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Englund Ögge L, Dotevall A, Elfvin A, Sandgren U, Linden K, Bohlin L, Wallstersson B, Sjödell M, Augustinsson J, Hagman A. Glycemic control assessed by continuous glucose monitoring during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes and its association with preeclampsia, an observational Swedish cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2024; 103:1426-1436. [PMID: 38725185 PMCID: PMC11168267 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women with type 1 diabetes have an increased risk of preeclampsia (PE), but it is not fully understood if degree of glycemic control is associated with this risk. The aim of this study was to assess glycemic control during pregnancy analyzed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in women with and without PE and to investigate if glycemic control is associated with increased risk of PE. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 120 pregnant Swedish women with type 1 diabetes using CGM were included. Background factors and pregnancy outcomes were collected from medical records. CGM data were collected via the internet-based platform Diasend. Mean glucose, standard deviation of mean glucose, percentage of time in target, time below target, and time above target were presented for each trimester in women who did or did not develop PE. Associations between CGM-derived metrics and PE were analyzed with logistic regression and adjusted for confounders. RESULTS Twenty-two women (18.3%) developed PE. There were no significant differences in maternal characteristics between women with and without PE. Glycemic control improved in each trimester but was suboptimal in both groups. Time in target increased from 59% in the non-PE group and 54% in the PE group in the first trimester to 65% in both groups in the third trimester. There were no significant associations between glycemic control and PE after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Degree of glycemic control during pregnancy assessed by CGM was not associated with development of PE in women with type 1 diabetes. However, more research is needed to understand the role of glycemic control in relation to development of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Englund Ögge
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySahlgrenska University Hospital/ÖstraGothenburgSweden
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Annika Dotevall
- Department of MedicineSahlgrenska University Hospital/ÖstraGothenburgSweden
| | - Anders Elfvin
- Department of PediatricsInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Ulrika Sandgren
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySahlgrenska University Hospital/ÖstraGothenburgSweden
| | - Karolina Linden
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Linnea Bohlin
- Regionhälsan Health Care, Gynecology and Obstetrics ClinicGothenburgSweden
| | - Bernadette Wallstersson
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySahlgrenska University Hospital/ÖstraGothenburgSweden
| | - Mårten Sjödell
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySkaraborg HospitalSkövdeSweden
| | - Jaine Augustinsson
- Regionhälsan Health Care, Gynecology and Obstetrics ClinicGothenburgSweden
| | - Anna Hagman
- Regionhälsan Health Care, Gynecology and Obstetrics ClinicGothenburgSweden
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Sentilhes L, Schmitz T, Arthuis C, Barjat T, Berveiller P, Camilleri C, Froeliger A, Garabedian C, Guerby P, Korb D, Lecarpentier E, Mattuizzi A, Sibiude J, Sénat MV, Tsatsaris V. [Preeclampsia: Guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2024; 52:3-44. [PMID: 37891152 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify strategies to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity related to preeclampsia. MATERIAL AND METHODS The quality of evidence of the literature was assessed following the GRADE® method with questions formulated in the PICO format (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) and outcomes defined a priori and classified according to their importance. An extensive bibliographic search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the evidence was assessed (high, moderate, low, very low) and recommendations were formulated as a (i) strong, (ii) weak or (iii) no recommendation. The recommendations were reviewed in two rounds with external reviewers (Delphi survey) to select the consensus recommendations. RESULTS Preeclampsia is defined by the association of gestational hypertension (systolic blood pressure≥140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure≥90mmHg) and proteinuria≥0.3g/24h or a Proteinuria/Creatininuria ratio≥30mg/mmol occurring after 20 weeks of gestation. Data from the literature do not show any benefit in terms of maternal or perinatal health from implementing a broader definition of preeclampsia. Of the 31 questions, there was agreement between the working group and the external reviewers on 31 (100%). In general population, physical activity during pregnancy should be encouraged to reduce the risk of preeclampsia (Strong recommendation, Quality of the evidence low) but an early screening based on algorithms (Weak recommendation, Quality of the evidence low) or aspirin administration (Weak recommendation, Quality of the evidence very low) is not recommended to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity related to preeclampsia. In women with preexisting diabetes or hypertension or renal disease, or multiple pregnancy, the level of evidence is insufficient to determine whether aspirin administration during pregnancy is useful to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity (No recommendation, Quality of the evidence low). In women with a history of vasculo-placental disease, low dose of aspirin (Strong recommendation, Quality of the evidence moderate) at a dosage of 100-160mg per day (Weak recommendation, Quality of the evidence low), ideally before 16 weeks of gestation and not after 20 weeks of gestation (Strong recommendation, Quality of the evidence low) until 36 weeks of gestation (Weak recommendation, Quality of the evidence very low) is recommended. In a high-risk population, additional administration of low molecular weight heparin is not recommended (Weak recommendation, Quality of the evidence moderate). In case of preeclampsia (Weak recommendation, Quality of the evidence low) or suspicion of preeclampsia (Weak recommendation, Quality of the evidence moderate, the assessment of PlGF concentration or sFLT-1/PlGF ratio is not routinely recommended) in the only goal to reduce maternal or perinatal morbidity. In women with non-severe preeclampsia antihypertensive agent should be administered orally when the systolic blood pressure is measured between 140 and 159mmHg or diastolic blood pressure is measured between 90 and 109mmHg (Weak recommendation, Quality of the evidence low). In women with non-severe preeclampsia, delivery between 34 and 36+6 weeks of gestation reduces severe maternal hypertension but increases the incidence of moderate prematurity. Taking into account the benefit/risk balance for the mother and the child, it is recommended not to systematically induce birth in women with non-severe preeclampsia between 34 and 36+6 weeks of gestation (Strong recommendation, Quality of evidence high). In women with non-severe preeclampsia diagnosed between 37+0 and 41 weeks of gestation, it is recommended to induce birth to reduce maternal morbidity (Strong recommendation, Low quality of evidence), and to perform a trial of labor in the absence of contraindication (Strong recommendation, Very low quality of evidence). In women with a history of preeclampsia, screening maternal thrombophilia is not recommended (Strong recommendation, Quality of the evidence moderate). Because women with a history of a preeclampsia have an increased lifelong risk of chronic hypertension and cardiovascular complications, they should be informed of the need for medical follow-up to monitor blood pressure and to manage other possible cardiovascular risk factors (Strong recommendation, Quality of the evidence moderate). CONCLUSION The purpose of these recommendations was to reassess the definition of preeclampsia, and to determine the strategies to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity related to preeclampsia, during pregnancy but also after childbirth. They aim to help health professionals in their daily clinical practice to inform or care for patients who have had or have preeclampsia. Synthetic information documents are also offered for professionals and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Sentilhes
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Arthuis
- Service d'obstétrique et de médecine fœtale, Elsan Santé Atlantique, 44819 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Tiphaine Barjat
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul Berveiller
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy St-Germain, Poissy, France
| | - Céline Camilleri
- Association grossesse santé contre la pré-éclampsie, Paris, France
| | - Alizée Froeliger
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles Garabedian
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, University Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Paul Guerby
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Diane Korb
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Lecarpentier
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Aurélien Mattuizzi
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jeanne Sibiude
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Louis-Mourier, AP-HP, Colombes, France
| | - Marie-Victoire Sénat
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Maternité Port-Royal, hôpital Cochin, GHU Centre Paris cité, AP-HP, FHU PREMA, Paris, France
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ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Ekhlaspour L, Hilliard ME, Johnson EL, Khunti K, Lingvay I, Matfin G, McCoy RG, Perry ML, Pilla SJ, Polsky S, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Segal AR, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA. 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:S282-S294. [PMID: 38078583 PMCID: PMC10725801 DOI: 10.2337/dc24-s015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, an interprofessional expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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Do NC, Vestgaard M, Nørgaard SK, Damm P, Mathiesen ER, Ringholm L. Prediction and prevention of preeclampsia in women with preexisting diabetes: the role of home blood pressure, physical activity, and aspirin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1166884. [PMID: 37614711 PMCID: PMC10443220 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1166884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Women with type 1 or type 2 (preexisting) diabetes are four times more likely to develop preeclampsia compared with women without diabetes. Preeclampsia affects 9%-20% of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes and 7%-14% of pregnant women with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this narrative review is to investigate the role of blood pressure (BP) monitoring, physical activity, and prophylactic aspirin to reduce the prevalence of preeclampsia and to improve pregnancy outcome in women with preexisting diabetes. Home BP and office BP in early pregnancy are positively associated with development of preeclampsia, and home BP and office BP are comparable for the prediction of preeclampsia in women with preexisting diabetes. However, home BP is lower than office BP, and the difference is greater with increasing office BP. Daily physical activity is recommended during pregnancy, and limiting sedentary behavior may be beneficial to prevent preeclampsia. White coat hypertension in early pregnancy is not a clinically benign condition but is associated with an elevated risk of developing preeclampsia. This renders the current strategy of leaving white coat hypertension untreated debatable. A beneficial preventive effect of initiating low-dose aspirin (150 mg/day) for all in early pregnancy has not been demonstrated in women with preexisting diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Callesen Do
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Vestgaard
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sidse Kjærhus Nørgaard
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth R. Mathiesen
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Ringholm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bruno AM, Allshouse AA, Metz TD, Theilen LH. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy pre- and postaspirin guideline publication in individuals with pregestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2023; 5:100877. [PMID: 36708967 PMCID: PMC10108661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US Preventive Services Taskforce published guidelines in 2014 recommending that low-dose aspirin be initiated between 12 and 28 weeks of gestation among high-risk patients for preeclampsia prophylaxis. Moreover, low-dose aspirin is recommended by some clinicians for the prevention of preterm birth. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate whether there is an association between the US Preventive Services Taskforce aspirin guideline hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm birth in individuals with pregestational diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN This was a repeated cross-sectional analysis of individuals with pregestational diabetes mellitus and at least 1 singleton delivery at >20 weeks of gestation with records available in the National Vital Statistics System between 2010 and 2018. The primary outcome was hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and the secondary outcome was preterm birth. Demographics and clinical characteristics among individuals in the pre-US Preventive Services Taskforce guideline cohort (2010-2013) were compared with that of individuals in the post-US Preventive Services Taskforce guideline cohort (2015-2018). Multivariable regression estimated the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between guideline publication and the selected endpoints. Effect modification was assessed for access to prenatal care using the Kotelchuck Index (<80% vs ≥80%). Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis limited to nulliparas was performed. RESULTS Overall, 224,065 individuals were included. Individuals in the post-US Preventive Services Taskforce guideline cohort were more likely to be older, be obese, and have a history of preterm birth. In unadjusted and adjusted modeling, delivery in the post-US Preventive Services Taskforce guideline cohort was associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.28) and preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.12). The adjusted odds ratios for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm birth were more pronounced among those with less than adequate access to care. The findings were similar in the sensitivity analysis of only nulliparas. CONCLUSION Delivery after US Preventive Services Taskforce aspirin guideline publication was associated with higher rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm birth in a population of individuals with diabetes mellitus. It is unknown whether patient or practitioner factors, or other changes in obstetrical care, contributed to these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Bruno
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT (Dr Bruno, Ms Allshouse, and Drs Metz and Theilen); Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT (Drs Bruno, Metz, and Theilen).
| | - Amanda A Allshouse
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT (Dr Bruno, Ms Allshouse, and Drs Metz and Theilen)
| | - Torri D Metz
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT (Dr Bruno, Ms Allshouse, and Drs Metz and Theilen); Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT (Drs Bruno, Metz, and Theilen)
| | - Lauren H Theilen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT (Dr Bruno, Ms Allshouse, and Drs Metz and Theilen); Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT (Drs Bruno, Metz, and Theilen)
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ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL, Kahan S, Khunti K, Leon J, Lyons SK, Perry ML, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Jeffrie Seley J, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:S254-S266. [PMID: 36507645 PMCID: PMC9810465 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-s015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Care in Diabetes" includes the ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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