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Vitorino LM, Tostes JG, Ferreira JCL, de Oliveira LAG, Possetti JG, Silva MT, Guimarães MVC, Alckmin-Carvalho F, Lucchetti G. Association between religiosity/spirituality and substance use among homeless individuals. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024; 70:330-339. [PMID: 37982408 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231211495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and illicit drug use are prevalent among homeless people. Religiosity and spirituality (RS) have been widely associated with lower consumption of substances. However, evidence of this relationship among homeless people is still scarce. AIMS To evaluate the associations between RS and alcohol and illicit drug consumption among homeless people in a large Brazilian urban center. METHOD This cross-sectional study was carried out in São Paulo city, Brazil. Aspects such as spirituality (FACIT-Sp12), religiosity (DUREL), spiritual-religious coping (Brief-RCOPE), and self-report questions concerning the current substance use (alcohol and illicit substances) were evaluated. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of RS beliefs on alcohol and illicit drug consumption. RESULTS A total of 456 homeless people were included, of an average age of 44.5 (SD = 12.6) years. More than half of the participants consumed alcohol (55.7%) weekly and 34.2% used illicit drugs weekly. Adjusted logistic regression models identified that aspects of RS were associated with lower likelihood factors for alcohol and illicit drug use; conversely, negative spiritual religious coping (SRC) strategies were associated with a higher likelihood to use both. CONCLUSION The prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug use among participants was high. RS and positive SRC were important protective factors for lower consumption of these substances. Conversely, negative SRC strategies were associated with risk factors.
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Rubenstein A, Koenig HG, Marin DB, Sharma V, Harpaz-Rotem I, Pietrzak RH. Religion, spirituality, and risk for incident posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, and hazardous drinking in U.S. military veterans: A 7-year, nationally representative, prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:1110-1117. [PMID: 34706422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While religion and spirituality (R/S) have been linked to positive mental health outcomes, most studies have employed cross-sectional designs, which do not allow one to evaluate the utility of R/S in predicting these outcomes. To address this gap, this study analyzed data from a 7-year nationally representative, prospective cohort study of U.S. military veterans to examine the effects of R/S on the development of incident mental health outcomes in this population. Specifically, we examined the association between organizational religious activity (ORA), non-organizational religious activity (NORA), and intrinsic religiosity (IR), and the risk of incident PTSD, suicidal ideation (SI), and hazardous drinking (HD). Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that ORA predicted a lower incidence of PTSD and SI; NORA a greater risk of developing HD; and IR a lower risk of developing HD. These results suggest that religion and spirituality, assessed in a nationally representative sample of military veterans, predict risk of developing PTSD, SI, and HD, over and above sociodemographic factors and perceived social support. Clinical implications and strategies for incorporating R/S into mental health assessment and interventions in this population are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.
| | - Harold G Koenig
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deborah B Marin
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Spirituality and Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
| | - Vanshdeep Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Spirituality and Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
| | - Ilan Harpaz-Rotem
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Oglesby LW, Gallucci AR, Wynveen C, Ylitalo K, Benson N. The Relationship Between Spiritual Well-Being and Burnout in Collegiate Athletic Trainers. J Athl Train 2021; 56:518-528. [PMID: 34000016 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0105-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Spiritual well-being is the expression of one's spirituality as measured in the dimensions of existential and religious well-being. The Smith Cognitive Affective Model of Athletic Burnout suggests that personality factors such as spiritual well-being and the use of religious coping methods may affect burnout as well as its causes and outcomes. This has not been examined in collegiate athletic trainers (ATs). OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being and burnout in collegiate ATs. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Web-based survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 783 certified ATs employed full time in the collegiate setting participated. Part-time employees (eg, graduate assistants, interns) were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) A 100-item online questionnaire was created for this study. It used items from previously developed scales, including the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, the Brief RCOPE, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and substance-use questions from the Monitoring the Future study. Participants were able to complete the survey in approximately 10-15 minutes. Multiple regression analyses were used to analyze survey data. We mapped all independent (existential well-being, religious well-being, positive and negative religious coping) and dependent variables (situational variables, Maslach Burnout Inventory burnout subscales, substance use, and intention to leave) onto the Smith Cognitive-Affective Model of Athletic Burnout to determine which variables altered burnout levels, substance use, and intention to leave. Tests of mediation or moderation were conducted when appropriate. RESULTS Existential well-being was a significant positive predictor of social support and a significant negative predictor of work-family conflict, decreased sense of personal accomplishment, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, intention to leave the profession, and binge drinking. Existential well-being also served as a mediator or moderator in several components of the model. CONCLUSIONS Existential well-being was a protective factor against burnout as well as some of the causes and effects of burnout in collegiate ATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W Oglesby
- School of Health Professions, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg
| | - Andrew R Gallucci
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Christopher Wynveen
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Kelly Ylitalo
- Department of Public Health, Baylor University, Waco, TX
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Grim BJ, Grim ME. Belief, Behavior, and Belonging: How Faith is Indispensable in Preventing and Recovering from Substance Abuse. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2019; 58:1713-1750. [PMID: 31359242 PMCID: PMC6759672 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews the voluminous empirical evidence on faith's contribution to preventing people from falling victim to substance abuse and helping them recover from it. We find that 73% of addiction treatment programs in the USA include a spirituality-based element, as embodied in the 12-step programs and fellowships initially popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous, the vast majority of which emphasize reliance on God or a Higher Power to stay sober. We introduce and flesh out a typology of faith-based substance abuse treatment facilities, recovery programs, and support groups. This typology provides important background as we then move on to make an economic valuation of nearly 130,000 congregation-based substance abuse recovery support programs in the USA. We find that these faith-based volunteer support groups contribute up to $316.6 billion in savings to the US economy every year at no cost to tax payers. While negative experiences with religion (e.g., clergy sex abuse and other horrendous examples) have been a contributory factor to substance abuse among some victims, given that more than 84% of scientific studies show that faith is a positive factor in addiction prevention or recovery and a risk in less than 2% of the studies reviewed, we conclude that the value of faith-oriented approaches to substance abuse prevention and recovery is indisputable. And, by extension, we also conclude that the decline in religious affiliation in the USA is not only a concern for religious organizations but constitutes a national health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Grim
- Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97236, Waco, TX 76798 USA
| | - Melissa E. Grim
- Religious Freedom & Business Foundation, 1A Perry Circle, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA
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Medlock MM, Rosmarin DH, Connery HS, Griffin ML, Weiss RD, Karakula SL, McHugh RK. Religious coping in patients with severe substance use disorders receiving acute inpatient detoxification. Am J Addict 2017; 26:744-750. [PMID: 28836712 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Religious coping, one of the most widely studied components of spirituality among psychiatric populations, has rarely been addressed in patients with severe substance use disorders (SUD). The aim of our study was to elucidate whether religious coping is related to symptom expression and mutual-help participation. METHODS Self-reported religious coping was assessed in individuals sequentially admitted to a private psychiatric hospital for inpatient detoxification. Target symptoms of SUD included severity of substance use prior to admission and craving during detoxification. Three hundred thirty-one patients (68.6% male) participated in the survey; mean age was 38.0 years, and primary presenting diagnosis was most commonly alcohol use disorder (n = 202; 61%), followed by opioid use disorder (n = 119; 36%). RESULTS Positive religious coping was associated with significantly greater mutual-help participation, fewer days of drug use prior to admission, and was modestly, yet significantly associated with lower drug craving. Negative religious coping was associated with lower confidence in the ability to remain abstinent post-discharge and higher drug craving. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with hypotheses, greater positive religious coping was associated with greater mutual-help participation, lower severity of pre-admission drug use, and lower substance craving during detoxification. Use of positive religious coping may modify the course of SUD recovery by promoting engagement in mutual-help activities. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The findings of this study suggest that positive and negative religious coping are linked with several key SUD recovery variables. Further research to replicate this finding and to assess mechanisms within this potential association is warranted. (Am J Addict 2017;26:744-750).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Medlock
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Spirituality and Mental Health Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - David H Rosmarin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Spirituality and Mental Health Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Hilary S Connery
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret L Griffin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Roger D Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | | | - R Kathryn McHugh
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
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Stein MD, Risi MM, Flori JN, Conti MT, Anderson BJ, Bailey GL. Gender Differences in the Life Concerns of Persons Seeking Alcohol Detoxification. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 63:34-8. [PMID: 26810131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the life concerns of persons seeking alcohol detoxification, a group with multiple life and psychosocial challenges. Gender may be an important contributor to the particular life concerns of persons with alcohol use disorders. METHODS Using a 32-item, previously-validated life concerns survey that captures ten conceptual domains, we interviewed persons entering inpatient alcohol detoxification asking them to rate their level of concern about health and welfare items. RESULTS Participants (n=189) were 27% female, with a mean age of 43.5 years. Overall, concern about alcohol problems was perceived as the most serious, followed by mental health, cigarette smoking, financial, and relationship problems. Men were significantly more concerned than women about six of the ten domains including money, drug use, transmissible diseases, and physical illness. CONCLUSIONS Recognition of the daily worries of persons seeking inpatient alcohol detoxification persons could allow providers to better tailor their services to the context of their patients' lives. Focusing on pressing life concerns such as mental health, financial, relationship problems, and other drug use may influence detoxification services and aftercare treatment choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Stein
- General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.
| | - Megan M Risi
- General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Jessica N Flori
- General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Micah T Conti
- General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906
| | | | - Genie L Bailey
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; Stanley Street Treatment and Resources, Inc., Fall River, MA 02720
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