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Cartiaux B, Amara A, Pailloux N, Paumier R, Malek A, Elmehatli K, Kachout S, Bensmida B, Montel C, Arribarat G, Mogicato G. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography in the one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius) brain. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1231421. [PMID: 37649566 PMCID: PMC10464492 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1231421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tractography is a technique used to trace the pathways of the brain using noninvasive diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. It is becoming increasingly popular for investigating the brains of domestic mammals and other animals with myelinated fibers but the principle of DTI can also apply for those with unmyelinated fibers. In the case of camels, DTI tractography is a promising method for enhancing current knowledge of the brain's structural connectivity and identifying white-matter tract changes potentially linked to neurodegenerative pathologies. The present study was therefore designed to describe representative white-matter tracts in the one-humped camel DTI tractography. Methods Post mortem DTI was used to obtain images of two one-humped camel brains using a 3 Tesla system. T2-weighted images were also acquired to identify regions of interest for each fiber tract and a fiber dissection technique was used to complement the DT images. The main association, commissural, and projection fibers were reconstructed and superimposed on T2-weighted images or fractional anisotropy maps. Results The results of the present study show the reconstruction of the most representative tracts, ie the cingulum, the corpus callosum and the internal capsule, in the one-humped camel brain using DTI data acquired post mortem. These DTI results were compared to those from fiber dissection. Discussion Anatomy of the cingulum, corpus callosum and internal capsule correlates well with the description in anatomical textbooks and appears to be similar to fibers describe in large animals. Further research will be required to improve and validate these findings and to generate a tractography atlas based on MRI and histological data, as such an atlas would be a valuable resource for future neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cartiaux
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier-INSERM-ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelkader Amara
- Department of Pathology, University of La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ninon Pailloux
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier-INSERM-ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Paumier
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier-INSERM-ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Atef Malek
- Department of Nutrition, University of La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Kefya Elmehatli
- Regional Commissariat for Agricultural Development, Tataouine, Tunisia
| | - Souhir Kachout
- Regional Commissariat for Agricultural Development, Tataouine, Tunisia
| | - Boubaker Bensmida
- Regional Commissariat for Agricultural Development, Tataouine, Tunisia
| | - Charles Montel
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier-INSERM-ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Germain Arribarat
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier-INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Giovanni Mogicato
- Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier-INSERM-ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Horgos B, Mecea M, Boer A, Szabo B, Buruiana A, Stamatian F, Mihu CM, Florian IŞ, Susman S, Pascalau R. White Matter Dissection of the Fetal Brain. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:584266. [PMID: 33071763 PMCID: PMC7544931 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.584266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity is a complex process of structural and functional reorganization of brain tissue. In the fetal period, neuroplasticity plays an important role in the emergence and development of white matter tracts. Here, we aimed to study the architecture of normal fetal brains by way of Klingler’s dissection. Ten normal brains were collected from in utero deceased fetuses aged between 13 and 35 gestational weeks (GW). During this period, we observed modifications in volume, shape, and sulci configuration. Our findings indicate that the major white matter tracts follow four waves of development. The first wave (13 GW) involves the corpus callosum, the fornix, the anterior commissure, and the uncinate fasciculus. In the second one (14 GW), the superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi and the cingulum could be identified. The third wave (17 GW) concerns the internal capsule and in the fourth wave (20 GW) all the major tracts, including the inferior-occipital fasciculus, were depicted. Our results suggest an earlier development of the white matter tracts than estimated by DTI tractography studies. Correlating anatomical dissection with tractography data is of great interest for further research in the field of fetal brain mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Horgos
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Miruna Mecea
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Armand Boer
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bianca Szabo
- Department of Morphological Sciences - Anatomy and Embryology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Buruiana
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florin Stamatian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imogen Research Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen-Mihaela Mihu
- Department of Morphological Sciences - Histology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Ştefan Florian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency County Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Susman
- Department of Morphological Sciences - Histology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Imogen Research Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Pascalau
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Boucher S, Arribarat G, Cartiaux B, Lallemand EA, Péran P, Deviers A, Mogicato G. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography of White Matter Tracts in the Equine Brain. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:382. [PMID: 32850994 PMCID: PMC7406683 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tractography, a noninvasive technique tracing brain pathways from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) data, is increasingly being used for brain investigation of domestic mammals. In the equine species, such a technique could be useful to improve our knowledge about structural connectivity or to assess structural changes of white matter tracts potentially associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The goals of the present study were to establish the feasibility of DTI tractography in the equine brain and to provide a morphologic description of the most representative tracts in this species. Postmortem DTI and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) of an equine brain were acquired with a 3-T system using a head coil. Association, commissural, and projection fibers, the three fiber groups typically investigated in tractography studies, were successfully reconstructed and overlaid on SWI or fractional anisotropy maps. The fibers derived from DTI correlate well with their description in anatomical textbooks. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using postmortem DTI data to reconstruct the main white matter tracts of the equine brain. Further DTI acquisitions and corresponding dissections of equine brains will be necessary to validate these findings and create an equine stereotaxic white matter atlas that could be used in future neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Boucher
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Germain Arribarat
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Cartiaux
- INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Patrice Péran
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Deviers
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Giovanni Mogicato
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Guerrero M, Veuthey C, Del Sol M, Ottone NE. Dissection of white matter association fasciculi in bovine (Bos taurus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) brains. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:550-562. [PMID: 32281688 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral fasciculi (association, commissural and projection) pass through the cerebral white matter in organized groups connecting regions, hemispheres, gyri, areas and brain lobes to each other. The study can be done in vivo through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) but presenting some technical problems. The post-mortem study by dissection allows to have a clearer view of its location, path and connections. In this work, we dissect, identify and compare the fasciculi of association of the white matter of the dorsolateral face of bovine hemispheres (Bos taurus), pig hemispheres (Sus scrofa domesticus) and rabbit hemispheres (Oryctolagus cuniculus), applying the Klingler´s technique. In 30 cerebral hemispheres (10 of each species, five right and five left), we applied the Klingler technique to identify and isolate the occipitofrontal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus; we established its location by fixing landmarks, and determined the difference in its length and width between the right and left hemispheres as well as between species using the statistical tests of t-student and one-way ANOVA. We identify the gyri, sulci and fasciculi of the dorsolateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres of the three species. We found statistically significant differences in several fasciculi between species principally in the occipitofrontal fasciculus. The preparation of the brains through the modified Klingler technique allowed a successful identification of the fascicules of association of the dorsolateral face of the cerebral hemispheres and the empowerment of these animal models for future research work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guerrero
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Chair of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Veuthey
- Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Research Centre in Dental Sciences (CICO), Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mariano Del Sol
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Nicolas E Ottone
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques, Research Centre in Dental Sciences (CICO), Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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5
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Johnson PJ, Pascalau R, Luh WM, Raj A, Cerda-Gonzalez S, Barry EF. Stereotaxic Diffusion Tensor Imaging White Matter Atlas for the in vivo Domestic Feline Brain. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:1. [PMID: 32116572 PMCID: PMC7026623 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cat brain is a useful model for neuroscientific research and with the increasing use of advanced neuroimaging techniques there is a need for an open-source stereotaxic white matter brain atlas to accompany the cortical gray matter atlas, currently available. A stereotaxic white matter atlas would facilitate anatomic registration and segmentation of the white matter to aid in lesion localization or standardized regional analysis of specific regions of the white matter. In this article, we document the creation of a stereotaxic feline white matter atlas from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data obtained from a population of eight mesaticephalic felines. Deterministic tractography reconstructions were performed to create tract priors for the major white matter projections of Corpus callosum (CC), fornix, cingulum, uncinate, Corona Radiata (CR), Corticospinal tract (CST), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF), and the cerebellar tracts. T1-weighted, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD) population maps were generated. The volume, mean tract length and mean FA, MD, AD and RD values for each tract prior were documented. A structural connectome was then created using previously published cortical priors and the connectivity metrics for all cortical regions documented. The provided white matter atlas, diffusivity maps, tract priors and connectome will be a valuable resource for anatomical, pathological and translational neuroimaging research in the feline model. Multi-atlas population maps and segmentation priors are available at Cornell’s digital repository: https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/58775.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Raluca Pascalau
- Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Wen-Ming Luh
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ashish Raj
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Erica F Barry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Johnson PJ, Janvier V, Luh WM, FitzMaurice M, Southard T, Barry EF. Equine Stereotaxtic Population Average Brain Atlas With Neuroanatomic Correlation. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:89. [PMID: 31636547 PMCID: PMC6787676 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the horse for behavioral, neuroanatomic and neuroscientific research due to its large and complex brain, cognitive abilities and long lifespan making it neurologically interesting and a potential large animal model for several neuropsychological diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful neuroscientific research tool that can be performed in vivo, with adapted equine facilities, or ex-vivo in the research setting. The brain atlas is a fundamental resource for neuroimaging research, and have been created for a multitude animal models, however, none currently exist for the equine brain. In this study, we document the creation of a high-resolution stereotaxic population average brain atlas of the equine. The atlas was generated from nine unfixed equine cadaver brains imaged within 4 h of euthanasia in a 3-tesla MRI. The atlas was generated using linear and non-linear registration methods and quality assessed using signal and contrast to noise calculations. Tissue segmentation maps (TSMs) for white matter (WM), gray matter (GM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), were generated and manually segmented anatomic priors created for multiple subcortical brain structures. The resulting atlas was validated and correlated to gross anatomical specimens and is made freely available at as an online resource for researchers (https://doi.org/10.7298/cyrs-7b51.2). The mean volume metrics for the whole brain, GM and WM for the included subjects were documented and the effect of age and laterality assessed. Alterations in brain volume in relation to age were identified, though these variables were not found to be significantly correlated. All subjects had higher whole brain, GM and WM volumes on the right side, consistent with the well documented right forebrain dominance of horses. This atlas provides an important tool for automated processing in equine and translational neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Valentin Janvier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Wen-Ming Luh
- Cornell Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility, Cornell College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marnie FitzMaurice
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Teresa Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Erica F Barry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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7
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Pascalau R, Popa Stănilă R, Sfrângeu S, Szabo B. Anatomy of the Limbic White Matter Tracts as Revealed by Fiber Dissection and Tractography. World Neurosurg 2018; 113:e672-e689. [PMID: 29501514 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The limbic tracts are involved in crucial cerebral functions such as memory, emotion, and behavior. The complex architecture of the limbic circuit makes it harder to approach compared with other white matter networks. Our study aims to describe the 3-dimensional anatomy of the limbic white matter by the use of 2 complementary study methods, namely ex vivo fiber dissection and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging-based tractography. METHODS Three fiber dissection protocols were performed using blunt wooden instruments and a surgical microscope on formalin-fixed brains prepared according to the Klingler method. Diffusion tensor imaging acquisitions were done with a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner on patients with head and neck pathology that did not involve the brain. Fiber tracking was performed with manually selected regions of interest. RESULTS Cingulum, fornix, the anterior thalamic peduncle, the accumbofrontal bundle, medial forebrain bundle, the uncinate fasciculus, the mammillothalamic tract, ansa peduncularis, and stria terminalis were dissected and fiber tracked. For each tract, location, configuration, segmentation, dimensions, dissection and tractography particularities, anatomical relations, and terminations are described. The limbic white matter tracts were systematized as 2 concentric rings around the thalamus. The inner ring is formed by fornix, mammillothalamic tract, ansa peduncularis, stria terminalis, accumbofrontal fasciculus, and medial forebrain bundle and anterior thalamic peduncle, and the outer ring is formed by the cingulum and uncinate fasciculus. CONCLUSIONS This paper proposes a fiber-tracking protocol for the limbic tracts inspired and validated by fiber dissection findings that can be used routinely in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Pascalau
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Roxana Popa Stănilă
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; IMOGEN Research Center, Emergency County Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silviu Sfrângeu
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; IMOGEN Research Center, Emergency County Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bianca Szabo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency County Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Bhagwandin A, Haagensen M, Manger PR. The Brain of the Black ( Diceros bicornis) and White ( Ceratotherium simum) African Rhinoceroses: Morphology and Volumetrics from Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:74. [PMID: 28912691 PMCID: PMC5583206 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and volumetrics of the understudied brains of two iconic large terrestrial African mammals: the black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceroses are described. The black rhinoceros is typically solitary whereas the white rhinoceros is social, and both are members of the Perissodactyl order. Here, we provide descriptions of the surface of the brain of each rhinoceros. For both species, we use magnetic resonance images (MRI) to develop a description of the internal anatomy of the rhinoceros brain and to calculate the volume of the amygdala, cerebellum, corpus callosum, hippocampus, and ventricular system as well as to determine the gyrencephalic index. The morphology of both black and white rhinoceros brains is very similar to each other, although certain minor differences, seemingly related to diet, were noted, and both brains evince the general anatomy of the mammalian brain. The rhinoceros brains display no obvious neuroanatomical specializations in comparison to other mammals previously studied. In addition, the volumetric analyses indicate that the size of the various regions of the rhinoceros brain measured, as well as the extent of gyrification, are what would be predicted for a mammal with their brain mass when compared allometrically to previously published data. We conclude that the brains of the black and white rhinoceros exhibit a typically mammalian organization at a superficial level, but histological studies may reveal specializations of interest in relation to rhinoceros behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Haagensen
- Department of Radiology, Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
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Pascalau R, Szabo B. Fibre Dissection and Sectional Study of the Major Porcine Cerebral White Matter Tracts. Anat Histol Embryol 2017; 46:378-390. [PMID: 28677169 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
White matter anatomy is the basis for numerous applications in neurology, neurosurgery and fundamental neuroscience. Although the porcine brain is frequently used as experimental model in these fields of research, the description of its white matter is not as thorough as in the human brain or other species. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe the porcine white matter tracts in a complex manner. Two stepwise dissection protocols adapted from human anatomy were performed on six adult pig brain hemispheres prepared according to the Klingler method. Other four hemispheres were sectioned along section planes that were chosen similar to the Talairach coordinate system. As a result, three commissural tracts, seven association tracts and one projection tract were identified: corpus callosum, fornix, commissura rostralis, the short-association tracts, fasciculus longitudinalis superior, fasciculus uncinatus, fasciculus longitudinalis inferior, fasciculus occipitofrontalis inferior, cingulum, tractus mamillothalamicus and capsula interna. They were described and illustrated from multiple points of view, focusing on their trajectory, position, dimensions and anatomical relations. All in all, we achieved a three-dimensional understanding of the major tracts. The results are ready to be applied in future imagistic or experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pascalau
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Street, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - B Szabo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes Street, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency County Hospital, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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