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Lemon C, Rizer N, Bradshaw J. Climate Change. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2024; 42:679-693. [PMID: 38925782 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2024.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
As human-induced climate change warms the planet, its health impacts will affect all populations, but certain groups will be more vulnerable to its impacts. Given its role as a health care safety net, emergency medicine will play a crucial role in addressing these health conditions. Additionally, with its expertise in disaster medicine, interdisciplinary collaboration, and health care systems knowledge, emergency medicine has the potential to lead the health care sector's response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lemon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Davis Building, Suite 3220, Smith Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA.
| | - Nicholas Rizer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Davis Building, Suite 3220, Smith Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA
| | - Jace Bradshaw
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Davis Building, Suite 3220, Smith Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine
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2
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Watkins VJ, Shee AW, Field M, Alston L, Hills D, Albrecht SL, Ockerby C, Hutchinson AM. Rural healthcare workforce preparation, response, and work during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: Lessons learned from in-depth interviews with rural health service leaders. Health Policy 2024; 145:105085. [PMID: 38820760 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low population density, geographic spread, limited infrastructure and higher costs are unique challenges in the delivery of healthcare in rural areas. During the COVID-19 pandemic, emergency powers adopted globally to slow the spread of transmission of the virus included population-wide lockdowns and restrictions upon movement, testing, contact tracing and vaccination programs. The aim of this research was to document the experiences of rural health service leaders as they prepared for the emergency pandemic response, and to derive from this the lessons learned for workforce preparedness to inform recommendations for future policy and emergency planning. METHODOLOGY AND METHODS Interviews were conducted with leaders from two rural public health services in Australia, one small (500 staff) and one large (3000 staff). Data were inductively coded and analysed thematically. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-three participants included health service leaders in executive, clinical, and administrative roles. FINDINGS Six major themes were identified: Working towards a common goal, Delivery of care, Education and training, Organizational governance and leadership, Personal and psychological impacts, and Working with the Local Community. Findings informed the development of a applied framework. CONCLUSION The study findings emphasise the critical importance of leadership, teamwork and community engagement in preparing the emergency pandemic response in rural areas. Informed by this research, recommendations were made to guide future rural pandemic emergency responses or health crises around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Watkins
- Deakin University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Centre for Quality and Patient Safety in the Institute for Health Transformation, Geelong, Victoria Australia.
| | - Anna Wong Shee
- Deakin Rural Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Field
- Deakin Rural Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia; Western Alliance Academic Health Science Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Alston
- Deakin Rural Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Hills
- Federation University Australia, Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon L Albrecht
- Deakin University, School of Psychology, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Alison M Hutchinson
- Deakin University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Centre for Quality and Patient Safety in the Institute for Health Transformation, Geelong, Victoria Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Grattidge L, Hoang H, Mond J, Lees D, Visentin D, Auckland S. Exploring Community-Based Suicide Prevention in the Context of Rural Australia: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20032644. [PMID: 36768008 PMCID: PMC9915251 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Suicide rates in rural communities are higher than in urban areas, and communities play a crucial role in suicide prevention. This study explores community-based suicide prevention using a qualitative research design. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups asked participants to explore community-based suicide prevention in the context of rural Australia. Participants recruited ((n = 37; ages 29-72, Mean = 46, SD = 9.56); female 62.2%; lived experience 48.6%) were self-identified experts, working in rural community-based suicide prevention (community services, program providers, research, and policy development) around Australia. Data were thematically analysed, identifying three themes relating to community-based suicide prevention: (i) Community led initiatives; (ii) Meeting community needs; and (iii) Programs to improve health and suicidality. Implementing community-based suicide prevention needs community-level engagement and partnerships, including with community leaders; gatekeepers; community members; people with lived experience; services; and professionals, to "get stuff done". Available resources and social capital are utilised, with co-created interventions reflecting diverse lifestyles, beliefs, norms, and cultures. The definition of "community", community needs, issues, and solutions need to be identified by communities themselves. Primarily non-clinical programs address determinants of health and suicidality and increase community awareness of suicide and its prevention, and the capacity to recognise and support people at risk. This study shows how community-based suicide prevention presents as a social innovation approach, seeing suicide as a social phenomenon, with community-based programs as the potential driver of social change, equipping communities with the "know how" to implement, monitor, and adjust community-based programs to fit community needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grattidge
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia
| | - Ha Hoang
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia
| | - Jonathan Mond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2571, Australia
| | - David Lees
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia
| | - Denis Visentin
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia
| | - Stuart Auckland
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia
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Jones M, Guisard Y, Hulme A, Guppy M, Campbell N, Oguoma V. Climate change and Australian rural health: Five key lessons from Africa. Aust J Rural Health 2022; 30:839-841. [DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jones
- University of South Australia Department of Rural Health University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
- IIMPACT in Health University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Yann Guisard
- NSW Rural Doctors Network Newcastle New South Wales Australia
| | - Adam Hulme
- Southern Queensland Rural Health (SQRH), Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Michelle Guppy
- School of Rural Medicine University of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Narelle Campbell
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Rural and Remote Health Northern Territory University of New England Flinders University Darwin South Australia Australia
| | - Victor Oguoma
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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Heathcote K, Devlin A, McKie E, Cameron P, Earnest A, Morgan G, Gardiner B, Campbell D, Wullschleger M, Warren J. Rural and urban patterns of severe injuries and hospital mortality in Australia: An analysis of the Australia New Zealand Trauma Registry: 2015-2019. Injury 2022; 53:1893-1903. [PMID: 35369988 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Australia, people living in rural areas, compared to major cities are at greater risk of poor health. There is much evidence of preventable disparities in trauma outcomes, however research quantifying geographic variations in injuries, pathways to specialised care and patient outcomes is scarce. AIMS (i) To analyse the Australia New Zealand Trauma Registry (ATR) data and report patterns of serious injuries according to rurality of the injury location ii) to examine the relationship between rurality and hospital mortality and iii) to compare ATR death rates with all deaths from similar causes, Australia-wide. METHOD A retrospective cohort study of patients in the ATR from 1st July 2015 to 30th June 2019 was conducted. Descriptive analyses of trauma variables according to rurality was performed. Logistic regression quantified the moderating effect of rurality on trauma variables and hospital mortality. Australian death data on similar injuries were sourced to quantify the additional mortality attributable to severe injury occurring outside Major Trauma Centres (MTCs). RESULTS Compared to major cities, rural patients were younger, more likely to have spinal cord injuries, and sustain traffic-related injuries that are 'off road'. Injuries occurring outside people's homes are more likely. Mortality risk was greater for patients sustaining severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) spinal cord injury (SCI) and head trauma in addition to intentional injuries. Compared to the ATR data, Australian population-wide trauma mortality rates showed diverging trends according to rurality. The ATR only captures 14.1% of all injury deaths occurring in major cities and, respectively, 6.3% and 3.2% of deaths in regional and remote areas. CONCLUSION Compared to major cities, injuries occurring in rural areas of Australia often involve different mechanisms and result in different types of severe injuries. Patients with neurotrauma and intentional injuries who survived to receive definitive care at a MTC were at higher risk of hospital death. To inform prevention strategies and reduce morbidity and mortality associated with rural trauma, improvements to data systems are required that involve data linkage and include information about patient care from pre-hospital providers, regional hospitals and major trauma centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Heathcote
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anna Devlin
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, St Kilda, VIC Australia
| | - Emily McKie
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, St Kilda, VIC Australia
| | - Peter Cameron
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, St Kilda, VIC Australia
| | - Arul Earnest
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, St Kilda, VIC Australia
| | - Geoff Morgan
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben Gardiner
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia; Trauma Service, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Don Campbell
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia; Trauma Service, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin Wullschleger
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia; Trauma Service, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane QLD Australia; Jamieson Trauma Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Jacelle Warren
- Jamieson Trauma Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD Australia
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Bozic S, Vicendese D, Livingston M, Erbas B. Mapping Problematic Drinking Trends over Time in Urban, Semi-Urban, and Rural Populations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010589. [PMID: 35010847 PMCID: PMC8744560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Current alcohol public health policy in Australia is not uniform but is generally focused on restricting access and early prevention of problematic alcohol use. Semi-urban and rural populations are at greater risk of disease and other poor health outcomes due to a variety of factors. Little is known about problematic drinking patterns over time in semi-urban and rural populations. This study aims to assess patterns of problematic drinking defined as both long-term risky and heavy episodic drinking over time by age, sex, and mental health status among urban, semi-urban and rural populations). Four waves (2004 to 2016) of the Australian NDSHS (National Drug Strategy Household Survey) were analyzed to assess problematic drinking of participants over 18 years of age. We used regression models and predictive margins to identify trends in problematic drinking over time based on age, sex, and mental health status. Our results show young adults across all regions, males, and mentally well individuals in urban areas have reductions in the risk of problematic drinking over time. Middle-aged adults across all regions, females, and those with varying mental health presentations in rural areas have some increases in risk of problematic drinking over time. The general conclusion is that targeted alcohol-related public health policy may need to change and focus on females, middle-aged individuals, and those living in rural areas. Programs to support problematic drinking in people with mental health disorders may also need to be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bozic
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3083, Australia;
| | - Don Vicendese
- The Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3083, Australia;
- The Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton 3053, Australia
| | - Michael Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3083, Australia;
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3083, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Podubinski T, Glenister KM. The Pandemic Is Not Occurring in a Vacuum: The Impact of COVID-19 and Other Disasters on Workforce Mental Health in Australia. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 17:e25. [PMID: 34296670 PMCID: PMC8446584 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), many Australians experienced extreme bushfires, droughts, and floods. A history of experiencing these events might be a risk factor for increased psychological distress during COVID-19. This study aimed to provide insight into the mental health of Australian workers during the initial COVID-19 outbreak, with an additional focus on whether previous disaster exposure and impact from that disaster is a risk factor for increased psychological distress. METHODS A snowball recruitment strategy was used. Participants (n = 596) completed an online survey, which included the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21, and questions related to mental health and disaster exposure. RESULTS Overall, 19.2%, 13.4%, and 16.8% of participants were experiencing moderate to extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, respectively. Multiple regression found that higher depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were associated with a pre-existing mental health diagnosis; only higher stress symptoms were associated with having experienced a disaster, with impact, in addition to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS People who have experienced impact from an additional disaster might need additional support to protect their mental health during COVID-19. A focus on the cumulative mental health impacts of multiple disasters and the implications for organizational communities where recovery work is undertaken, such as schools and workplaces, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan Podubinski
- Department of Rural Health, University of Melbourne, Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristen M. Glenister
- Department of Rural Health, University of Melbourne, Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia
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Jones M, Walsh S, Lyle D, Schlicht K, Gray R. Behavioural activation for depression in rural Australia: Challenges and opportunities. Aust J Rural Health 2021; 29:477-480. [PMID: 34156735 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jones
- Department of Rural Health, University of South Australia, Whyalla Norrie, SA, Australia
| | - Sandra Walsh
- Department of Rural Health, University of South Australia, Whyalla Norrie, SA, Australia
| | - David Lyle
- Broken Hill Department of Rural Health, The University Sydney, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Schlicht
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Richard Gray
- School of Nursing Practice and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Khan SAR, Yu Z, Umar M, Lopes de Sousa Jabbour AB, Mor RS. Tackling post-pandemic challenges with digital technologies: an empirical study. JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jeim-01-2021-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of Covid-19 on social and eco-environmental sustainability. It will also investigate the effect of advanced technologies in the post-pandemic era.Design/methodology/approachTo get the robust findings, GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) modeling is employed on the panel data of 50 countries across the globe.FindingsThe outcomes indicate that gross fixed capital, logistical operations, knowledge spillover are positive, while Covid-19 is negatively associated with international trade. The results also revealed that Covid-19 spurs poverty and vulnerable employment, while the fertility rate increase creates pressure on economic growth. Also, fossil fuel and energy consumption contribute to carbon emission, while green and advanced technologies may mitigate the environment's adverse effects.Originality/valueThis study is the first of its kind to provide a solution to the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic in the post-pandemic environment. Furthermore, researchers, managers and legislators can use this article's findings to formulate relevant policies for post-pandemic.
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Translating Co-Design from Face-to-Face to Online: An Australian Primary Producer Project Conducted during COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084147. [PMID: 33919920 PMCID: PMC8070969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Primary producers face considerable risks for poor mental health. While this population can be difficult to engage in programs to prevent poor mental health, approaches tailored to reflect the context of primary producers’ life and work have been successful. This paper reports on the co-design phase of a project designed to prevent poor mental health for primary producers—specifically, the advantages, challenges and considerations of translating face-to-face co-design methods to an online environment in response to COVID-19 restrictions. The co-design phase drew upon the existing seven-step co-design framework developed by Trischler and colleagues. Online methods were adopted for all steps of the process. This paper models how this co-design approach can work in an online, primary producer context and details key considerations for future initiatives of this type. The development of online co-design methods is an important additional research method for use not only during a pandemic but also when operating with limited resources or geographic constraints. Results demonstrate the following: (i) co-designing online is possible given adequate preparation, training and resource allocation; (ii) “hard to reach” populations can be engaged using online methods providing there is adequate early-stage relationship building; (iii) co-design quality need not be compromised and may be improved when translating to online; and (iv) saved costs and resources associated with online methods can be realigned towards intervention/service creation, promotion and user engagement. Suggestions for extending Trischler and colleagues’ model are incorporated.
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Conroy S, McDonald D. Rapid multi-professional training for COVID-19 in rural hospitals. Aust J Rural Health 2020; 28:618-619. [PMID: 33216392 PMCID: PMC7753597 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Anser MK, Yousaf Z, Khan MA, Voo XH, Nassani AA, Alotaibi SM, Abro MMQ, Zaman K. The impacts of COVID-19 measures on global environment and fertility rate: double coincidence. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2020; 13:1083-1092. [PMID: 32837614 PMCID: PMC7353826 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to examine the effects of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) measures on global environment and fertility rate by using the data of 1980 to 2019. The results show that communicable diseases including COVID-19 measures decrease carbon emissions and increase the chances of fertility rates in an account of city-wide lockdown. The knowledge spillover substantially decreases carbon emissions, while high energy demand increases carbon emissions. Poverty incidence increases fertility rate in the short-run; however, in the long-run, the result only supported with vulnerable employment and food prices that lead to increase fertility rates worldwide. The study concludes that besides some high negative externalities associated with COVID-19 pandemic in the form of increasing death tolls and rising healthcare costs, the global world should have to know how to direct high mass carbon emissions and population growth through acceptance of preventive measures, which would be helpful to contain coronavirus pandemic at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid Anser
- Department of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, 710000 China
| | - Zahid Yousaf
- Higher Education Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Government College of Management Sciences, Abbottabad, 22060 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azhar Khan
- Department of Economics, University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Xuan Hinh Voo
- VASS Academy, Business Department, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abdelmohsen A. Nassani
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M. Alotaibi
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587 Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zaman
- Department of Economics, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
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