechant), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, Virginia, USA (Kelleher)
| | - Maureen E Kelleher
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Torrent), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Katzman, Nieto, Kilcoyne, Dechant), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, Virginia, USA (Kelleher)
| | - Jorge E Nieto
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Torrent), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Katzman, Nieto, Kilcoyne, Dechant), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, Virginia, USA (Kelleher)
| | - Isabelle Kilcoyne
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Torrent), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Katzman, Nieto, Kilcoyne, Dechant), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, Virginia, USA (Kelleher)
| | - Julie E Dechant
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Torrent), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Katzman, Nieto, Kilcoyne, Dechant), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, Virginia, USA (Kelleher)
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Katzman SA, Spriet MP, Beck BR, Barrett MF, Hendrickson DA. Incomplete fracture of the talus secondary to maladaptive stress remodeling in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:102-108. [PMID: 31194654 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 6-year-old Quarter Horse gelding used for barrel racing was evaluated for acute onset of non-weight-bearing lameness of the left hind limb following strenuous exercise. CLINICAL FINDINGS Nuclear scintigraphic imaging revealed focal increased radiopharmaceutical uptake centrally within the left talus. Subsequent standard radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations of the tarsus failed to identify the cause of the increased radiopharmaceutical uptake; however, the lameness was definitively localized to the tarsocrural joint by intra-articular anesthesia. Subsequent MRI sequences of the left tarsus revealed an incomplete fracture of the talus that extended distally from the trochlear groove and evidence of maladaptive stress remodeling of the trochlear groove of the talus and distal intermediate ridge of the tibia. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The horse was treated conservatively, with management consisting of stall confinement, physical rehabilitation, therapeutic laser therapy, and intra-articular autologous conditioned serum administration. The lameness resolved, and the horse was competing at its previous level within 15 months after lameness onset. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although rare, incomplete fracture of the talus should be considered as a differential diagnosis for horses that develop acute hind limb lameness following strenuous exercise, especially when that exercise involves abrupt changes in direction while the horse is traveling at maximal speed. Acquisition of additional oblique projections during radiographic evaluation of the tarsus might be useful for identification of such fractures, but definitive diagnosis may require advanced diagnostic imaging modalities such as CT and MRI. Horses with incomplete fractures of the talus can be successfully treated with conservative management.
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Norvall A, Spriet M, Espinosa P, Ariño-Estrada G, Murphy BG, Katzman SA, Galuppo LD. Chondrosesamoidean ligament enthesopathy: Prevalence and findings in a population of lame horses imaged with positron emission tomography. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:451-459. [PMID: 32491220 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased 18 F-Sodium Fluoride (18 F-NaF) uptake at the chondrosesamoidean ligament (ChSL) attachment on the distal phalanx was identified in an exploratory positron emission tomography (PET) study. The prevalence and significance of this lesion has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of this lesion, its association with other imaging findings and with clinical signs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional analytical study. METHODS All horses with 18 F-NaF PET and computed tomography (CT) imaging of the feet performed between October 2016 and December 2017 were included in the study. All PET scans were independently assessed by two radiologists for increased uptake at the ChSL attachment site and concurrent imaging was reviewed. Clinical findings, treatment and outcome were retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS Fourteen of 30 horses (20/56 feet) had increased 18 F-NaF uptake in the region of interest. ChSL enthesopathy was the primary lesion in three horses. Other PET abnormalities included navicular bone uptake (13 feet) and ipsilateral palmar process uptake (9 feet). There was no significant association between ChSL enthesopathy and other lesions. ChSL enthesopathy was significantly associated with foot lameness. CT abnormalities at the ChSL attachment were initially identified in one foot, and retrospectively noted in another five following the results of PET imaging. MAIN LIMITATIONS The study is retrospective and there was a limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS PET led to identification of ChSL enthesopathy in a large proportion of horses with foot pain. This finding is most commonly associated with other lesions but may also represent the main abnormality. The axial border of the palmar processes of the distal phalanx should be carefully assessed on cross sectional imaging to identify this lesion. ChSL enthesopathy may be an important but previously not recognised component of foot pathology in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Norvall
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Espinosa
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Larry D Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Valberg SJ, Borer Matsui AK, Firshman AM, Bookbinder L, Katzman SA, Finno CJ. 3 Dimensional photonic scans for measuring body volume and muscle mass in the standing horse. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229656. [PMID: 32106234 PMCID: PMC7046215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reasons for performing study Although muscle mass strongly influences performance, there is currently no effective means to measure the 3-dimensional muscle mass of horses. We evaluated a 3-dimensional (3D) scanning methodology for its ability to quantify torso and hindquarter volumes as a proxy for regional muscle mass in horses. Objectives Determine the repeatability of 3D scanning volume (V) measurements and their correlation to body weight, estimated body volume and muscle/fat ultrasound (US) depth. Methods Handheld 3D photonic scans were performed on 16 Quarter Horses of known body weight 56 days apart (n = 32 scans) with each scan performed in duplicate (n = 32 replicates). Tail head fat, gluteal and longissimus dorsi muscle depths were measured using US. Processed scans were cropped to isolate hindquarter (above hock, caudal to tuber coxae) and torso (hindquarter plus dorsal thoracolumbar region) segments and algorithms used to calculate V. Torso and hindquarter volume were correlated with body weight and US using Pearson’s correlation and with estimated torso volume (50% body weight / body density) with Bland-Altman analysis. Results Scans took 2 min with < 3.5% error for duplicate scans. Torso volume (R = 0.90, P< 0.001) and hindquarter volume (R = 0.82, P< 0.001) strongly correlated with body weight and estimated BV (R = 0.91) with low bias. Torso volume moderately correlated to mean muscle US depth (R = 0.4, P< 0.05) and tail head fat (R = 0.42, P< 0.01). Mean muscle US depth moderately correlated to body weight (R = 0.50, P< 0.01). Main limitations 3D Scans determine body volume not muscle volume. Conclusions The hand-held 3D scan provided a rapid repeatable assessment of torso and hindquarter volume strongly correlated to body weight and estimated volume. Superimposition of regional scans and volume measures could provide a practical means to follow muscle development when tail head fat depth remain constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Valberg
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda K. Borer Matsui
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Firshman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bookbinder
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
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Bookbinder L, Finno CJ, Firshman AM, Katzman SA, Burns E, Peterson J, Dahlgren A, Ming‐Whitfield B, Glessner S, Borer‐Matsui A, Valberg SJ. Impact of alpha-tocopherol deficiency and supplementation on sacrocaudalis and gluteal muscle fiber histopathology and morphology in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2770-2779. [PMID: 31660648 PMCID: PMC6872615 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of horses deficient in alpha-tocopherol (α-TP) develop muscle atrophy and vitamin E-responsive myopathy (VEM) characterized by mitochondrial alterations in the sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle (SC). OBJECTIVES To quantify muscle histopathologic abnormalities in subclinical α-TP deficient horses before and after α-TP supplementation and compare with retrospective (r)VEM cases. ANIMALS Prospective study; 16 healthy α-TP-deficient Quarter Horses. Retrospective study; 10 retrospective vitamin E-responsive myopathy (rVEM) cases . METHODS Blood, SC, and gluteus medius (GM) biopsy specimens were obtained before (day 0) and 56 days after 5000 IU/450 kg horse/day PO water dispersible liquid α-TP (n = 8) or control (n = 8). Muscle fiber morphology and mitochondrial alterations were compared in samples from days 0 and 56 and in rVEM cases. RESULTS Mitochondrial alterations more common than our reference range (<2.5% affected fibers) were present in 3/8 control and 4/8 treatment horses on day 0 in SC but not in GM (mean, 2.2; range, 0%-10% of fibers). Supplementation with α-TP for 56 days did not change the percentage of fibers with mitochondrial alterations or anguloid atrophy, or fiber size in GM or SC. Clinical rVEM horses had significantly more mitochondrial alterations (rVEM SC, 13% ± 7%; GM, 3% ± 2%) and anguloid atrophy compared to subclinical day 0 horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinically normal α-TP-deficient horses can have mitochondrial alterations in the SC that are less severe than in atrophied VEM cases and do not resolve after 56 days of α-TP supplementation. Preventing α-TP deficiency may be of long-term importance for mitochondrial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bookbinder
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Anna M. Firshman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMinnesota
| | - Scott A. Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Erin Burns
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Janel Peterson
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Anna Dahlgren
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Brittni Ming‐Whitfield
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Shelby Glessner
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Amanda Borer‐Matsui
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Stephanie J. Valberg
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
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Sakai RR, Goodrich LR, Katzman SA, Moorman VJ, Leise BS, Kawcak CE, Galuppo LD. Use of a locking compression plate for equine proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: 29 cases (2008-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 253:1460-1466. [PMID: 30451612 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.11.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical use of a locking compression plate (LCP) for proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis in horses and compare outcomes for horses that underwent the procedure as treatment for fracture of the middle phalanx (P2) versus other causes. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 29 client-owned horses. PROCEDURES Medical records of 2 veterinary teaching hospitals from 2008 through 2014 were reviewed to identify horses that underwent PIPJ arthrodesis of 1 limb. Signalment, surgical, and outcome-related variables were recorded. Owners were contacted from 1 to 6 years after surgery to determine rehabilitation time, current use of the horse, and overall owner satisfaction with the procedure. Success was determined on the basis of owner satisfaction and outcome for intended use. Variables of interest were compared statistically between horses that underwent surgery for P2 fracture versus other reasons. RESULTS 14 horses underwent surgery for treatment of P2 fracture, and 15 had surgery because of osteoarthritis, subluxation, or osteochondrosis. Median convalescent time after surgery (with no riding or unrestricted exercise) was 7 months. Four horses were euthanized; of 23 known alive at follow-up, 22 were not lame, and 18 had returned to their intended use (8 and 10 at higher and lower owner-reported levels of work, respectively). Horses undergoing arthrodesis for reasons other than fracture were significantly more likely to return to their previous level of work. Twenty-two of 24 owners contacted indicated satisfaction with the procedure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgical arthrodesis of the PIPJ was successful in most horses of the study population. Various nuances of the system for fracture repair need to be understood prior to its use.
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Boye JK, Katzman SA, Kass PH, Dujovne GA. Effects of lidocaine on equine ejaculated sperm and epididymal sperm post-castration. Theriogenology 2019; 134:83-89. [PMID: 31153092 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In equids, it is common to inject lidocaine into the testicles at the time of routine castration to provide analgesia. The effects of lidocaine on equine sperm have not been evaluated in vitro or on epididymal sperm collected following castration. The aims of this study were to determine effects of clinically relevant doses of lidocaine on equine spermatozoa in vitro using freshly collected semen and to compare the characteristics of epididymal spermatozoa after routine castration with or without intra-testicular lidocaine administration. We hypothesized that increasing concentrations of lidocaine would decrease total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), velocity of the average path (VAP), velocity of the curved line (VCL), linearity (LIN), normal morphology (M) and membrane integrity (MI). We also hypothesized that injection of intra-testicular lidocaine would decrease TM, PM, VAP, VCL, LIN, M, and MI following routine castration, epididymal flushing and cryopreservation. In experiment 1, sperm was collected from four stallions and mixed with lidocaine at concentrations of 1 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 1,000 μg/ml and 10,000 μg/ml. M and MI were compared to the control sample at 0 and 48 h. Motility parameters were analyzed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 h. In experiment 2, 12 stallions were castrated under general anesthesia. One testicle was removed without the use of intra-testicular lidocaine and the other testicle was removed 10 min after injection of 10 ml of 2% lidocaine. Results: In experiment 1, fresh sperm showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to control at either 1 μg/ml or 10 μg/ml concentrations of lidocaine. There were significant decreases in PM, VAP, VCL, and LIN at concentrations of 100μg/ml-10,000 μg/ml and for TM at lidocaine concentrations of 1,000-10,000 μg/ml compared to control. Morphology did not change at any lidocaine concentration. Membrane integrity decreased significantly at 10,000 μg/ml lidocaine. In the second experiment 1.03 ± 0.42 μg/ml lidocaine was detected in the epididymal flush of stallions treated with lidocaine. There were no significant differences in any measured parameters between the control and the lidocaine treated testicles. Intra-testicular lidocaine injection at the time of castration did not affect any measured parameters after epididymal flush. Lidocaine concentrations higher than 100 μg/ml in-vitro resulted in decreased motility parameters of the spermatozoa independent of exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Boye
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - S A Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - G A Dujovne
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Abstract
The design, production, and preclinical testing of neurothrombectomy devices is in a burgeoning phase as the demand escalates for safe and reliable treatment options following neurovascular stroke. Currently, there is a paucity of published data describing the development of iatrogenic vascular lesions occurring secondary to neurothrombectomy procedures. In an effort to test new devices, demonstrate device safety, satisfy regulatory requirements, and develop an understanding of the potential for associated vascular pathology, investigators are establishing appropriate methodology in suitable animal models. Significant challenges exist in identifying a single animal species that can be consistently utilized in all phases of device development. These aforementioned challenges are underscored by the intricacies of neurovascular pathology, thrombovascular interactions, and vascular responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott A Katzman
- 2 William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Katzman SA, Spriet M, Galuppo LD. Outcome following computed tomographic imaging and subsequent surgical removal of keratomas in equids: 32 cases (2005–2016). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 254:266-274. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.2.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Burns EN, Bordbari MH, Mienaltowski MJ, Affolter VK, Barro MV, Gianino F, Gianino G, Giulotto E, Kalbfleisch TS, Katzman SA, Lassaline M, Leeb T, Mack M, Müller EJ, MacLeod JN, Ming-Whitfield B, Alanis CR, Raudsepp T, Scott E, Vig S, Zhou H, Petersen JL, Bellone RR, Finno CJ. Generation of an equine biobank to be used for Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes project. Anim Genet 2018; 49:564-570. [PMID: 30311254 DOI: 10.1111/age.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes (FAANG) project aims to identify genomic regulatory elements in both sexes across multiple stages of development in domesticated animals. This study represents the first stage of the FAANG project for the horse, Equus caballus. A biobank of 80 tissue samples, two cell lines and six body fluids was created from two adult Thoroughbred mares. Ante-mortem assessments included full physical examinations, lameness, ophthalmologic and neurologic evaluations. Complete blood counts and serum biochemistries were also performed. At necropsy, in addition to tissue samples, aliquots of serum, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma, heparinized plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, urine and microbiome samples from all regions of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts were collected. Epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were cultured from skin samples. All tissues were grossly and histologically evaluated by a board-certified veterinary pathologist. The results of the clinical and pathological evaluations identified subclinical eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltration throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract as well as a mild clinical lameness in both animals. Each sample was cryo-preserved in multiple ways, and nuclei were extracted from selected tissues. These samples represent the first published systemically healthy equine-specific biobank with extensive clinical phenotyping ante- and post-mortem. The tissues in the biobank are intended for community-wide use in the functional annotation of the equine genome. The use of the biobank will improve the quality of the reference annotation and allow all equine researchers to elucidate unknown genomic and epigenomic causes of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Burns
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - M H Bordbari
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - M J Mienaltowski
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - V K Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - M V Barro
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - F Gianino
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - G Gianino
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - E Giulotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, I-27100, Italy
| | - T S Kalbfleisch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - S A Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - M Lassaline
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - T Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - M Mack
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - E J Müller
- Department of Biomedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - J N MacLeod
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - B Ming-Whitfield
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - C R Alanis
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - T Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - E Scott
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - S Vig
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - R R Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - C J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/complications
- Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/pathology
- Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/veterinary
- Anesthesia/adverse effects
- Anesthesia/veterinary
- Animals
- Carpus, Animal/diagnostic imaging
- Carpus, Animal/injuries
- Carpus, Animal/surgery
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/veterinary
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Fatal Outcome
- Horse Diseases/etiology
- Horse Diseases/pathology
- Horses/injuries
- Horses/physiology
- Horses/surgery
- Lameness, Animal
- Male
- Pheochromocytoma/complications
- Pheochromocytoma/pathology
- Pheochromocytoma/veterinary
- Postoperative Complications/etiology
- Postoperative Complications/veterinary
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
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Espinosa P, Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Galuppo LD, Katzman SA. A novel ultrasonographic assisted technique for desmotomy of the palmar/plantar annular ligament in horses. Vet Surg 2017; 46:611-620. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Espinosa
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California; Davis California
| | - Jorge E. Nieto
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California; Davis California
| | - Jack R. Snyder
- Circle Oak Equine, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation; Petaluma California
| | - Larry D. Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California; Davis California
| | - Scott A. Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California; Davis California
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Spriet M, Espinosa P, Kyme AZ, Stepanov P, Zavarzin V, Schaeffer S, Katzman SA, Galuppo LD, Beylin D. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE DISTAL LIMB: EXPLORATORY STUDY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:630-638. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Spriet
- University of California; Davis CA 95616
- Brain Biosciences, Inc.; Rockville MD 20852
| | - Pablo Espinosa
- University of California; Davis CA 95616
- Brain Biosciences, Inc.; Rockville MD 20852
| | - Andre Z. Kyme
- University of California; Davis CA 95616
- Brain Biosciences, Inc.; Rockville MD 20852
| | - Pavel Stepanov
- University of California; Davis CA 95616
- Brain Biosciences, Inc.; Rockville MD 20852
| | - Val Zavarzin
- University of California; Davis CA 95616
- Brain Biosciences, Inc.; Rockville MD 20852
| | - Stephen Schaeffer
- University of California; Davis CA 95616
- Brain Biosciences, Inc.; Rockville MD 20852
| | - Scott A. Katzman
- University of California; Davis CA 95616
- Brain Biosciences, Inc.; Rockville MD 20852
| | - Larry D. Galuppo
- University of California; Davis CA 95616
- Brain Biosciences, Inc.; Rockville MD 20852
| | - David Beylin
- University of California; Davis CA 95616
- Brain Biosciences, Inc.; Rockville MD 20852
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Katzman SA, Vaughan B, Nieto JE, Galuppo LD. Use of a laparoscopic specimen retrieval pouch to facilitate removal of intact or fragmented cystic calculi from standing sedated horses: 8 cases (2012-2015). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:304-10. [PMID: 27439348 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.3.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a laparoscopic specimen retrieval pouch for removal of intact or fragmented cystic calculi from standing horses. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 8 horses (5 geldings and 3 mares) with cystic calculi. PROCEDURES Physical examination and cystoscopic, ultrasonographic, and hematologic evaluations of urinary tract function were performed for each horse. A diagnosis of cystic calculus was made on the basis of results of cystoscopy and ultrasonography. Concurrent urolithiasis or other urinary tract abnormalities identified during preoperative evaluation were recorded. Horses were sedated and placed in standing stocks, and the perineum was aseptically prepared. Direct access to the urinary bladder was gained in geldings via perineal urethrotomy or in mares by a transurethral approach. Calculi were visualized endoscopically, manipulated into the retrieval pouch, and removed intact or fragmented (for larger calculi). RESULTS For 4 geldings and 1 mare, fragmentation was necessary to facilitate calculus removal. Mean duration of surgery was 125 minutes, and trauma to the urinary bladder and urethra was limited to areas of hyperemia and submucosal petechiation. No postoperative complications were encountered for any horse. When lithotripsy was required, the retrieval pouch provided an effective means of stabilizing calculi and containing the fragments for removal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of the laparoscopic specimen retrieval pouch was an effective, minimally traumatic method for retrieving cystic calculi from standing horses. The pouch protected the urinary bladder and urethra from trauma during calculus removal and allowed for stabilization, containment, and fragmentation of calculi when necessary.
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Knuchell JA, Spriet M, Galuppo LD, Katzman SA. FRACTURE OF THE CENTRAL TARSAL BONE IN NONRACEHORSES: FOUR CASES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:403-9. [PMID: 26929208 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractures of the central tarsal bone are a rarely recognized cause of acute severe hind limb lameness in nonracehorses. Diagnosis of these fractures can be challenging and little is known about their configuration or outcome. The objectives of this retrospective case series study were to describe the clinical features, imaging findings, and outcomes of fractures of the central tarsal bone in a sample of nonracehorses. Medical records from 2001 to 2014 were searched for cases of central tarsal bone fractures in nonracehorses. All available imaging findings including radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and/or nuclear scintigraphy were reviewed. History, clinical presentation, and outcome were collected from the records. Four horses met the inclusion criteria. All had a similar configuration as a simple nondisplaced slab fracture in a dorsomedial to plantarolateral orientation. Initial radiographs failed to reveal the fracture in three of four cases. When additional plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique radiographic views were obtained, the fracture could be identified in all cases. Fractures of the central tarsal bone seemed to occur in a consistent dorsomedial to plantarolateral orientation in this sample of nonracehorses, which is different from the configuration previously reported in racehorses. While CT can be used for detection and assessment of these fractures, authors propose that radiography can also identify these fractures with the appropriate view. Authors recommend the use of several plantarolateral to dorsomedial radiographic projections at varying degrees of obliquity for horses with a suspected central tarsal bone fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie A Knuchell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Larry D Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Scott A Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Katzman SA, Nieto JE, Arens AM, MacDonald MH, Puchalski SM, Galuppo LD, Snyder JR, Maher O, Bell RJW. Use of zoledronate for treatment of a bone fragility disorder in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:1323-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.11.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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