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Malinská N, Grobárová V, Knížková K, Černý J. Maternal-Fetal Microchimerism: Impacts on Offspring's Immune Development and Transgenerational Immune Memory Transfer. Physiol Res 2024; 73:315-332. [PMID: 39027950 PMCID: PMC11299782 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal-fetal microchimerism is a fascinating phenomenon in which maternal cells migrate to the tissues of the offspring during both pregnancy and breastfeeding. These cells primarily consist of leukocytes and stem cells. Remarkably, these maternal cells possess functional potential in the offspring and play a significant role in shaping their immune system development. T lymphocytes, a cell population mainly found in various tissues of the offspring, have been identified as the major cell type derived from maternal microchimerism. These T lymphocytes not only exert effector functions but also influence the development of the offspring's T lymphocytes in the thymus and the maturation of B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes. Furthermore, the migration of maternal leukocytes also facilitates the transfer of immune memory across generations. Maternal microchimerism has also been observed to address immunodeficiencies in the offspring. This review article focuses on investigating the impact of maternal cells transported within maternal microchimerism on the immune system development of the offspring, as well as elucidating the effector functions of maternal cells that migrate through the placenta and breast milk to reach the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Malinská
- Laboratory of Cell Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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de Queiroz AA, França EL, Gadenz GRB, Dalcin LDL, Fujimori M, França DCH, Gomes MA, Honorio-França AC. Correlation between Melatonin and Colostral Regulatory T Cells in Giardia lamblia Infection. Biomolecules 2024; 14:744. [PMID: 39062459 PMCID: PMC11275092 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) that affects people worldwide. Still, few studies report on the immunoregulatory effects of the biomolecules of colostrum during interactions with G. lamblia. This study aimed to assess the concentrations of melatonin and cortisol hormones, the percentage of Treg cells, and the levels of cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in colostrum from mothers who tested positive for the parasite. This cross-sectional study analyzed colostrum samples from 25 puerperal. The samples were tested using an ELISA to determine if they were seropositive for G. lamblia and the type of antibody present (IgM and IgG). Based on the results, the samples were divided into three groups: a control group (N = 10) with no reaction to either IgM or IgG, a group seropositive for IgG (IgG+/IgM-; N = 8), and a group seropositive for IgM (IgM+/IgG-; N = 7). The concentrations of melatonin and cortisol were measured using the ELISA method. Additionally, cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β and immunophenotyping were analyzed using flow cytometry. In the group that tested positive for IgM anti-G. lamblia, the concentration of melatonin was lower. However, in the colostrum from mothers who tested positive for IgG anti-G. lamblia, the level of this hormone had increased. The cortisol levels were similar between the groups, regardless of seropositivity. There was a higher percentage of Treg cells in the colostrum from mothers who tested positive for IgM anti-G. lamblia. TGF-β levels also increased in the colostrum of mothers who tested positive for IgM anti-G. lamblia. In the seronegative group for G. lamblia, there was a positive correlation between melatonin concentration and the percentage of Treg cells. These data suggest that the increase in regulatory cells and cytokines and the reduction in melatonin in colostrum from mothers with recent giardia infection may contribute to the evolution and manifestation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriele Ataides de Queiroz
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (A.A.d.Q.); (M.A.G.)
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 31270-901, Brazil; (E.L.F.); (G.R.B.G.); (L.D.L.D.); (M.F.); (D.C.H.F.)
| | - Eduardo Luzía França
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 31270-901, Brazil; (E.L.F.); (G.R.B.G.); (L.D.L.D.); (M.F.); (D.C.H.F.)
| | - Gabriella Regina Borges Gadenz
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 31270-901, Brazil; (E.L.F.); (G.R.B.G.); (L.D.L.D.); (M.F.); (D.C.H.F.)
| | - Letícia Damas Leão Dalcin
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 31270-901, Brazil; (E.L.F.); (G.R.B.G.); (L.D.L.D.); (M.F.); (D.C.H.F.)
| | - Mahmi Fujimori
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 31270-901, Brazil; (E.L.F.); (G.R.B.G.); (L.D.L.D.); (M.F.); (D.C.H.F.)
| | - Danielle Cristina Honorio França
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 31270-901, Brazil; (E.L.F.); (G.R.B.G.); (L.D.L.D.); (M.F.); (D.C.H.F.)
| | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (A.A.d.Q.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Adenilda Cristina Honorio-França
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 31270-901, Brazil; (E.L.F.); (G.R.B.G.); (L.D.L.D.); (M.F.); (D.C.H.F.)
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Bermejo-Haro MY, Camacho-Pacheco RT, Brito-Pérez Y, Mancilla-Herrera I. The hormonal physiology of immune components in breast milk and their impact on the infant immune response. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023:111956. [PMID: 37236499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the maternal body undergoes a considerable transformation regarding the anatomy, metabolism, and immune profile that, after delivery, allows for protection and nourishment of the offspring via lactation. Pregnancy hormones are responsible for the development and functionality of the mammary gland for breast milk production, but little is known about how hormones control its immune properties. Breast milk composition is highly dynamic, adapting to the nutritional and immunological needs that the infant requires in the first months of life and is responsible for the main immune modeling of breastfed newborns. Therefore, alterations in the mechanisms that control the endocrinology of mammary gland adaptation for lactation could disturb the properties of breast milk that prepare the neonatal immune system to respond to the first immunologic challenges. In modern life, humans are chronically exposed to endocrine disruptors (EDs), which alter the endocrine physiology of mammals, affecting the composition of breast milk and hence the neonatal immune response. In this review, we provide a landscape of the possible role of hormones in the control of passive immunity transferred by breast milk and the possible effect of maternal exposure to EDs on lactation, as well as their impacts on the development of neonatal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mextli Y Bermejo-Haro
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo T Camacho-Pacheco
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
| | - Yesenia Brito-Pérez
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
| | - Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Piñeiro-Salvador R, Vazquez-Garza E, Cruz-Cardenas JA, Licona-Cassani C, García-Rivas G, Moreno-Vásquez J, Alcorta-García MR, Lara-Diaz VJ, Brunck MEG. A cross-sectional study evidences regulations of leukocytes in the colostrum of mothers with obesity. BMC Med 2022; 20:388. [PMID: 36316769 PMCID: PMC9624055 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastmilk is a dynamic fluid whose initial function is to provide the most adapted nutrition to the neonate. Additional attributes have been recently ascribed to breastmilk, with the evidence of a specific microbiota and the presence of various components of the immune system, such as cytokines and leukocytes. The composition of breastmilk varies through time, according to the health status of mother and child, and altogether contributes to the future health of the infant. Obesity is a rising condition worldwide that creates a state of systemic, chronic inflammation including leukocytosis. Here, we asked whether colostrum, the milk produced within the first 48 h post-partum, would contain a distinct leukocyte composition depending on the body mass index (BMI) of the mother. METHODS We collected peripheral blood and colostrum paired samples from obese (BMI > 30) and lean (BMI < 25) mothers within 48 h post-partum and applied a panel of 6 antibodies plus a viability marker to characterize 10 major leukocyte subpopulations using flow cytometry. RESULTS The size, internal complexity, and surface expression of CD45 and CD16 of multiple leukocyte subpopulations were selectively regulated between blood and colostrum irrespective of the study groups, suggesting a generalized cell-specific phenotype alteration. In obesity, the colostrum B lymphocyte compartment was significantly reduced, and CD16+ blood monocytes had an increased CD16 expression compared to the lean group. CONCLUSIONS This is the first characterization of major leukocyte subsets in colostrum of mothers suffering from obesity and the first report of colostrum leukocyte subpopulations in Latin America. We evidence various significant alterations of most leukocyte populations between blood and colostrum and demonstrate a decreased colostrum B lymphocyte fraction in obesity. This pioneering study is a stepping stone to further investigate active immunity in human breastmilk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Piñeiro-Salvador
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Tecnologico, 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vazquez-Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000 Poniente, Col. Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Cruz-Cardenas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Tecnologico, 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Licona-Cassani
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Tecnologico, 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Tecnologico, 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000 Poniente, Col. Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Tecnologico, 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge Moreno-Vásquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000 Poniente, Col. Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mario René Alcorta-García
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000 Poniente, Col. Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Hospital Regional Materno-Infantil, SSNL, OPD, Ciudad Guadalupe, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Victor Javier Lara-Diaz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000 Poniente, Col. Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Marion E G Brunck
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Tecnologico, 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. .,The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Tecnologico, 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Lokossou GAG, Kouakanou L, Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849012. [PMID: 35450064 PMCID: PMC9016618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases and obesity during childhood. In recent years, important advances have been made in understanding the human breast milk (HBM) composition. Breast milk components such as, non-immune and immune cells and bioactive molecules, namely, cytokines/chemokines, lipids, hormones, and enzymes reportedly play many roles in breastfed newborns and in mothers, by diseases protection and shaping the immune system of the newborn. Bioactive components in HBM are also involved in tolerance and appropriate inflammatory response of breastfed infants if necessary. This review summarizes the current literature on the relationship between mother and her infant through breast milk with regard to disease protection. We will shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the roles of breast milk components in the maintenance of health of both child and mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatien A. G. Lokossou
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Department Human Biology Engineering, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana C. Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Laouar A. Maternal Leukocytes and Infant Immune Programming during Breastfeeding. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:225-239. [PMID: 32057705 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fetal immune system develops in a rather sterile environment relative to the outside world and, therefore, lacks antigenic education. Soon after birth, the newborn is exposed to the hostile environment of pathogens. Recently, animal- and limited human-based studies have indicated that help from the mother, upon transfer of leukocytes and their products via breast milk feeding, greatly assists the newborn's immune system. Here, I discuss the newest advances on how milk leukocytes impact early life immunity, with an emphasis on the development of the infant T cell repertoire and early immune responses in the periphery and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. A deeper understanding of these novel mechanistic insights may inform potential translational approaches to improving immunity in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amale Laouar
- Surgery Department and the Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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