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Barbosa-Méndez S, Matus-Ortega M, Hernandez-Miramontes R, Salazar-Juarez A. COT-TT vaccine attenuates cocaine-seeking and cocaine-conditioned place preference in rats. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2299068. [PMID: 38228468 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2299068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination active, promising alternative immunological strategy to treat of CUD. Various models of cocaine vaccines have been evaluated in animals and humans with relative success. In this sense, it is necessary to improve or optimize the cocaine vaccines already evaluated. Our laboratory previously reported the efficacy of the tetanus toxoid-conjugated morphine vaccine (M6-TT). The M6-TT vaccine can generate high titers of antibodies and reduce heroin-induced behavioral effects in rodents. So, it would be plausible to assume that if we modify the M6-TT vaccine by changing the hapten and maintaining the rest of the structural elements of the vaccine, we will maintain the properties of the M6-TT vaccine (high antibody titers). The objective of this study was to determine whether the antibodies generated by a tetanus toxoid-conjugated cocaine vaccine (COC-TT) can recognize and capture cocaine and decrease the cocaine-induced reinforcing effects. Male Wistar rats were immunized with the COC-TT. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used to monitor antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals. The study used cocaine self-administration and place-preference testing to evaluate the cocaine-reinforcing effects. The COC-TT vaccine could generate high levels of anti-cocaine antibodies. The antibodies reduced the cocaine self-administration and cocaine place preference. In addition, they decreased the cocaine-induced Fos protein expression. These findings suggest that the COC-TT vaccine generates a robust immunogenic response capable of reducing the reinforcing effects of cocaine, which supports its possible future use in clinical trials in patients with CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maura Matus-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Neuroquímica de las Adicciones, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Hernandez-Miramontes
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juarez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, México
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Prasad S, Mathew PS, Piper BJ, Kaur K, Tian M. The Neurobiology of Methamphetamine Addiction and the Potential to Reduce Misuse Through Conjugate Vaccines Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 4. Cureus 2023; 15:e40259. [PMID: 37440809 PMCID: PMC10335775 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The methamphetamine epidemic continues to worsen each year and has contributed to more overdose deaths than opioids. Methamphetamine was listed in the top ten lethal drugs in 2021 in the United States. The drug has been shown to cause health problems such as addiction and neurological and behavioral changes. One possible solution to address this crisis is through vaccinations. Vaccinations consist of injecting a controlled substance with the goal of creating compound-specific antibodies. Although still early in development, vaccinations have been found to improve withdrawal symptoms and decrease drug-seeking behavior with minimal health side effects in rodent studies. This paper provides an overview of the clinical presentation and neurobiology of methamphetamine addiction and drug-seeking behaviors. The responses and adverse effects of conjugate vaccines IXTv-100 with adjuvant glucopyranosyl lipid A administered in oil-water stable emulsion and tetanus-toxoid conjugated to succinyl-methamphetamine adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide combined with adjuvant E6020 are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Prasad
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
| | - Phoebe S Mathew
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
| | - Brian J Piper
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
| | - Karndeep Kaur
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
| | - Maria Tian
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
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Haile CN, Varner KJ, Huijing X, Arora R, Orson FM, Kosten TR, Kosten TA. Active and Passive Immunization with an Anti-Methamphetamine Vaccine Attenuates the Behavioral and Cardiovascular Effects of Methamphetamine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091508. [PMID: 36146588 PMCID: PMC9503672 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a growing health concern with no FDA-approved treatment. The present series of studies build upon our previous work developing an anti-methamphetamine (MA) vaccine for MUD. We determined the effects of a formulation that included tetanus-toxoid (TT) conjugated to succinyl-methamphetamine (TT-SMA) adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide (alum) in combination with the novel Toll-Like Receptor-5 agonist, entolimod. METHODS Mice were vaccinated (0, 3, 6 weeks) with TT-SMA+alum and various doses of entolimod to determine an optimal dose for enhancing immunogenicity against MA. Functional effects were then assessed using MA-induced locomotor activation in mice. Experiments using passive immunization of antibodies generated by the vaccine tested its ability to attenuate MA-induced cardiovascular effects and alter the reinforcing effects of MA in an MA-induced reinstatement of a drug seeking model of relapse in male and female rats. RESULTS Antibody levels peaked at 10 weeks following vaccination with TT-SMA+alum combined with entolimod (1, 3 and 10 μg). MA-induced locomotor activation was significantly attenuated in vaccinated vs. unvaccinated mice and antibody levels significantly correlated with ambulation levels. Passive immunization decreased mean arterial pressure following MA dosing in rats of both sexes but did not alter heart rate. Passive immunization also attenuated the ability of MA to reinstate extinguished drug-seeking behavior in male and female rats. Results support further development of this vaccine for relapse prevention for individuals with MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N. Haile
- Department of Psychology/TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Kurt J. Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xia Huijing
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Reetakshi Arora
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank M. Orson
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Immunology Allergy & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas R. Kosten
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Therese A. Kosten
- Department of Psychology/TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Correspondence:
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Celik M, Fuehrlein B. A Review of Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Prospects. Immunotargets Ther 2022; 11:55-66. [PMID: 36199734 PMCID: PMC9528911 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s370435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Celik
- Research Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Fuehrlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Correspondence: Brian Fuehrlein, Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, Tel +1-203-932-5711 x4471, Fax +1-203-937-4904, Email
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Wu X, Li W. The Applications of
β
‐Keto
Amides for Heterocycle Synthesis. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Wu
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wanfang Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
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Garcia-Vello P, Di Lorenzo F, Zucchetta D, Zamyatina A, De Castro C, Molinaro A. Lipopolysaccharide lipid A: A promising molecule for new immunity-based therapies and antibiotics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 230:107970. [PMID: 34454000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the main components of the external leaflet of the Gram-negative outer membrane and consist of three different moieties: lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-polysaccharide. The lipid A is a glucosamine disaccharide with different levels of acylation and phosphorylation, beside carrying, in certain cases, additional substituents on the sugar backbone. It is also the main immunostimulatory part of the LPS, as its recognition by the host immune system represents a fundamental event for detection of perilous microorganisms. Moreover, an uncontrolled immune response caused by a large amount of circulating LPS can lead to dramatic outcomes for human health, such as septic shock. The immunostimulant properties of an LPS incredibly vary depending on lipid A chemical structure, and for this reason, natural and synthetic variants of the lipid A are under study to develop new drugs that mimic or antagonise its natural effects. Here, we review past and recent findings on the lipid A as an antibiotic target and immune-therapeutic molecule, with a special attention on the crucial role of the chemical structure and its exploitation for conceiving novel strategies for treatment of several immune-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Garcia-Vello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Zucchetta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
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da Silva Neto L, da Silva Maia AF, Godin AM, de Almeida Augusto PS, Pereira RLG, Caligiorne SM, Alves RB, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Goulart GAC, Martins FT, das Neves MDCL, Garcia FD, de Fátima Â. Calix[n]arene-based immunogens: A new non-proteic strategy for anti-cocaine vaccine. J Adv Res 2021; 38:285-298. [PMID: 35572397 PMCID: PMC9091763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The first total synthesis of the novel calix[n]arene-based immunogens V4N2 and V8N2 is reported. V4N2 and V8N2 promoted the production of cocaine antibodies and also modulated the biodistribution of [99mTc]TRODAT-1, a radiolabeled analogue of cocaine. V4N2 and/or V8N2 are potential candidates for the development of an immunogenic agent for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
Introduction Cocaine use disorder is a significant public health issue without a current specific approved treatment. Among different approaches to this disorder, it is possible to highlight a promising immunologic strategy in which an immunogenic agent may reduce the reinforcing effects of the drug if they are able to yield sufficient specific antibodies capable to bind cocaine and/or its psychoactive metabolites before entering into the brain. Several carriers have been investigated in the anti-cocaine vaccine development; however, they generally present a very complex chemical structure, which potentially hampers the proper assessment of the coupling efficiency between the hapten units and the protein structure. Objectives The present study reports the design, synthesis and preclinical evaluation of two novel calix[n]arene-based anti-cocaine immunogens (herein named as V4N2 and V8N2) by the tethering of the hydrolysis-tolerant hapten GNE (15) on calix[4]arene and calix[8]arene moieties. Methods The preclinical assessment corresponded to the immunogenicity and dose–response evaluation of V4N2 and V8N2. The potential of the produced antibodies to reduce the passage of cocaine analogue through the blood–brain-barrier (BBB), modifying its biodistribution was also investigated. Results Both calix[n]arene-based immunogens elicited high titers of cocaine antibodies that modified the biodistribution of a cocaine radiolabeled analogue (99mTc-TRODAT-1) and decreased cocaine-induced behavior, according to an animal model. Conclusion The present results demonstrate the potential of V4N2 and V8N2 as immunogens for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo da Silva Neto
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Angélica Faleiros da Silva Maia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Martins Godin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sordaini Maria Caligiorne
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire Brondi Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele Assis Castro Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Terra Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Frederico Duarte Garcia
- Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Corresponding authors.
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Liao F, Wang H, Dao Y, Yuan K, Lu J, Shi J, Han Y, Dong S, Lu L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a lipopeptide-based methamphetamine vaccine. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lee JC, Janda KD. Immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:77-93. [PMID: 34458776 PMCID: PMC8341824 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is known to account for substance abuse disorders globally, second only to opioids, yet has no approved pharmacotherapies. Traditional therapies employ small molecule agonists or antagonists for substance use disorders or overdose reversal by targeting drug-specific receptors in the brain. However, the comprehensive mechanism of METH on multiple sites within the central nervous system (CNS) implies its receptors lack the high affinity and specificity required for an "ideal" drug target. The alternative to pharmacotherapies is to sequester abused drugs in the periphery, effectively eliminating the effects from CNS receptor occupation through pharmacokinetic antagonism. This review presents updates on immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse by focusing on the cultivation of research optimization strategies regarding hapten chemistry, carrier proteins, and adjuvants implemented in active immunization. Furthermore, we discuss necessary developments for each component of active immunopharmacotherapies and the future of active vaccines in treating METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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10
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Duprez J, Kalbfleisch K, Deshmukh S, Payne J, Haer M, Williams W, Durowoju I, Kirkitadze M. Structure and compositional analysis of aluminum oxyhydroxide adsorbed pertussis vaccine. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:439-447. [PMID: 33489011 PMCID: PMC7804342 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to characterize an acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) containing genetically modified pertussis toxin (gdPT) and TLR agonist adsorbed to AlOOH adjuvant. METHODS Several analytical tools including nanoDSF, FTIR, and LD were used to examine the conformation of novel gdPT and the composition of AlOOH adjuvant formulations adsorbed to pertussis vaccine. RESULTS DLS particle size results were 9.3 nm and 320 nm for gdPT. For pertussis toxoid (PT), the DLS particle size results were larger at ~440 nm. After adsorption to AlOOH, which was driven by the protein antigen, the size distribution ranged from 3.5 to 22 µm. Two thermal transitions were observed by DSC for gdPT at 70 °C and 102 °C. The main thermal transition was confirmed to be at 72 °C by nanoDSF. All three vaccine formulations showed one thermal transition: Tdap-AlOOH had a thermal transition of 74.6 °C, Tdap-E6020-AlOOH had a thermal transition at 74.2 °C, and Tdap-CpG-AlOOH had a thermal transition at 77.0 °C. Analysis of pertussis toxin (PTx) and gdPT was also performed by FTIR spectroscopy for the purpose of comparison. The second derivative of the FTIR spectra showed an additional feature for PTx at 1685 cm-1 compared to gdPT. The antigen's amide I and II regions were largely unchanged after adsorption to AlOOH adjuvant as shown by FTIR, suggesting that there were no significant changes in the secondary structure. CONCLUSION gdPT conformation was successfully characterized using an array of analytical methods. All three Tdap formulations have similar thermal stability as shown by nanoDSF, similar size distribution as shown by LD, and similar overall secondary structure as shown by FTIR. In-line particle sizing and IR can be used as in-process characterization tools to monitor consistency of adsorbed vaccine and to confirm product identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Duprez
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristen Kalbfleisch
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, and Paediatrics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sasmit Deshmukh
- SGS Canada, Biopharmaceutical Services, 6490 Vipond Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie Payne
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manjit Haer
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wayne Williams
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Durowoju
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Kirkitadze
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Hossain MK, Hassanzadeganroudsari M, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. Vaccine development against methamphetamine drug addiction. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:1105-1114. [PMID: 33251859 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1857738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are currently no effective treatments for Methamphetamine (METH) addiction and psychotherapy remains the sole treatment option. The development of immunopharmacotherapies for the treatment of drug addiction, overdose, and relapse management appears to be promising alternative and a significant body of information has been generated using various vaccine development strategies. Herein, we present an update on the developments toward anti-METH vaccines and their study outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies. AREAS COVERED The scope of this article is to present an update on METH vaccine development strategies such as active vaccination through hapten design and the passive immunization through monoclonal antibodies along with preclinical and clinical studies. The relevant literatures and clinical trial outcomes were searched in databases including Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, ClinicalTrials.gov, and www.anzctr.org.au using specific keywords. EXPERT OPINION Significant improvements have been developed for immunopharmacotherapies for METH addiction over the last two decades. However, only one monoclonal antibody candidate has been evaluated in a phase I clinical trial. At this moment, it is essential to evaluate the safety and efficacy of potential candidates in clinical trials to validate the importance of this platform drug-vaccine conjugation in order to manage or overcome METH addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamal Hossain
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Richard K, Perkins DJ, Harberts EM, Song Y, Gopalakrishnan A, Shirey KA, Lai W, Vlk A, Mahurkar A, Nallar S, Hawkins LD, Ernst RK, Vogel SN. Dissociation of TRIF bias and adjuvanticity. Vaccine 2020; 38:4298-4308. [PMID: 32389496 PMCID: PMC7302928 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of "pattern recognition receptors," bind microbial and host-derived molecules, leading to intracellular signaling and proinflammatory gene expression. TLR4 is unique in that ligand-mediated activation requires the co-receptor myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2) to initiate two signaling cascades: the MyD88-dependent pathway is initiated at the cell membrane, and elicits rapid MAP kinase and NF-κB activation, while the TIR-domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathway is initiated from TLR4-containing endosomes and results in IRF3 activation. Previous studies associated inflammation with the MyD88 pathway and adjuvanticity with the TRIF pathway. Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent TLR4 agonist, and structurally related molecules signal through TLR4 to differing extents. Herein, we compared monophosphoryl lipid A (sMPL) and E6020, two synthetic, non-toxic LPS lipid A analogs used as vaccine adjuvants, for their capacities to activate TLR4-mediated innate immune responses and to enhance antibody production. In mouse macrophages, high dose sMPL activates MyD88-dependent signaling equivalently to E6020, while E6020 exhibits significantly more activation of the TRIF pathway (a "TRIF bias") than sMPL. Eritoran, a TLR4/MD2 antagonist, competitively inhibited sMPL more strongly than E6020. Despite these differences, sMPL and E6020 adjuvants enhanced antibody responses to comparable extents, with balanced immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes in two immunization models. These data indicate that a TRIF bias is not necessarily predictive of superior adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Richard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Darren J Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erin M Harberts
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry (UMSOD), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yang Song
- Genome Informatics Core, Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), UMSOM, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wendy Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexandra Vlk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anup Mahurkar
- Genome Informatics Core, Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), UMSOM, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shreeram Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry (UMSOD), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Keller CM, Spence AL, Stevens MW, Owens SM, Guerin GF, Goeders NE. Effects of a methamphetamine vaccine, IXT-v100, on methamphetamine-related behaviors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:655-667. [PMID: 31758209 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vaccines have been developed as a potential treatment for methamphetamine (meth) use disorder (MUD). Immunization with the meth vaccine IXT-v100 has previously been shown to elicit antibodies with high affinity for meth and thus may be an effective treatment for MUD. OBJECTIVES These studies were designed to determine the efficacy of IXT-v100 on meth-taking and meth-seeking behaviors in rats. METHODS In the acquisition and maintenance study, male and female rats were trained to self-administer meth (0.06 mg/kg/infusion) over an 8-week period following vaccination. In the last 4 weeks, the dose of meth was increased or decreased each week. To assess meth-seeking behavior, the meth-primed reactivity model was used. Rats were trained to self-administer meth for 5 weeks, followed by a 5-week or 11-week forced abstinence period during which the animals were vaccinated. Rats were then placed back into the self-administration chamber immediately after being injected with meth (1 mg/kg, i.p.) but did not receive meth during the session. Responses were recorded and used as a measure of meth seeking. RESULTS Results from the acquisition and maintenance study in Wistar rats show that vaccination with IXT-v100 adjuvanted with glucopyranosyl lipid A stable emulsion decreases the percentage of animals that will self-administer a moderate level of meth. In the meth-primed reactivity studies, results from males showed that vaccination significantly attenuates meth-seeking behavior. CONCLUSION Together, these results suggest vaccination with IXT-v100 may be effective at decreasing meth-taking and meth-seeking behaviors in humans suffering with MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Keller
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
| | - Allyson L Spence
- Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Boulevard, Denver, CO, 80221, USA
| | - Misty W Stevens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St. #831, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - S Michael Owens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St. #831, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. #611, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Glenn F Guerin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Nicholas E Goeders
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
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Stevens MW, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Gunnell MG, Tawney R, West CM, Owens SM. Antibody production and pharmacokinetics of METH in rats following vaccination with the METH vaccine, IXT-v100, adjuvanted with GLA-SE. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107484. [PMID: 31521953 PMCID: PMC6878175 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use disorder continues to be inadequately treated, but improvements are being made in the field of immunotherapeutics, including vaccines, which could provide new options for treatment. Cocaine and nicotine vaccines have been tested clinically, but have yet to elicit the necessary antibody concentrations required to be effective. Methamphetamine vaccines have been tested in multiple nonclinical models and appear promising. Improved adjuvants have the potential to further stimulate the immune system to reach effective levels of antibodies. Previously, the methamphetamine vaccine IXT-v100 was administered with GLA-SE, a toll-like receptor 4 agonist, in mice to produce higher levels of antibodies than when it was administered with two other widely used adjuvants, Alhydrogel and Sigma Adjuvant System. METHODS The purpose of this research was to evaluate IXT-v100, given in combination with the adjuvant GLA-SE, to determine its efficacy in antagonizing methamphetamine disposition in a rat pharmacokinetic study. Additional rat studies were conducted to compare the ability of IXT-v100 manufactured with greater hapten densities to elicit higher antibody levels. RESULTS As expected based on prior studies with anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies, the antibodies resulting from vaccination with IXT-v100 altered methamphetamine pharmacokinetics by increasing serum concentrations and extending the half-life. Furthermore, intentional variations in the ratio of components during manufacturing led to production of vaccines with higher hapten densities. The higher hapten densities resulted in production of antibodies that maintained the ability to bind methamphetamine with high affinity. CONCLUSIONS The results support continued development of IXT-v100 for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty W. Stevens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Melinda G. Gunnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Rachel Tawney
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - C. Michael West
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - S. Michael Owens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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15
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Ozgen MH, Blume S. The continuing search for an addiction vaccine. Vaccine 2019; 37:5485-5490. [PMID: 31266675 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by advances in immunology, in the 1970s scientists began to study the possibilities of mobilizing the human immune system against intruders other than pathogenic viruses and bacteria. In 1972 the suggestion was first made that it might be possible to provoke immunity to narcotic dependence. Because molecules of narcotics such as heroin and cocaine are too small to stimulate an immune response, researchers sought ways of coupling them to immunogenic proteins. The substances they developed soon became known as addiction vaccines. However, despite fifty years of research, and despite the growing problem of addiction, no vaccine against heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine or nicotine addiction has yet been licensed for clinical use. This paper reviews the history of addiction vaccinology, seeks to explain the unique appeal of a vaccinological approach to addiction, and argues for broad discussion of how such vaccines should ultimately be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heval Ozgen
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute and Addiction Research Center (PARC), Interculturel Psychiatry (i-psy), Parnassia Academy, The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - Stuart Blume
- Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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