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Al-Ostoot FH, Salah S, Khanum SA. An Overview of Cancer Biology, Pathophysiological Development and It's Treatment Modalities: Current Challenges of Cancer anti-Angiogenic Therapy. Cancer Invest 2024; 42:559-604. [PMID: 38874308 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2024.2361295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A number of conditions and factors can cause the transformation of normal cells in the body into malignant tissue by changing the normal functions of a wide range of regulatory, apoptotic, and signal transduction pathways. Despite the current deficiency in fully understanding the mechanism of cancer action accurately and clearly, numerous genes and proteins that are causally involved in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of cancer have been identified. But due to the lack of space and the abundance of details on this complex topic, we have emphasized here more recent advances in our understanding of the principles implied tumor cell transformation, development, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Inhibition of angiogenesis is a significant strategy for the treatment of various solid tumors, that essentially depend on cutting or at least limiting the supply of blood to micro-regions of tumors, leading to pan-hypoxia and pan-necrosis inside solid tumor tissues. Researchers have continued to enhance the efficiency of anti-angiogenic drugs over the past two decades, to identify their potential in the drug interaction, and to discover reasonable interpretations for possible resistance to treatment. In this review, we have discussed an overview of cancer history and recent methods use in cancer therapy, focusing on anti-angiogenic inhibitors targeting angiogenesis formation. Further, this review has explained the molecular mechanism of action of these anti-angiogenic inhibitors in various tumor types and their limitations use. In addition, we described the synergistic mechanisms of immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy and summarizes current clinical trials of these combinations. Many phase III trials found that combining immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy improved survival. Therefore, targeting the source supply of cancer cells to grow and spread with new anti-angiogenic agents in combination with different conventional therapy is a novel method to reduce cancer progression. The aim of this paper is to overview the varying concepts of cancer focusing on mechanisms involved in tumor angiogenesis and provide an overview of the recent trends in anti-angiogenic strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Hezam Al-Ostoot
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Education & Science, Albaydha University, Al-Baydha, Yemen
| | - Salma Salah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Shaukath Ara Khanum
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
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Larionov A, Hammer CM, Fiedler K, Filgueira L. Dynamics of Endothelial Cell Diversity and Plasticity in Health and Disease. Cells 2024; 13:1276. [PMID: 39120307 PMCID: PMC11312403 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are vital structural units of the cardiovascular system possessing two principal distinctive properties: heterogeneity and plasticity. Endothelial heterogeneity is defined by differences in tissue-specific endothelial phenotypes and their high predisposition to modification along the length of the vascular bed. This aspect of heterogeneity is closely associated with plasticity, the ability of ECs to adapt to environmental cues through the mobilization of genetic, molecular, and structural alterations. The specific endothelial cytoarchitectonics facilitate a quick structural cell reorganization and, furthermore, easy adaptation to the extrinsic and intrinsic environmental stimuli, known as the epigenetic landscape. ECs, as universally distributed and ubiquitous cells of the human body, play a role that extends far beyond their structural function in the cardiovascular system. They play a crucial role in terms of barrier function, cell-to-cell communication, and a myriad of physiological and pathologic processes. These include development, ontogenesis, disease initiation, and progression, as well as growth, regeneration, and repair. Despite substantial progress in the understanding of endothelial cell biology, the role of ECs in healthy conditions and pathologies remains a fascinating area of exploration. This review aims to summarize knowledge and concepts in endothelial biology. It focuses on the development and functional characteristics of endothelial cells in health and pathological conditions, with a particular emphasis on endothelial phenotypic and functional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Larionov
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Anatomy, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (C.M.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Christian Manfred Hammer
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Anatomy, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (C.M.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Klaus Fiedler
- Independent Researcher, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Anatomy, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (C.M.H.); (L.F.)
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Lanik WE, McCumber TL, Sayyed S, Hovseth C, Snow EL. Case analysis of a RIII-C single coronary artery with type IV dual LAD and right-dominant triple PDA. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2023.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Katraki-Pavlou S, Kastana P, Bousis D, Ntenekou D, Varela A, Davos CH, Nikou S, Papadaki E, Tsigkas G, Athanasiadis E, Herradon G, Mikelis CM, Beis D, Papadimitriou E. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor zeta 1 deletion triggers defective heart morphogenesis in mice and zebrafish. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 322:H8-H24. [PMID: 34767486 PMCID: PMC8754060 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00400.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-ζ1 (PTPRZ1) is a transmembrane
tyrosine phosphatase receptor highly expressed in embryonic stem cells. In the
present work, gene expression analyses of Ptprz1−/− and Ptprz1+/+ mice endothelial cells and hearts pointed to
an unidentified role of PTPRZ1 in heart development through the regulation of
heart-specific transcription factor genes. Echocardiography analysis in mice
identified that both systolic and diastolic functions are affected in Ptprz1−/− compared with Ptprz1+/+ hearts, based on a dilated left
ventricular (LV) cavity, decreased ejection fraction and fraction shortening,
and increased angiogenesis in Ptprz1−/−
hearts, with no signs of cardiac hypertrophy. A zebrafish ptprz1−/− knockout was also generated and exhibited
misregulated expression of developmental cardiac markers, bradycardia, and
defective heart morphogenesis characterized by enlarged ventricles and defected
contractility. A selective PTPRZ1 tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor affected
zebrafish heart development and function in a way like what is observed in the
ptprz1−/− zebrafish. The same
inhibitor had no effect in the function of the adult zebrafish heart, suggesting
that PTPRZ1 is not important for the adult heart function, in line with data
from the human cell atlas showing very low to negligible PTPRZ1 expression in
the adult human heart. However, in line with the animal models, Ptprz1 was expressed in many different cell types in
the human fetal heart, such as valvar, fibroblast-like, cardiomyocytes, and
endothelial cells. Collectively, these data suggest that PTPRZ1 regulates
cardiac morphogenesis in a way that subsequently affects heart function and
warrant further studies for the involvement of PTPRZ1 in idiopathic congenital
cardiac pathologies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor
ζ1 (PTPRZ1) is expressed in fetal but not adult heart and seems
to affect heart development. In both mouse and zebrafish animal models, loss of
PTPRZ1 results in dilated left ventricle cavity, decreased ejection fraction,
and fraction shortening, with no signs of cardiac hypertrophy. PTPRZ1 also seems
to be involved in atrioventricular canal specification, outflow tract
morphogenesis, and heart angiogenesis. These results suggest that PTPRZ1 plays a
role in heart development and support the hypothesis that it may be involved in
congenital cardiac pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatiki Katraki-Pavlou
- Zebrafish Disease Models Lab, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Kastana
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitris Bousis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Despoina Ntenekou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Aimilia Varela
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos H Davos
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Nikou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Papadaki
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Grigorios Tsigkas
- Department of Cardiology, Patras University Hospital, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Gonzalo Herradon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constantinos M Mikelis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Zebrafish Disease Models Lab, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Greece
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