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Mandell RJ, Smith AR, Gifford KA, Hong BA, Goodrich NP, Mathur AK, Fava MA, Ojo AO, Merion RM. How Do Financial Obstacles Affect Decision-Making Among Potential Living Organ Donors? Prog Transplant 2024:15269248241268679. [PMID: 39090998 DOI: 10.1177/15269248241268679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Living donation increases the organ supply, but associated non-medical expenses can disincentivize donation. Programs aimed at increasing living donation need to better understand how financial obstacles, including lost wages, impact the decision to pursue donation. Methods/Approach: Forty-eight interviews were conducted and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Findings: Three key themes were identified that influenced decision-making: emotional attachment, temporal flexibility, and job security. These themes emerged when dividing interview participants into 3 groups: close relationship donors, broader network donors, and non-directed donors, representing donation to a family member or friend, a specific person they do not know well or at all, or a non-specified individual, respectively. Most close relationship donors wanted to donate regardless of personal financial cost, based on emotional attachment to the recipient. Wage reimbursement did not typically affect their decision-making but could reduce stress. Since non-directed donors did not donate to a specific individual, they could wait to achieve financial stability before donating, if needed. While wage reimbursement might create more proximate stability, non-directed donors had the flexibility to postpone donations until they could independently achieve financial stability. Lacking emotional attachment and temporal flexibility, broader network donors were particularly active decision-makers and most influenced by wage reimbursement. Across all groups, donors with job security were more resolute about donating. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of lost wage reimbursement to facilitate donation and reduce stress, and policies to protect donor job security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barry A Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa A Fava
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Akinlolu O Ojo
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Smith AR, Mandell RJ, Goodrich NP, Helmuth ME, Wiseman JB, Gifford KA, Fava MA, Ojo AO, Merion RM, Mathur AK. Living Donor Decision-Making and the Complex Interplay of Finances and Other Motivators, Barriers, and Facilitators. Clin Transplant 2024; 38:e15377. [PMID: 38952192 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The decision to become a living donor requires consideration of a complex, interactive array of factors that could be targeted for clinical, policy, and educational interventions. Our objective was to assess how financial barriers interact with motivators, other barriers, and facilitators during this process. METHODS Data were obtained from a public survey assessing motivators, barriers, and facilitators of living donation. We used multivariable logistic regression and consensus k-means clustering to assess interactions between financial concerns and other considerations in the decision-making process. RESULTS Among 1592 respondents, the average age was 43; 74% were female and 14% and 6% identified as Hispanic and Black, respectively. Among employed respondents (72%), 40% indicated that they would not be able to donate without lost wage reimbursement. Stronger agreement with worries about expenses and dependent care challenges was associated with not being able to donate without lost wage reimbursement (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0-1.3; OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1-1.3, respectively). Four respondent clusters were identified. Cluster 1 had strong motivators and facilitators with minimal barriers. Cluster 2 had barriers related to health concerns, nervousness, and dependent care. Clusters 3 and 4 had financial barriers. Cluster 3 also had anxiety related to surgery and dependent care. CONCLUSIONS Financial barriers interact primarily with health and dependent care concerns when considering living organ donation. Targeted interventions to reduce financial barriers and improve provider communication regarding donation-related risks are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Smith
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Margaret E Helmuth
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa A Fava
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Robert M Merion
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Massey EK, Rule AD, Matas AJ. Living Kidney Donation: A Narrative Review of Mid- and Long-term Psychosocial Outcomes. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00794. [PMID: 38886889 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Living kidney donors make a significant contribution to alleviating the organ shortage. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of mid- and long-term (≥12 mo) living donor psychosocial outcomes and highlight areas that have been understudied and should be immediately addressed in both research and clinical practice. We conducted a narrative review by searching 3 databases. A total of 206 articles were included. Living donors can be divided into those who donate to an emotionally or genetically related person, the so-called directed donors, or to an emotionally or genetically unrelated recipient, the so-called nondirected donors. The most commonly investigated (bio)psychosocial outcome after living donation was health-related quality of life. Other generic (bio)psychological outcomes include specific aspects of mental health such as depression, and fatigue and pain. Social outcomes include financial and employment burdens and problems with insurance. Donation-specific psychosocial outcomes include regret, satisfaction, feelings of abandonment and unmet needs, and benefits of living kidney donation. The experience of living donation is complex and multifaceted, reflected in the co-occurrence of both benefits and burden after donation. Noticeably, no interventions have been developed to improve mid- or long-term psychosocial outcomes among living donors. We highlight areas for methodological improvement and identified 3 areas requiring immediate attention from the transplant community in both research and clinical care: (1) recognizing and providing care for the minority of donors who have poorer long-term psychosocial outcomes after donation, (2) minimizing donation-related financial burden, and (3) studying interventions to minimize long-term psychosocial problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Massey
- Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, Zuid Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew D Rule
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Arthur J Matas
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Mathur AK, Goodrich N, Hong B, Smith AR, Mandell RJ, Warren PH, Gifford KA, Ojo AO, Merion RM. Use of Federal Reimbursement for Living Donor Costs by Racial and Ethnic Minorities: Implications for Disparities in Access to Living Donor Transplantation. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00758. [PMID: 38771064 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minority race, ethnicity, and financial barriers are associated with lower rates of living donor (LD) kidney transplantation (LDKT). Financial reimbursement for LD costs may impact social determinants of health and, therefore, impact disparities in access to LDKT. METHODS Among US LDKTs, we studied associations between racial and ethnic minority status and utilization of the National Living Donor Assistance Center (NLDAC), a means-tested reimbursement program for nonmedical LD costs. We analyzed demographic, clinical, income, and survey data from NLDAC and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2022) to identify predictors of NLDAC utilization. RESULTS Among 70 069 US LDKTs, 6093 NLDAC applicants were identified (9% of US LDKTs). Racial and ethnic minorities were over-represented in NLDAC-supported LDKTs compared with non-NLDAC US LDKTs (Black donors 12% versus 9%; Black recipients 15% versus 12%; Hispanic donors 21% versus 14%; Hispanic recipients 23% versus 15%; all P < 0.001). Among preemptive transplants, use of NLDAC by donors to Hispanic recipients (11%) was nearly twice as high as that of non-Hispanic recipients (6%) (P < 0.001). At time of NLDAC application, 72% stated NLDAC "will make it possible" to donate; higher proportions of minority applicants agreed (Black 80%, White 70%, P < 0.001; Hispanic 79%, non-Hispanic 70%, P < 0.001). Racial and ethnic minority-concordant transplants were significantly more likely to use NLDAC (donor/recipient: Black/Black risk-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.85, other/other OR 2.59, Hispanic/Hispanic OR 1.53; all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Reduction of LD financial barriers may increase access to LDKT, particularly in racial and ethnic minority communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Mathur
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - Barry Hong
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Abigail R Smith
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventative Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Daw J, Verdery AM, Ortiz SE, Reed RD, Locke JE, Redfield RR, Kloda D, Liu M, Mentch H, Sawinski D, Aguilar D, Porter ND, Roberts MK, McIntyre K, Reese PP. Social network interventions to reduce race disparities in living kidney donation: Design and rationale of the friends and family of kidney transplant patients study (FFKTPS). Clin Transplant 2023; 37:e15064. [PMID: 37398996 PMCID: PMC10592276 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racial/ethnic disparities in living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) are a persistent challenge. Although nearly all directed donations are from members of patients' social networks, little is known about which social network members take steps toward living kidney donation, which do not, and what mechanisms contribute to racial/ethnic LDKT disparities. METHODS We describe the design and rationale of the Friends and Family of Kidney Transplant Patients Study, a factorial experimental fielding two interventions designed to promote LKD discussions. Participants are kidney transplant candidates at two centers who are interviewed and delivered an intervention by trained center research coordinators. The search intervention advises patients on which social network members are most likely to be LKD contraindication-free; the script intervention advises patients on how to initiate effective LKD discussions. Participants are randomized into four conditions: no intervention, search only, script only, or both search and script. Patients also complete a survey and optionally provide social network member contact information so they can be surveyed directly. This study will seek to enroll 200 transplant candidates. The primary outcome is LDKT receipt. Secondary outcomes include live donor screening and medical evaluations and outcomes. Tertiary outcomes include LDKT self-efficacy, concerns, knowledge, and willingness, measured before and after the interventions. CONCLUSION This study will assess the effectiveness of two interventions to promote LKD and ameliorate Black-White disparities. It will also collect unprecedented information on transplant candidates' social network members, enabling future work to address network member structural barriers to LKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Daw
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Ashton M. Verdery
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Selena E. Ortiz
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Jayme E. Locke
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Robert R. Redfield
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - David Kloda
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Michel Liu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Heather Mentch
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Deirdre Sawinski
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University
| | | | - Nathaniel D. Porter
- University Libraries and Department of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - Mary K. Roberts
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Peter P. Reese
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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Zhang C, Mathur AK. Breaking Barriers and Bridging Gaps: Advancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Kidney Transplant Care for Black and Hispanic Patients in the United States. Transpl Int 2023; 36:11455. [PMID: 37829616 PMCID: PMC10565005 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2023.11455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation offers better mortality and quality of life outcomes to patients with end-stage renal failure compared to dialysis. Specifically, living donor kidney transplantation is the best treatment for end-stage renal disease, since it offers the greatest survival benefit compared to deceased donor kidney transplant or dialysis. However, not all patients from all racial/ethnic backgrounds enjoy these benefits. While black and Hispanic patients bear the predominant disease burden within the United States, they represent less than half of all kidney transplants in the country. Other factors such as cultural barriers that proliferate myths about transplant, financial costs that impede altruistic donation, and even biological predispositions create a complex maze and can also perpetuate care inaccessibility. Therefore, blanket efforts to increase the overall donation pool may not extend access to vulnerable populations, who may require more targeted attention and interventions. This review uses US kidney transplantation data to substantiate accessibility differences amongst racial minorities as well as provides examples of successful institutional and national systemic level changes that have improved transplantation outcomes for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Polireddy K, Crepeau RL, Matar AJ. Eliminating financial disincentives to living kidney donation - a call to action. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1061342. [PMID: 37457572 PMCID: PMC10347391 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1061342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States (US) is increasing each year. The lone curative treatment for ESRD remains kidney transplantation. Despite the demonstrated medical and economic benefits, living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) only accounts for a small number of kidney transplantations each year. Direct and indirect costs exist that disincentivize potential living kidney donors from coming forward, such as the cost of travel and lodging, risk of death, potential loss of income due to an extended recovery time, and the inability to donate to a relative in the future if needed. Herein, we advocate for policy changes that make living kidney donation (LKD) a financially neutral process thereby incentivizing increased LDKT and mitigating the kidney donor shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca L. Crepeau
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Abraham J. Matar
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Pais P, Wightman A. Addressing the Ethical Challenges of Providing Kidney Failure Care for Children: A Global Stance. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:842783. [PMID: 35359883 PMCID: PMC8963107 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.842783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with kidney failure require kidney replacement therapy (KRT), namely maintenance dialysis and kidney transplant. Adequate kidney failure care consists of KRT or conservative treatment with palliative care. In the context of kidney failure, children depend on parents who are their surrogate decision-makers, and the pediatric nephrology team for taking decisions about KRT or conservative care. In this paper, we discuss the ethical challenges that arise relating to such decision-making, from a global perspective, using the framework of pediatric bioethics. While many ethical dilemmas in the care of children with KRT are universal, the most significant ethical dilemma is the inequitable access to KRT in low & middle income countries (LMICs) where rates of morbidity and mortality depend on the family's ability to pay. Children with kidney failure in LMICs have inadequate access to maintenance dialysis, timely kidney transplant and palliative care compared to their counterparts in high income countries. Using case vignettes, we highlight how these disparities place severe burdens on caregivers, resulting in difficult decision-making, and lead to moral distress among pediatric nephrologists. We conclude with key action points to change this status-quo, the most important being advocacy by the global pediatric nephrology community for better access to affordable kidney failure care for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Pais
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Aaron Wightman
- Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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Equity or Equality? Which Approach Brings More Satisfaction in a Kidney-Exchange Chain? J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121383. [PMID: 34945855 PMCID: PMC8709455 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In United States (U.S.), government-funded organizations, such as NLDAC, reimburse travel and subsistence expenses incurred during living-organ donation process. However, in Iran, there is a non-governmental organization called Iranian Kidney Foundation (IKF) that funds the direct and indirect costs of donors through charitable donations and contributions from participants in the exchange program. In this article, for countries outside the U.S. that currently use an equality approach, we propose a potential new compensation-apportionment approach (equitable approach) for kidney-exchange chains and compare it with the currently available system (equality approach) in terms of the apportionment of compensation in a kidney-exchange chain to cover the expenses incurred by the initiating living donor of the chain in the act of donation. To this end, we propose a mechanism to apportion compensation among all participating pairs based on the equity approach by utilizing a prediction model to calculate the probability of graft survival in each transplant operation. These probabilities are then used to define the utility of any transplantation, considering the quality of each pair’s donated and received kidney in the chain. Afterward, the corresponding cost is apportioned by a mechanism based on the normalized differences between the utility of donated and received kidneys for each incompatible pair of the chain. In summary, we demonstrate that by utilizing the equitable approach, there is more fairness and equity in the allocation of resources in organ-procurement systems, which results in more satisfaction among incompatible pairs. Additional future prospective studies are needed to assess this proposed equitable approach for kidney-exchange chains in countries outside the U.S., such as Iran, that currently use an equality approach.
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Garg N, Waterman AD, Ranasinghe O, Warnke L, Morris J, Cooper M, Mandelbrot DA. Wages, Travel, and Lodging Reimbursement by the National Kidney Registry: An Important Step Toward Financial Neutrality for Living Kidney Donors in the United States. Transplantation 2021; 105:2606-2611. [PMID: 33675322 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2007, the National Living Donor Assistance Center has provided the most financial support to US living donors meeting specific income criteria by reimbursing travel, meal, and lodging expenses. In 2019, the National Kidney Registry started providing lost wages, travel, and lodging reimbursement via their Donor Shield program. Donor Shield is automatically provided to donors who participate in kidney paired donation through the National Kidney Registry or who donate at a Donor Shield Direct center, without any income restrictions. METHODS The support donors across the United States received from the Donor Shield program between January 2019 and February 2020 was studied. RESULTS During the study period, 326 (25.9%) of the 1260 donors covered by Donor Shield, from 46 programs received reimbursements amounting to a total of $647 384.45, with $472 389.97 (73.0%) covering lost wages. Median reimbursement per donor was $1813.80 (range, $44.0-$165.63). Eighty-one percent of 108 reimbursed donors who were surveyed reported that the lack of these reimbursements would have posed a financial hardship, and 4% said they would have been unable to donate without this support. CONCLUSIONS Expansion of lost wages reimbursement programs to all donors in the United States would be an important step toward achieving financial neutrality for this unique population and could also help meet the growing demand for transplantable organs by increasing living donation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Garg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Amy D Waterman
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Terasaki Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Omesh Ranasinghe
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | - Didier A Mandelbrot
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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Racial/ethnic and prior willingness disparities in potential living kidney donors' self-assessed responses to advancing American kidney health regulation. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1971. [PMID: 34724928 PMCID: PMC8561865 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Racial/ethnic disparities in living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) are large, and rates of LDKT may be limited by indirect costs of living donation. A 2019 Executive Order– Advancing American Kidney Health (AAKH)– sought to remove indirect costs through an expanded reimbursement program. We examine how potential living kidney donors in the U.S. believe regulation stemming from the AAKH initiative will impact their living donor evaluation likelihood, how these beliefs vary by minority race/ethnicity and prior willingness to be evaluated, and how differences are explained by ability to benefit or knowledge and attitudes. Methods Data from a 2019 online survey (Families of Renal Patients Survey) were used. Respondents are U.S. adult (> 18 years) members of the Qualtrics Survey Panel who reported having relatives with weak or failing kidneys (N = 590). Respondents’ likelihood to be evaluated for living kidney donation are measured by self-report. Prior willingness is measured by past donation-related actions and current attitudes. Ability to benefit is measured by self-reported labor force participation and financial strain. Transplant knowledge is measured by self-report and a knowledge test, and transplant-related attitudes are measured by self-report. Average marginal effects of minority race/ethnicity and prior willingness for response to each provision in fully-adjusted models were estimated. Formal tests of mediation were conducted using the Karlson, Holm, and Breen (KHB) mediation model. Stata/MP 14.2 was used to conduct all analyses. Results Majorities of all groups report favorable responses to the provisions stipulated in AAKH regulation. Responses to provisions are significantly associated with race/ethnicity and prior willingness, with racial/ethnic minorities and those not previously willing to be evaluated less likely to report favorable responses to these provisions. Prior willingness differences are partially explained by group differences in ability to benefit and transplant-related knowledge and attitudes, but racial/ethnic differences largely are not. Conclusions Regulation stemming from the AAKH initiative is likely to effectively promote LDKT, but may also exacerbate racial/ethnic disparities. Therefore, the regulation may need to be supplemented by efforts to address non-financial obstacles to LDKT in racial/ethnic minority communities in order to ensure equitable increases in LDKT rates and living donor support. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12023-w.
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Carter AJ, Reed RD, Kale AC, Qu H, Kumar V, Hanaway MJ, Cannon RM, Locke JE. Impact of Social Vulnerability on Access to Educational Programming Designed to Enhance Living Donation. Prog Transplant 2021; 31:305-313. [PMID: 34713750 DOI: 10.1177/15269248211046014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transplant candidate participation in the Living Donor Navigator Program is associated with an increased likelihood of achieving living donor kidney transplantation; yet not every transplant candidate participates in navigator programming. RESEARCH QUESTION We sought to assess interest and ability to participate in the Living Donor Navigator Program by the degree of social vulnerability. DESIGN Eighty-two adult kidney-only candidates initiating evaluation at our center provided Likert-scaled responses to survey questions on interest and ability to participate in the Living Donor Navigator Program. Surveys were linked at the participant-level to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Social Vulnerability Index and county health rankings and overall social vulnerability and subthemes, individual barriers, telehealth capabilities/ knowledge, interest, and ability to participate were assessed utilizing nonparametric Wilcoxon ranks sums tests, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Participants indicating distance as a barrier to participation in navigator programming lived approximately 82 miles farther from our center. Disinterested participants lived in areas with the highest social vulnerability, higher physical inactivity rates, lower college education rates, and higher uninsurance (lack of insurance) and unemployment rates. Similarly, participants without a computer, who never heard of telehealth, and who were not encouraged to participate in telehealth resided in areas of highest social vulnerability. CONCLUSION These data suggest geography combined with being from under-resourced areas with high social vulnerability was negatively associated with health care engagement. Geography and poverty may be surrogates for lower health literacy and fewer health care interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Carter
- 9968University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Transplant Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rhiannon D Reed
- 9968University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Transplant Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - A Cozette Kale
- 9968University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Transplant Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Haiyan Qu
- 9968University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Transplant Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vineeta Kumar
- 9968University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Transplant Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael J Hanaway
- 9968University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Transplant Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert M Cannon
- 9968University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Transplant Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jayme E Locke
- 9968University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Transplant Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Living kidney donors incur donation-related expenses, but how these expenses impact postdonation mental health is unknown. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, the association between mental health and donor-incurred expenses (both out-of-pocket costs and lost wages) was examined in 821 people who donated a kidney at one of the 12 transplant centers in Canada between 2009 and 2014. Mental health was measured by the RAND Short Form-36 Health Survey along with Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS A total of 209 donors (25%) reported expenses of >5500 Canadian dollars. Compared with donors who incurred lower expenses, those who incurred higher expenses demonstrated significantly worse mental health-related quality of life 3 months after donation, with a trend towards worse anxiety and depression, after controlling for predonation mental health-related quality of life and other risk factors for psychological distress. Between-group differences for donors with lower and higher expenses on these measures were no longer significant 12 months after donation. CONCLUSIONS Living kidney donor transplant programs should ensure that adequate psychosocial support is available to all donors who need it, based on known and unknown risk factors. Efforts to minimize donor-incurred expenses and to better support the mental well-being of donors need to continue. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of donor reimbursement programs, which mitigate donor expenses, on postdonation mental health.
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Massey EK, Pronk MC, Zuidema WC, Weimar W, van de Wetering J, Ismail SY. Positive and negative aspects of mental health after unspecified living kidney donation: A cohort study. Br J Health Psychol 2021; 27:374-389. [PMID: 34296497 PMCID: PMC9291094 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Unspecified donors give a kidney to a stranger with end‐stage kidney failure. There has been little research on the long‐term impact of unspecified donation on mental health outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the positive and negative aspects of mental health among unspecified donors. Design We invited all unspecified donors who donated a kidney between 2000 and 2016 at our centre to participate in an interview and to complete validated questionnaires. Methods We measured positive mental health using the Dutch Mental Health Continuum‐Short Form (MHC‐SF), psychological complaints using the Symptoms Checklist‐90 (SCL‐90) and psychiatric diagnoses using the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) Screen for all donors and the M.I.N.I. Plus on indication. Results Of the 134 eligible donors, 114 participated (54% female; median age 66 years), a median of 6 years post‐donation. Scores on emotional and social well‐being subscales of the MHC‐SF were significantly higher than in the general population. Psychological symptoms were comparable to the general population. Thirty‐two per cent of donors had a current or lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. Psychological symptoms did not significantly change between the pre‐donation screening and the post‐donation study. Conclusions We concluded that, with the appropriate screening, unspecified donation is a safe procedure from a psychological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Massey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde C Pronk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willij C Zuidema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Weimar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van de Wetering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sohal Y Ismail
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Emamaullee JA, Aljehani M, Hogen RVT, Zhou K, Lee JSH, Sher LS, Genyk YS. Potential association between public medical insurance, waitlist mortality, and utilization of living donor liver transplantation: An analysis of the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Clin Transplant 2021; 35:e14418. [PMID: 34236113 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Affordable Care Act (ACA) and subsequent Medicaid expansion has increased utilization of public health insurance. Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) increases access to transplant and is associated with improved survival but consistently represents < 5% of LT in the United States. STUDY DESIGN National registry data were analyzed to evaluate the impact of insurance payor on waitlist mortality and LDLT rates at LDLT centers since implementation of the ACA. RESULTS Public insurance [Medicare RR 1.18 (1.13-1.22) P < .001, Medicaid RR 1.22 (1.18-1.27) P < .001], Latino ethnicity (P < .001), and lower education level (P = .02) were associated with increased waitlist mortality at LDLT centers. LDLT recipients were more likely to have private insurance (70.4% vs. 59.4% DDLT, P < .001), be Caucasian (92.1% vs. 83% DDLT, P < .001), and have post-secondary education (66.8% vs. 54.1% DDLT, P < .001). Despite 78% of LDLT centers being located in states with Medicaid expansion, there was no change in LDLT utilization among recipients with Medicaid (P = .196) or Medicare (P = .273). CONCLUSION Despite Medicaid expansion, registry data suggests that patients with public medical insurance may experience higher waitlist mortality and underutilize LDLT at centers offering LDLT. It is possible that Medicaid expansion has not increased access to LDLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet A Emamaullee
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mayada Aljehani
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel V T Hogen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kali Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jerry S H Lee
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linda S Sher
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuri S Genyk
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Fu R, Sekercioglu N, Hishida M, Coyte PC. Economic Consequences of Adult Living Kidney Donation: A Systematic Review. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2021; 24:592-601. [PMID: 33840438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current guidelines mandate organ donation to be financially neutral such that it neither rewards nor exploits donors. This systematic review was conducted to assess the magnitude and type of costs incurred by adult living kidney donors and to identify those at risk of financial hardship. METHODS We searched English-language journal articles and working papers assessing direct and indirect costs incurred by donors on PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, the National Institute for Health Research Economic Evaluation Database, Research Papers in Economics, and EconLit in 2005 and thereafter. Estimates of total costs, types of costs, and characteristics of donors who incurred the financial burden were extracted. RESULTS Sixteen studies were identified involving 6158 donors. Average donor-borne costs ranged from US$900 to US$19 900 (2019 values) over the period from predonation evaluation to the end of the first postoperative year. Less than half of donors sought financial assistance and 80% had financial loss. Out-of-pocket payments for travel and health services were the most reported items where lost income accounted for the largest proportion (23.2%-83.7%) of total costs. New indirect cost items were identified to be insurance difficulty, exercise impairment, and caregiver income loss. Donors from lower-income households and those who traveled long distances reported the greatest financial hardship. CONCLUSIONS Most kidney donors are undercompensated. Our findings highlight gaps in donor compensation for predonation evaluation, long-distance donations, and lifetime insurance protection. Additional studies outside of North America are needed to gain a global prospective on how to provide for financial neutrality for kidney donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fu
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Nigar Sekercioglu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manabu Hishida
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Peter C Coyte
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Maghen A, Mendoza G, Vargas GB, Connor SE, Nassiri S, Kwan L, Wood EL, Lalezari J, Friedman S, Waterman AD, George S, Maliski SL, Veale JL. How Can We Help Alleviate the Financial Concerns of Non-Directed (Altruistic) Living Kidney Donors? Prog Transplant 2020; 31:19-26. [PMID: 33292055 DOI: 10.1177/1526924820978589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent increase in non-directed donors (NDDs) in the United States (U.S.) may help reduce the overwhelming number of patients on the waitlist. However, non-directed donation may be limiting its full potential. Out-of-pocket donation costs upward of $8,000 may be a barrier to potential donors with altruistic tendencies, but inadequate financial support. This study aimed to describe the financial concerns of 31 U.S. NDDs. METHODS We conducted qualitative interviews and administered quantitative demographic surveys between April 2013 and April 2015. Interview transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory techniques to describe and expand on themes relevant to the NDD experience. FINDINGS We identified 4 sub-themes related to the theme of financial concerns: (1) direct costs related to transportation, lodging, and parking, (2) indirect costs of lost wages encountered from taking time off work to recover from surgery, (3) sources of financial support, and (4) suggestions for alleviating donor financial burden. Two thirds of participants (20) expressed concerns about direct and indirect donation costs. 11 NDDs reported the negative impact of direct costs,15 NDDs had concerns about indirect costs; only 7 donors received supplemental financial support from state mandates and transplant programs. DISCUSSION Understanding the financial concerns of NDDs may guide improvements in the NDD donation experience that could support individuals who are interested in donating but lack the financial stability to donate. Removing financial disincentives may help increase nondirected donation rates, increase the living donor pool, and the number of kidneys available for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Maghen
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Georgina Mendoza
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Grecia B Vargas
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E Connor
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sima Nassiri
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lorna Kwan
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erika L Wood
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Lalezari
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Friedman
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy D Waterman
- Division of Nephrology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Terasaki Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sheba George
- Department of Community Health Sciences, 25808UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sally L Maliski
- Office of the Dean, University of Kansas Medical Center School of Nursing, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Veale
- Department of Urology, 12222David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Emamaullee J, Tenorio L, Khan S, Butler C, Kim S, Tucker‐Seeley R, Kwon Y, Shapiro J, Saigal S, Sher L, Genyk Y. Living donor financial assistance programs in liver transplantation: The global perspective. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e14073. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Emamaullee
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
- Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
| | - Lisa Tenorio
- School of Medicine St. Louis University St. Louis MissouriUSA
| | - Sara Khan
- Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
| | - Chante Butler
- Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan Kim
- University of Southern California Transplant Institute Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Yong Kwon
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
- Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
| | - James Shapiro
- Department of Surgery University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | | | - Linda Sher
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
- Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
| | - Yuri Genyk
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
- Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CaliforniaUSA
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19
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Ambagtsheer F, Haase‐Kromwijk B, Dor FJMF, Moorlock G, Citterio F, Berney T, Massey EK. Global Kidney Exchange: opportunity or exploitation? An ELPAT/ESOT appraisal. Transpl Int 2020; 33:989-998. [PMID: 32349176 PMCID: PMC7540591 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses ethical, legal, and psychosocial aspects of Global Kidney Exchange (GKE). Concerns have been raised that GKE violates the nonpayment principle, exploits donors in low- and middle-income countries, and detracts from the aim of self-sufficiency. We review the arguments for and against GKE. We argue that while some concerns about GKE are justified based on the available evidence, others are speculative and do not apply exclusively to GKE but to living donation more generally. We posit that concerns can be mitigated by implementing safeguards, by developing minimum quality criteria and by establishing an international committee that independently monitors and evaluates GKE's procedures and outcomes. Several questions remain however that warrant further clarification. What are the experiences and views of recipients and donors participating in GKE? Who manages the escrow funds that have been put in place for donor and recipients? What procedures and safeguards have been put in place to prevent corruption of these funds? What are the inclusion criteria for participating GKE centers? GKE provides opportunity to promote access to donation and transplantation but can only be conducted with the appropriate safeguards. Patients' and donors' voices are missing in this debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Ambagtsheer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology & TransplantationErasmus MCRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Frank J. M. F. Dor
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant CentreHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Greg Moorlock
- Warwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Franco Citterio
- Renal Transplantation UnitFondazione Policlinico Universitario, A. GemelliRomeItaly
| | - Thierry Berney
- Division of TransplantationUniversity of Geneva HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Emma K. Massey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology & TransplantationErasmus MCRotterdamThe Netherlands
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20
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Challenges, Innovations, and Next Steps in Achieving Financial Neutrality for Living Donors. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-020-00291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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The need for a living donor wellness program. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2020; 25:311-315. [PMID: 32487890 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Living donation has a tremendous impact in bridging the gap between the shortage of organs and the growing list of transplant candidates but remains underutilized as a percentage of total transplants performed. This review focuses on obesity and social determinants of health as potential barriers to the expansion of living kidney donation. RECENT FINDINGS The growing rate of obesity and associated metabolic syndrome make many potential donors unacceptable as donor candidates because of the future risk for developing chronic health conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes. There is also increasing evidence demonstrating socioeconomic differences and racial disparities potentially limit access to living donation in certain populations. These potentially modifiable factors are not exclusive of each other and together serve as significant contributing factors to lower rates of living donation. SUMMARY Living donors make sacrifices to provide the gift of life to transplant recipients, despite the potential risks to their own health. Studies describing risk factors to living donation call attention to the overall need for more action to prioritize and promote the health and well being of living donors.
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22
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Rodrigue JR, Fleishman A, Schold JD, Morrissey P, Whiting J, Vella J, Kayler LK, Katz DA, Jones J, Kaplan B, Pavlakis M, Mandelbrot DA. Patterns and predictors of fatigue following living donor nephrectomy: Findings from the KDOC Study. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:181-189. [PMID: 31265199 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to identify the prevalence, pattern, and predictors of clinical fatigue in 193 living kidney donors (LKDs) and 20 healthy controls (HCs) assessed at predonation and 1, 6, 12, and 24 months postdonation. Relative to HCs, LKDs had significantly higher fatigue severity (P = .01), interference (P = .03), frequency (P = .002), and intensity (P = .01), and lower vitality (P < .001), at 1-month postdonation. Using published criteria, significantly more LKDs experienced clinical fatigue at 1 month postdonation, compared to HCs, on both the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (60% vs. 37%, P < .001) and SF-36 Vitality scale (67% vs. 16%, P < .001). No differences in fatigue scores or clinical prevalence were observed at other time points. Nearly half (47%) reported persistent clinical fatigue from 1 to 6 months postdonation. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that LKDs presenting for evaluation with a history of affective disorder and low vitality, those with clinical mood disturbance and anxiety about future kidney failure after donation, and those with less physical activity engagement were at highest risk for persistent clinical fatigue 6 months postdonation. Findings confirm inclusion of fatigue risk in existing OPTN informed consent requirements, have important clinical implications in the care of LKDs, and underscore the need for further scientific examination in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Rodrigue
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Fleishman
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse D Schold
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Paul Morrissey
- Transplant Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James Whiting
- Maine Transplant Center, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine
| | - John Vella
- Maine Transplant Center, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine
| | - Liise K Kayler
- Montefiore Einstein Center for Transplantation, Bronx, New York.,Regional Center of Excellence for Transplantation & Kidney Care, Erie County Medical Center, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Daniel A Katz
- Organ Transplantation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jody Jones
- Organ Transplantation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Bruce Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,School for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Martha Pavlakis
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Bastani B. The present and future of transplant organ shortage: some potential remedies. J Nephrol 2019; 33:277-288. [PMID: 31399908 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-019-00634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation remains the modality of choice for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). However, while there has been a steady rise in the number of patients with ESRD the supply of donors (combine living and deceased) has fallen far behind the need, resulting in an increasing number of qualified patients remaining on the wait-list, and thousands being removed from the list every year because of death or becoming too sick for transplantation. This has also fed to transplant tourism around the world. Several countries have implemented a variety of policies to overcome their organ shortage that are presented in this article. There is an urgent need for developing policies geared to the cultural norms of different societies and universally accepted ethical principles to remedy this public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Bastani
- Division of Nephrology, Saint Louis University Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 3635 Vista Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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24
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McCormick F, Held PJ, Chertow GM, Peters TG, Roberts JP. Removing Disincentives to Kidney Donation: A Quantitative Analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1349-1357. [PMID: 31345987 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip J Held
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Glenn M Chertow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Thomas G Peters
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Florida; and
| | - John P Roberts
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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25
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Tietjen A, Hays R, McNatt G, Howey R, Lebron-Banks U, Thomas CP, Lentine KL. Billing for living kidney donor care: Balancing cost recovery, regulatory compliance, and minimized donor burden. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2019; 6:155-166. [PMID: 31214485 PMCID: PMC6580854 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-019-00239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide standardized guidance for transplant programs to maximize financial reimbursement related to living donor care, and to minimize financial consequences of evaluation, surgical and follow-up care to living donor candidates and donors. RECENT FINDINGS In 2014, the American Society for Transplantation (AST) Live Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP) "Consensus Conference on Best Practices in Live Kidney Donation" identified inconsistencies in billing practices as a barrier to living donor financial neutrality, and issued a strong recommendation that the transplant community actively pursue strategies and policies to make living donation a financially neutral act, within the framework of federal law. The LDCOP convened a multidisciplinary group of experts to review and synthesize current Medicare regulations and commercial payer practices related to billing for living donor care, and the implications for transplant programs and patients. We developed guidance for transplant program staff related to strategies to consistently and appropriately obtain reimbursement via the Medicare Cost Report by utilizing organ acquisition; coordinate available coverage for donor pretesting, evaluation, hospitalization, follow-up care, and complications; coordinate charges in kidney paired donation; and maximize coverage through private insurance contracting. We also offer recommendations to protect donor confidentiality in the context of billing, and to educate and prepare donor candidates and donors about any remaining gaps in coverage related to donation. SUMMARY Best practices in billing for living donation-related care should focus on balancing cost recovery, regulatory compliance, and minimized donor burden. Herein we offer 9 recommendations for best practice. We also offer a platform of 7 recommendations for research & advocacy efforts to better understand the climate of living donor medical costs, and to optimize billing practices that support provision of living donor transplant services to all patients who can benefit and to achieve financial neutrality for living donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tietjen
- American Society of Transplantation (AST) Living Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP)
- Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ
| | - Rebecca Hays
- American Society of Transplantation (AST) Living Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP)
- University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Division of Surgery, Madison, WI
| | - Gwen McNatt
- American Society of Transplantation (AST) Living Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP)
- Kovler Organ Transplantation Center, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert Howey
- American Society of Transplantation (AST) Living Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP)
- Toyon Associates, Concord, CA
| | - Ursula Lebron-Banks
- American Society of Transplantation (AST) Living Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP)
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Christie P. Thomas
- American Society of Transplantation (AST) Living Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP)
- University of Iowa Transplant Institute, Iowa City, IA
| | - Krista L. Lentine
- American Society of Transplantation (AST) Living Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP)
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, St. Louis, MO
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26
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Barnieh L, Klarenbach S, Arnold J, Cuerden M, Knoll G, Lok C, Sontrop JM, Miller M, Ramesh Prasad GV, Przech S, Garg AX. Nonreimbursed Costs Incurred by Living Kidney Donors: A Case Study From Ontario, Canada. Transplantation 2019; 103:e164-e171. [PMID: 31246933 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living donors may incur out-of-pocket costs during the donation process. While many jurisdictions have programs to reimburse living kidney donors for expenses, few programs have been evaluated. METHODS The Program for Reimbursing Expenses of Living Organ Donors was launched in the province of Ontario, Canada in 2008 and reimburses travel, parking, accommodation, meals, and loss of income; each category has a limit and the maximum total reimbursement is $5500 CAD. We conducted a case study to compare donors' incurred costs (out-of-pocket and lost income) with amounts reimbursed by Program for Reimbursing Expenses of Living Organ Donors. Donors with complete or partial cost data from a large prospective cohort study were linked to Ontario's reimbursement program to determine the gap between incurred and reimbursed costs (n = 159). RESULTS The mean gap between costs incurred and costs reimbursed to the donors was $1313 CAD for out-of-pocket costs and $1802 CAD for lost income, representing a mean reimbursement gap of $3115 CAD. Nondirected donors had the highest mean loss for out-of-pocket costs ($2691 CAD) and kidney paired donors had the highest mean loss for lost income ($4084 CAD). There were no significant differences in the mean gap across exploratory subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Reimbursement programs minimize some of the financial loss for living kidney donors. Opportunities remain to remove the financial burden of living kidney donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Barnieh
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Klarenbach
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Arnold
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Meaghan Cuerden
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Greg Knoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Charmaine Lok
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica M Sontrop
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Miller
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sebastian Przech
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amit X Garg
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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27
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Jacobs C, Berglund DM, Wiseman JF, Garvey C, Larson DB, Voges M, Radecki Breitkopf C, Ibrahim HN, Matas AJ. Long-term psychosocial outcomes after nondirected donation: A single-center experience. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1498-1506. [PMID: 30417522 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Short-term studies have demonstrated that nondirected donors (NDDs) have psychosocial outcomes that are similar to donors who donate directly, but long-term studies have not been done. NDDs at our center were surveyed regarding motivation; support during donation; stress related to donation; regret; financial resources used for donation; preferences about communication with the recipient; and cost reimbursement. Of 100 NDDs who donated at our center in the last 20 years, 95 remain in contact with us, and 77 responded to our survey (mean ± standard deviation [SD] 6.7 ± 4 years postdonation). The most common motivation for donation was the desire to help another (99%). Many NDDs received support from family, friends, and employers. NDDs voiced stress about the possibility of recipient kidney rejection, physical consequences to themselves, and financial burden. Only one donor expressed regret. Almost half wanted some recipient information at donation; 61% preferred routine recipient status updates; 56% believed meeting the recipient should occur at any mutually agreeable time; and 55% endorsed reimbursement for expenses. Stressors for NDDs are analogous to those of directed donors; NDDs prefer having some information about the recipient and prefer to be given a choice regarding the timing for communication with the recipient. NDDs supported donation being financially neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Jacobs
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Jennifer F Wiseman
- Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Catherine Garvey
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dawn B Larson
- Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Margaret Voges
- University of Minnesota Health, Solid Organ Transplant, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Hassan N Ibrahim
- Division of Nephrology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Arthur J Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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28
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Martin DE, Van Assche K, Domínguez-Gil B, López-Fraga M, García Gallont R, Muller E, Capron AM. Strengthening Global Efforts to Combat Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism: Implications of the 2018 Edition of the Declaration of Istanbul. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e433. [PMID: 30882038 PMCID: PMC6411225 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2018 Edition of the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism (DoI) provides an updated set of principles and definitions to guide policymakers and health professionals working in organ donation and transplantation. A draft of the new edition was circulated to the public and transplant professionals through an online consultation process, which also sought feedback on a draft explanatory article that explained the principles and discussed some of their practical implications. Both drafts were revised in response to feedback from participants in the consultation. We present here the discussion article, which is intended to assist stakeholders in applying the principles of the DoI by providing more detailed information about the meaning and potential implications of implementing the DoI in various contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristof Van Assche
- Research Group Personal Rights and Property Rights, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Marta López-Fraga
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Elmi Muller
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexander M. Capron
- Gould School of Law and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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29
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Informative for Decision Making? The Spectrum and Consistency of Outcomes After Living Kidney Donation Reported in Trials and Observational Studies. Transplantation 2019; 103:284-290. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Marsh AA. The Caring Continuum: Evolved Hormonal and Proximal Mechanisms Explain Prosocial and Antisocial Extremes. Annu Rev Psychol 2019; 70:347-371. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Implicit in the long-standing disagreements about whether humans’ fundamental nature is predominantly caring or callous is an assumption of uniformity. This article reviews evidence that instead supports inherent variation in caring motivation and behavior. The continuum between prosocial and antisocial extremes reflects variation in the structure and function of neurohormonal systems originally adapted to motivate parental care and since repurposed to support generalized forms of care. Extreme social behaviors such as extraordinary acts of altruism and aggression can often be best understood as reflecting variation in the neural systems that support care. A review of comparative, developmental, and neurobiological research finds consistent evidence that variations in caring motivations and behavior reflect individual differences in sensitivity to cues that signal vulnerability and distress and in the tendency to generalize care outward from socially close to distant others. The often complex relationships between caring motivation and various forms of altruism and aggression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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31
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Larson DB, Wiseman JF, Vock DM, Berglund DM, Roman AM, Ibrahim HN, Matas AJ. Financial burden associated with time to return to work after living kidney donation. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:204-207. [PMID: 29799662 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many living kidney donors undertake a significant financial burden in order to donate. We studied the association between time to return to work and reported financial burden. Kidney donors who donated from 2/2005 through 12/2015 (n = 1012) were surveyed 6 months after donation and asked about occupation, time to return to work, and financial burden (on a 10-point Likert scale). Of 856 donors working for pay, 629 (73%) responded. After adjusting for donor characteristics, increased length of time to return to work was a significant predictor of financial burden (P < .001). It is notable that those in manual/skilled trade occupations, compared with all other occupations, experienced greater financial burden for each week away from work (P = .003). Older age at donation and nondirected (vs directed) donation were associated with significantly decreased financial burden. These observations provide additional information to better inform donor candidates, and further emphasize the need to develop policies so that living kidney donation can be financially neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David M Vock
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Ashley M Roman
- Surgical Clinical Trials Office, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hassan N Ibrahim
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arthur J Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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32
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Lentine KL, Mandelbrot D. Addressing Disparities in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation: A Call to Action. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13:1909-1911. [PMID: 30429153 PMCID: PMC6302337 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.06250518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista L. Lentine
- Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Didier Mandelbrot
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
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33
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Barnieh L, Kanellis J, McDonald S, Arnold J, Sontrop JM, Cuerden M, Klarenbach S, Garg AX, Boudville N. Direct and indirect costs incurred by Australian living kidney donors. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:1145-1151. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Barnieh
- Division of Nephrology; Western University; London Ontario Canada
| | - John Kanellis
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Stephen McDonald
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Jennifer Arnold
- Division of Nephrology; Western University; London Ontario Canada
| | - Jessica M. Sontrop
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Western University; London Ontario Canada
| | - Meaghan Cuerden
- Division of Nephrology; Western University; London Ontario Canada
| | | | - Amit X. Garg
- Division of Nephrology; Western University; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Western University; London Ontario Canada
| | - Neil Boudville
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences; University of Western; Crawley Western Australia Australia
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34
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Przech S, Garg AX, Arnold JB, Barnieh L, Cuerden MS, Dipchand C, Feldman L, Gill JS, Karpinski M, Knoll G, Lok C, Miller M, Monroy M, Nguan C, Prasad GVR, Sarma S, Sontrop JM, Storsley L, Klarenbach S. Financial Costs Incurred by Living Kidney Donors: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2847-2857. [PMID: 30404908 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 40% of the kidneys for transplant worldwide come from living donors. Despite advantages of living donor transplants, rates have stagnated in recent years. One possible barrier may be costs related to the transplant process that potential willing donors may incur for travel, parking, accommodation, and lost productivity. METHODS To better understand and quantify the financial costs incurred by living kidney donors, we conducted a prospective cohort study, recruiting 912 living kidney donors from 12 transplant centers across Canada between 2009 and 2014; 821 of them completed all or a portion of the costing survey. We report microcosted total, out-of-pocket, and lost productivity costs (in 2016 Canadian dollars) for living kidney donors from donor evaluation start to 3 months after donation. We examined costs according to (1) the donor's relationship with their recipient, including spousal (donation to a partner), emotionally related nonspousal (friend, step-parent, in law), or genetically related; and (2) donation type (directed, paired kidney, or nondirected). RESULTS Living kidney donors incurred a median (75th percentile) of $1254 ($2589) in out-of-pocket costs and $0 ($1908) in lost productivity costs. On average, total costs were $2226 higher in spousal compared with emotionally related nonspousal donors (P=0.02) and $1664 higher in directed donors compared with nondirected donors (P<0.001). Total costs (out-of-pocket and lost productivity) exceeded $5500 for 205 (25%) donors. CONCLUSIONS Our results can be used to inform strategies to minimize the financial burden of living donation, which may help improve the donation experience and increase the number of living donor kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Przech
- Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amit X Garg
- Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer B Arnold
- Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lianne Barnieh
- Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meaghan S Cuerden
- Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Dipchand
- Division of Nephrology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Liane Feldman
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John S Gill
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Karpinski
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Greg Knoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charmaine Lok
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Miller
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauricio Monroy
- Department of Surgery, Foothills Medical Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris Nguan
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G V Ramesh Prasad
- Division of Nephrology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Sisira Sarma
- Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica M Sontrop
- Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leroy Storsley
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Scott Klarenbach
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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35
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Ruck JM, Van Pilsum Rasmussen SE, Henderson ML, Massie AB, Segev DL. Interviews of living kidney donors to assess donation-related concerns and information-gathering practices. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:130. [PMID: 29884126 PMCID: PMC5994029 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-0935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efforts are underway to improve living kidney donor (LKD) education, but current LKD concerns and information-gathering preferences have not been ascertained to inform evidence-based resource development. As a result, prior studies have found that donors desire information that is not included in current informed consent and/or educational materials. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 50 LKDs who donated at our center to assess (1) concerns about donation that they either had personally before or after donation or heard from family members or friends, (2) information that they had desired before donation, and (3) where they sought information about donation. We used thematic analysis of verbatim interview transcriptions to identify donation-related concerns. We compared the demographic characteristics of participants reporting specific concerns using Fisher’s exact test. Results We identified 19 unique concerns that participants had or heard about living kidney donation. 20% of participants reported having had no pre-donation concerns; 38% reported no post-donation concerns. The most common concern pre-donation was future kidney failure (22%), post-donation was the recovery process (24%), and from family was endangering their family unit (16%). 44% of participants reported being less concerned than family. 26% of participants wished they had had additional information prior to donating, including practical advice for recovery (10%) and information about specific complications (14%). Caucasian participants were more likely to hear at least one concern from family (76% vs. 33%, p = 0.02). The most commonly consulted educational resources were health care providers (100%) and websites (79% of donors since 2000). 26% of participants had had contact with other donors; an additional 20% desired contact with other LKDs. Conclusions Potential donors not only have personal donation-related concerns but frequently hear donation-related concerns from family members and friends. Current gaps in donor education include an absence of practical, peer-to-peer advice about donation from other prior donors and materials directed and potential donors’ family members and friends. These findings can inform the development of new educational practices and resources targeted not only at LKDs but at their social networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Ruck
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 34, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Sarah E Van Pilsum Rasmussen
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 34, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Macey L Henderson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 34, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Allan B Massie
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 34, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 34, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Dorry L Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 34, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 34, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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36
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Rodrigue JR, Schold JD, Morrissey P, Whiting J, Vella J, Kayler LK, Katz D, Jones J, Kaplan B, Fleishman A, Pavlakis M, Mandelbrot DA. Mood, body image, fear of kidney failure, life satisfaction, and decisional stability following living kidney donation: Findings from the KDOC study. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1397-1407. [PMID: 29206349 PMCID: PMC5988866 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrate that most living kidney donors (LKDs) report no adverse psychosocial outcomes; however, changes in psychosocial functioning at the individual donor level have not been routinely captured. We studied psychosocial outcomes predonation and at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months postdonation in 193 LKDs and 20 healthy controls (HCs). There was minimal to no mood disturbance, body image concerns, fear of kidney failure, or life dissatisfaction, indicating no incremental changes in these outcomes over time and no significant differences between LKDs and HCs. The incidence of any new-onset adverse outcomes postdonation was as follows: mood disturbance (16%), fear of kidney failure (21%), body image concerns (13%), and life dissatisfaction (10%). Multivariable analyses demonstrated that LKDs with more mood disturbance symptoms, higher anxiety about future kidney health, low body image, and low life satisfaction prior to surgery were at highest risk of these same outcomes postdonation. It is important to note that some LKDs showed improvement in psychosocial functioning from pre- to postdonation. Findings support the balanced presentation of psychosocial risks to potential donors as well as the development of a donor registry to capture psychosocial outcomes beyond the mandatory 2-year follow-up period in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- JR Rodrigue
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - JD Schold
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - P Morrissey
- Transplant Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - J Whiting
- Maine Transplant Center, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME
| | - J Vella
- Maine Transplant Center, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME
| | - LK Kayler
- Montefiore Einstein Center for Transplantation, Bronx, NY,Regional Center of Excellence for Transplantation & Kidney Care, Erie County Medical Center, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - D Katz
- Organ Transplantation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - J Jones
- Organ Transplantation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - B Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,School for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - A Fleishman
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - M Pavlakis
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - DA Mandelbrot
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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37
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Jay CL, Abecassis MM. The "opportunity costs" of kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1044-1045. [PMID: 29513372 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Jay
- University Transplant Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M M Abecassis
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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38
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Schold JD, Poggio ED, Augustine JJ. Gathering Clues to Explain the Stagnation in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 71:608-610. [PMID: 29685212 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Schold
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Center for Populations Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Emilio D Poggio
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Joshua J Augustine
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, OH
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39
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Abstract
To determine the cost effectiveness of transplantation, we analyzed the financial economics of the organ and tissue transplant process. We compared the cost of this process with traditional modalities for treating endstage liver and kidney disease. Medical, surgical, legal, social, ethical, and religious issues are important in organ transplant procedures. Government, health insurance companies, and uninsured individuals are affected by the financial economics of organ transplantation. The distribution of financial burden differs among countries and is dependent on the unique circumstances of each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Altınörs
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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40
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Matas AJ, Hays RE. Gender Disparities and Financial Barriers to Living Kidney Donation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018. [PMID: 29519801 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Rebecca E Hays
- Transplant Program, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin
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41
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Gill J, Joffres Y, Rose C, Lesage J, Landsberg D, Kadatz M, Gill J. The Change in Living Kidney Donation in Women and Men in the United States (2005-2015): A Population-Based Analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018. [PMID: 29519800 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors underlying the decline in living kidney donation in the United States since 2005 must be understood to inform strategies to ensure access to this option for future patients. Population-based estimates provide a better assessment of donation activity than do trends in the number of living donor transplants. Using data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and the United States Census, we determined longitudinal changes in living kidney donation between 2005 and 2015, focusing on the effect of sex and income. We used multilevel Poisson models to adjust for differences in age, race, the incidence of ESRD, and geographic factors (including population density, urbanization, and daily commuting). During the study period, the unadjusted rate of donation was 30.1 and 19.3 per million population in women and men, respectively, and the adjusted incidence of donation was 44% higher in women (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.44; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.39 to 1.49). The incidence of donation was stable in women (IRR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.07) but declined in men (IRR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.83). Income was associated with longitudinal changes in donation in both sexes, yet donation was stable in the highest two population income quartiles in women but only in the highest income quartile in men. In both sexes, living related donations declined, irrespective of income. In conclusion, living donation declined in men but remained stable in women between 2005 and 2015, and income appeared to have a greater effect on living donation in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagbir Gill
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; .,Department of Medicine, Center for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yayuk Joffres
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caren Rose
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julie Lesage
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - David Landsberg
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew Kadatz
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Gill
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Center for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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42
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Ruck JM, Holscher CM, Purnell TS, Massie AB, Henderson ML, Segev DL. Factors associated with perceived donation-related financial burden among living kidney donors. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:715-719. [PMID: 29068176 PMCID: PMC5863761 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The perception of living kidney donation-related financial burden affects willingness to donate and the experience of donation, yet no existing tools identify donors who are at higher risk of perceived financial burden. We sought to identify characteristics that predicted higher risk of perceived financial burden. We surveyed 51 living kidney donors (LKDs) who donated from 01/2015 to 3/2016 about socioeconomic characteristics, predonation cost concerns, and perceived financial burden. We tested associations between both self-reported and ZIP code-level characteristics and perceived burden using Fisher's exact test and bivariate modified Poisson regression. Donors who perceived donation-related financial burden were less likely to have an income above their ZIP code median (14% vs. 72%, P = .006); however, they were more likely than donors who did not perceive burden to rent their home (57% vs. 16%, P = .03), have an income <$60 000 (86% vs. 20%, P = .002), or have had predonation cost concerns (43% vs. 7%, P = .03). Perceived financial burden was 3.6-fold as likely among those with predonation cost concerns and 10.6-fold as likely for those with incomes <$60 000. Collecting socioeconomic characteristics and asking about donation-related cost concerns prior to donation might allow transplant centers to target financial support interventions toward potential donors at higher risk of perceiving donation-related financial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Ruck
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Tanjala S. Purnell
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Allan B. Massie
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Macey L. Henderson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dorry L. Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD
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Dorflinger LM, Kulkarni S, Thiessen C, Klarman S, Fraenkel L. Assessing Living Donor Priorities Through Nominal Group Technique. Prog Transplant 2018; 28:29-35. [PMID: 29243533 PMCID: PMC5735019 DOI: 10.1177/1526924817746682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The need for kidneys for transplantation continues to far surpass the number of donors. Although studies have shown that most people are aware of and support the idea of living donation, it remains unclear what motivates individuals who are aware, knowledgeable, and in support of donation to actually donate, or conversely, what deters them from donating. Utilizing nominal group technique, 30 individuals participated in 4 groups in which they brainstormed factors that would impact willingness to be a living donor and voted on which factors they deemed most important. Responses were analyzed and categorized into themes. Factors that influence the donation decision, from most to least important as rated by participants, were altruism, relationship to recipient, knowledge, personal risk/impact, convenience/access, cost, support, personal benefit, and religion. Participants reported a significant lack of information about donation as well as lack of knowledge about where and how to obtain information that would motivate them to donate or help make the decision to donate. Findings suggest that public campaign efforts seeking to increase rates of living donation should appeal to altruism and increase knowledge about the impact (or lack thereof) of donation on lifestyle factors and future health, and transplant programs should aim to maximize convenience and minimize donor burden. Future research should examine whether tailoring public campaigns to address factors perceived as most salient by potential donors reduces the significant gap in supply of and demand for kidneys.
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Thiessen C, Jaji Z, Joyce M, Zimbrean P, Reese P, Gordon EJ, Kulkarni S. Opting out: a single-centre pilot study assessing the reasons for and the psychosocial impact of withdrawing from living kidney donor evaluation. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2017; 43:756-761. [PMID: 28258071 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2016-103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding why individuals opt out of living donation is crucial to enhancing protections for all living donors and to identify modifiable barriers to donation. We developed an ethical approach to conducting research on individuals who opted out of living kidney donation and applied it in a small-scale qualitative study at one US transplant centre. The seven study participants (64% response rate) had varied reasons for opting out, the most prominent of which was concern about the financial burden from lost wages during the postoperative period. Several reported feeling alone during their decision-making process. Although no participants used an alibi, a centre-provided statement of non-eligibility to donate, all believed that centres should offer alibis to help preserve donor autonomy. Given the complexity of participants' decisions and the emotions they experienced before and after deciding not to donate, we suggest approaches for independent living donor advocates to support this population. This study demonstrates that research on individuals who opt out of donation is feasible and yields valuable insight into methods to improve the evaluation experience for potential living donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Thiessen
- Department of Surgery, Section of Organ Transplantation and Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zainab Jaji
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael Joyce
- Department of Surgery, Section of Organ Transplantation and Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paula Zimbrean
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter Reese
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elisa J Gordon
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department of Surgery, Section of Organ Transplantation and Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Brethel-Haurwitz KM, O'Connell K, Cardinale EM, Stoianova M, Stoycos SA, Lozier LM, VanMeter JW, Marsh AA. Amygdala-midbrain connectivity indicates a role for the mammalian parental care system in human altruism. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20171731. [PMID: 29070724 PMCID: PMC5666102 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Costly altruism benefitting a stranger is a rare but evolutionarily conserved phenomenon. This behaviour may be supported by limbic and midbrain circuitry that supports mammalian caregiving. In rodents, reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) are critical for generating protective responses toward vulnerable and distressed offspring. We used functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging to explore whether these regions play a role in supporting costly altruism in humans. We recruited a rare population of altruists, all of whom had donated a kidney to a stranger, and measured activity and functional connectivity of the amygdala and PAG as altruists and matched controls responded to care-eliciting scenarios. When these scenarios were coupled with pre-attentive distress cues, altruists' sympathy corresponded to greater activity in the left amygdala and PAG, and functional connectivity analyses revealed increased coupling between these regions in altruists during this epoch. We also found that altruists exhibited greater fractional anisotropy within the left amygdala-PAG white matter tract. These results, coupled with previous evidence of altruists' increased amygdala-linked sensitivity to distress, are consistent with costly altruism resulting from enhanced care-oriented responses to vulnerability and distress that are supported by recruitment of circuitry that supports mammalian parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine O'Connell
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Elise M Cardinale
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Maria Stoianova
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Sarah A Stoycos
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Leah M Lozier
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - John W VanMeter
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Abigail A Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Living kidney donors have donation-related out-of-pocket costs (direct costs) and/or ongoing daily expenses while losing income (indirect costs). Yet there is little information about how much of a subjective burden these constitute for the donors. METHODS From December 2003 through December 2014, we surveyed donors 6 months postdonation to determine their financial burden related to donation (on a scale of 1 to 10) and what resources were used to cover expenses. RESULTS Of 1136 surveyed, 796 (70%) responded. Among respondents, mean age at donation was 43.6 ± 10.6 years, 64% were women, 96% were white, and 53% were related by blood to their recipient. Overall, 26% scored their financial burden as 5 or higher; 8% scored it as 8 or higher. Increased expenses were associated with a higher reported burden; however, significant burden was reported by some with no out-of-pocket expenses (presumably due to lost wages and continuing expenses). The burden was scored as 5 or higher by 27% of those employed outside the home (n = 660), 15% homemakers, 13% retirees, 40% students; 28% unemployed; and 26% whose occupation was unknown. Over half (51%) of those receiving a local or (means-tested) national grant still reported moderate to severe burden. Besides grants, donors used a variety of sources to help offset expenses: dipped into savings, borrowed from friends or family, took out a loan, and/or had a fundraiser. Those with the highest burden reported using the most additional sources. CONCLUSIONS Donors should not have to incur costs or a financial burden to donate; the transplant community should strive to make donation financially neutral.
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Lentine KL, Kasiske BL, Levey AS, Adams PL, Alberú J, Bakr MA, Gallon L, Garvey CA, Guleria S, Li PKT, Segev DL, Taler SJ, Tanabe K, Wright L, Zeier MG, Cheung M, Garg AX. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors. Transplantation 2017; 101:S1-S109. [PMID: 28742762 PMCID: PMC5540357 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 2017 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors is intended to assist medical professionals who evaluate living kidney donor candidates and provide care before, during and after donation. The guideline development process followed the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach and guideline recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant studies that included critical appraisal of the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations. However, many recommendations, for which there was no evidence or no systematic search for evidence was undertaken by the Evidence Review Team, were issued as ungraded expert opinion recommendations. The guideline work group concluded that a comprehensive approach to risk assessment should replace decisions based on assessments of single risk factors in isolation. Original data analyses were undertaken to produce a "proof-in-concept" risk-prediction model for kidney failure to support a framework for quantitative risk assessment in the donor candidate evaluation and defensible shared decision making. This framework is grounded in the simultaneous consideration of each candidate's profile of demographic and health characteristics. The processes and framework for the donor candidate evaluation are presented, along with recommendations for optimal care before, during, and after donation. Limitations of the evidence are discussed, especially regarding the lack of definitive prospective studies and clinical outcome trials. Suggestions for future research, including the need for continued refinement of long-term risk prediction and novel approaches to estimating donation-attributable risks, are also provided.In citing this document, the following format should be used: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Living Kidney Donor Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors. Transplantation. 2017;101(Suppl 8S):S1-S109.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Josefina Alberú
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dorry L. Segev
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
There is a trend of recruiting faith leaders at mosques to overcome religious barriers to organ donation, and to increase donor registration among Muslims. Commentators have suggested that Muslims are not given enough information about organ donation in religious sermons or lectures delivered at mosques. Corrective actions have been recommended, such as funding campaigns to promote organ donation, and increasing the availability of organ donation information at mosques. These actions are recommended despite published literature expressing safety concerns (i.e., do no harm) in living and end-of-life organ donation. Living donors require life-long medical follow-up and treatment for complications that can appear years later. Scientific and medical controversies persist regarding the international guidelines for death determination in end-of-life donation. The medical criteria of death lack validation and can harm donors if surgical procurement is performed without general anesthesia and before biological death. In the moral code of Islam, the prevention of harm holds precedence over beneficence. Moral precepts described in the Quran encourage Muslims to be beneficent, but also to seek knowledge prior to making practical decisions. However, the Quran also contains passages that demand honesty and truthfulness when providing information to those who are seeking knowledge. Currently, information is limited to that which encourages donor registration. Campaigning for organ donation to congregations in mosques should adhere to the moral code of complete, rather than selective, disclosure of information. We recommend as a minimal standard the disclosure of risks, uncertainties, and controversies associated with the organ donation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y. Rady
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, 5777 East Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 USA
| | - Joseph L. Verheijde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259 USA
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50
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Matas AJ, Hays RE, Ibrahim HN. Long-Term Non-End-Stage Renal Disease Risks After Living Kidney Donation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:893-900. [PMID: 27529688 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite generally positive outcomes and high rates of satisfaction, living kidney donors are at risk for both medical and psychosocial problems. In this review, the authors summarize non-end-stage renal disease (ESRD) risks for donors and describe limitations to the data. We review the evidence of medical risks (e.g. increased cardiovascular disease and mortality, preeclampsia) and psychosocial risks (e.g. mood disturbance, financial burden). We then discuss the evidence of differential risks among subsets and the impact of postdonation events (e.g. development of diabetes). Collectively, available evidence indicates the following. (1) Recognizing the importance of non-ESRD risks has been overshadowed by analyses of the reported risk of ESRD. This imbalance should be remedied. (2) There is little quantification of the true contribution of donation to medical and psychosocial outcomes. (3) Most studies, to date, have been retrospective, with limited sample sizes and diversity and with less-than-ideal controls for comparison of outcomes. (4) Many postdonation events (diabetes and hypertension) can now be reasonably predicted, and their association with adverse outcomes can be quantified. (5) Mechanisms and systems need to be implemented to evaluate and care for donors who develop medical and/or psychosocial problems. (6) Costs to donors are a significant burden, and making donation financially neutral should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - R E Hays
- Transplant Clinic, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin Hospital & Clinics, Madison, WI
| | - H N Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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