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Dos Santos TM, Righetti RF, do Nascimento Camargo L, Leick EA, Fukuzaki S, de Campos EC, Galli TT, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, da Silva LLS, Barbosa JAS, João JMLG, Prado CM, de Rezende BG, Bourotte CLM, Dos Santos Lopes FDTQ, de Arruda Martins M, Bensenor IM, de Oliveira Cirillo JV, Bezerra SKM, Silva FJA, Paulo MSL, Lotufo PA, Lopes Calvo Tibério IDF. Effect of VAChT reduction on lung alterations induced by exposure to iron particles in an asthma model. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:24. [PMID: 38961398 PMCID: PMC11223391 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pollution harms the health of people with asthma. The effect of the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway in chronic allergic inflammation associated to pollution is poorly understood. METHODS One hundred eight animals were divided into 18 groups (6 animals). Groups included: wild type mice (WT), genetically modified with reduced VAChT (VAChTKD), and those sensitized with ovalbumin (VAChTKDA), exposed to metal powder due to iron pelletizing in mining company (Local1) or 3.21 miles away from a mining company (Local2) in their locations for 2 weeks during summer and winter seasons. It was analyzed for hyperresponsivity, inflammation, remodeling, oxidative stress responses and the cholinergic system. RESULTS During summer, animals without changes in the cholinergic system revealed that Local1 exposure increased the hyperresponsiveness (%Rrs, %Raw), and inflammation (IL-17) relative to vivarium animals, while animals exposed to Local2 also exhibited elevated IL-17. During winter, animals without changes in the cholinergic system revealed that Local2 exposure increased the hyperresponsiveness (%Rrs) relative to vivarium animals. Comparing the exposure local of these animals during summer, animals exposed to Local1 showed elevated %Rrs, Raw, and IL-5 compared to Local 2, while in winter, Local2 exposure led to more IL-17 than Local1. Animals with VAChT attenuation displayed increased %Rrs, NFkappaB, IL-5, and IL-13 but reduced alpha-7 compared to animals without changes in the cholinergic system WT. Animals with VAChT attenuation and asthma showed increased the hyperresponsiveness, all inflammatory markers, remodeling and oxidative stress compared to animals without chronic lung inflammation. Exposure to Local1 exacerbated the hyperresponsiveness, oxidative stressand inflammation in animals with VAChT attenuation associated asthma, while Local2 exposure led to increased inflammation, remodeling and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Reduced cholinergic signaling amplifies lung inflammation in a model of chronic allergic lung inflammation. Furthermore, when associated with pollution, it can aggravate specific responses related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabata Maruyama Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro do Nascimento Camargo
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cristina de Campos
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Hayashi R, Srisomboon Y, Iijima K, Maniak PJ, Tei R, Kobayashi T, Matsunaga M, Luo H, Masuda MY, O'Grady SM, Kita H. Cholinergic sensing of allergen exposure by airway epithelium promotes type 2 immunity in the lungs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:793-808.e2. [PMID: 38000698 PMCID: PMC10939907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonneuronal cells, including epithelial cells, can produce acetylcholine (ACh). Muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists are used clinically to treat asthma and other medical conditions; however, knowledge regarding the roles of ACh in type 2 immunity is limited. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the roles of epithelial ACh in allergic immune responses. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were cultured with allergen extracts, and their ACh production and IL-33 secretion were studied in vitro. To investigate immune responses in vivo, naive BALB/c mice were treated intranasally with different muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists and then exposed intranasally to allergens. RESULTS At steady state, HBE cells expressed cellular components necessary for ACh production, including choline acetyltransferase and organic cation transporters. Exposure to allergens caused HBE cells to rapidly release ACh into the extracellular medium. Pharmacologic or small-interfering RNA-based blocking of ACh production or autocrine action through the M3 muscarinic ACh receptors in HBE cells suppressed allergen-induced ATP release, calcium mobilization, and extracellular secretion of IL-33. When naive mice were exposed to allergens, ACh was quickly released into the airway lumen. A series of clinical M3 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists inhibited allergen-induced IL-33 secretion and innate type 2 immune response in the mouse airways. In a preclinical murine model of asthma, an ACh receptor antagonist suppressed allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. CONCLUSIONS ACh is released quickly by airway epithelial cells on allergen exposure, and it plays an important role in type 2 immunity. The epithelial ACh system can be considered a therapeutic target in allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Hayashi
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Yotesawee Srisomboon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Koji Iijima
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Peter J Maniak
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Rinna Tei
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Takao Kobayashi
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Mayumi Matsunaga
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Huijun Luo
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minn; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz.
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3
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Burns GL, Keely S. Understanding food allergy through neuroimmune interactions in the gastrointestinal tract. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 131:576-584. [PMID: 37331592 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies are adverse immune reactions to food proteins in the absence of oral tolerance, and the incidence of allergies to food, including peanut, cow's milk, and shellfish, has been increasing globally. Although advancements have been made toward understanding the contributions of the type 2 immune response to allergic sensitization, crosstalk between these immune cells and neurons of the enteric nervous system is an area of emerging interest in the pathophysiology of food allergy, given the close proximity of neuronal cells of the enteric nervous system and type 2 effector cells, including eosinophils and mast cells. At mucosal sites, such as the gastrointestinal tract, neuroimmune interactions contribute to the sensing and response to danger signals from the epithelial barrier. This communication is bidirectional, as immune cells express receptors for neuropeptides and transmitters, and neurons express cytokine receptors, allowing for the detection of and response to inflammatory insults. In addition, it seems that neuromodulation of immune cells including mast cells, eosinophils, and innate lymphoid cells is critical for amplification of the type 2 allergic immune response. As such, neuroimmune interactions may be critical targets for future food allergy therapies. This review evaluates the contributions of local enteric neuroimmune interactions to the underlying immune response in food allergy and discusses considerations for future investigations into targeting neuroimmune pathways for treatment of food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Burns
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Sun J, Li MX, Xie YM, Zhang YR, Chai YR. Thymic tuft cells: potential "regulators" of non-mucosal tissue development and immune response. Immunol Res 2023; 71:554-564. [PMID: 36961668 PMCID: PMC10037390 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
As the leading central immune organ, the thymus is where T cells differentiate and mature, and plays an essential regulatory role in the adaptive immune response. Tuft cells, as chemosensory cells, were first found in rat tracheal epithelial, later gradually confirmed to exist in various mucosal and non-mucosal tissues. Although tuft cells are epithelial-derived, because of their wide heterogeneity, they show functions similar to cholinergic and immune cells in addition to chemosensory ability. As newly discovered non-mucosal tuft cells, thymic tuft cells have been demonstrated to be involved in and play vital roles in immune responses such as antigen presentation, immune tolerance, and type 2 immunity. In addition to their unique functions in the thymus, thymic tuft cells have the characteristics of peripheral tuft cells, so they may also participate in the process of tumorigenesis and virus infection. Here, we review tuft cells' characteristics, distribution, and potential functions. More importantly, the potential role of thymic tuft cells in immune response, tumorigenesis, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infection was summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xin Li
- Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Meng Xie
- School of Fine Arts of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100, Kexuedadao Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Rong Chai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100, Kexuedadao Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Shelukhina I, Siniavin A, Kasheverov I, Ojomoko L, Tsetlin V, Utkin Y. α7- and α9-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Functioning of Immune System and in Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076524. [PMID: 37047495 PMCID: PMC10095066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) present as many different subtypes in the nervous and immune systems, muscles and on the cells of other organs. In the immune system, inflammation is regulated via the vagus nerve through the activation of the non-neuronal α7 nAChR subtype, affecting the production of cytokines. The analgesic properties of α7 nAChR-selective compounds are mostly based on the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The molecular mechanism of neuropathic pain relief mediated by the inhibition of α9-containing nAChRs is not fully understood yet, but the role of immune factors in this process is becoming evident. To obtain appropriate drugs, a search of selective agonists, antagonists and modulators of α7- and α9-containing nAChRs is underway. The naturally occurring three-finger snake α-neurotoxins and mammalian Ly6/uPAR proteins, as well as neurotoxic peptides α-conotoxins, are not only sophisticated tools in research on nAChRs but are also considered as potential medicines. In particular, the inhibition of the α9-containing nAChRs by α-conotoxins may be a pathway to alleviate neuropathic pain. nAChRs are involved in the inflammation processes during AIDS and other viral infections; thus they can also be means used in drug design. In this review, we discuss the role of α7- and α9-containing nAChRs in the immune processes and in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuri Utkin
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +7-495-3366522
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6
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Chen Y, Huang A, Tan G, Liu H. Antagonism of m3 Alleviates Type 2 Inflammation in Allergic Rhinitis Mice. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2022; 37:264-272. [PMID: 36343939 DOI: 10.1177/19458924221137977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 2 immune cells play a pivotal role in allergic rhinitis (AR). Increasing evidence shows that inhibition of cholinergic nerve activity decreases the severity of airway diseases including asthma and AR. However, the role of the cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (m3) in type 2 inflammation in AR is unknown. Objective We aimed to investigate the effect of m3 on the type 2 immune response, including both T helper 2 (Th2)-mediated and type 2 innate lymphocyte (ILC2)-mediated inflammation, in AR. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human were cultured in vitro. Treatment with the m3 antagonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide (4-DAMP) was used. The percentages of Th2 and ILC2 cells in PBMCs were evaluated by flow cytometry. AR mouse models were established by house dust mite (HDM) sensitization, and treated with tiotropium intranasally. The expression of Th2 cytokines, ILC2 cytokines and related factors in the nasal mucosa was assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum HDM-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Both Th2 and ILC2 percentages in PBMCs were decreased after 4-DAMP treatment. Similarly, the levels of Th2 cytokines (interleukin 4 [IL-4] and IL-13) and ILC2 cytokines and related factors (IL-25, IL-33, GATA3 and RORα) were significantly decreased in the nasal mucosa of AR mice after tiotropium treatment. Furthermore, tiotropium treatment decreased the nasal symptom score, the serum sIgE level and eosinophil infiltration in AR mice. In addition, tiotropium decreased phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1), PLCγ2, nuclear factor of activated T cell 1 (NFATc1), and NFATc2 mRNA levels in AR mice. Conclusion Antagonism of m3 alleviated type 2 inflammation in the nasal mucosa of AR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aijie Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guolin Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Honghui Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Fang XM, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhang HP, Liu L, Huang D, Liu D, Deng K, Luo FM, Wan HJ, Li WM, Wang G, Oliver BG. Endogenous Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate, But Not Acetylcholine or Histamine, is Associated with Asthma Control, Quality of Life, and Exacerbations. Lung 2022; 200:579-589. [PMID: 36156139 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-022-00570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endogenous adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), acetylcholine (ACh), and histamine (HA) are known to be important in bronchial contraction, but their clinical relevance to asthma is poorly understood. We aimed to quantify endogenous AMP, ACh, and HA in induced sputum samples and explore their relationships with asthma control and exacerbations. METHODS 20 healthy subjects and 112 asthmatics underwent clinical assessment, sputum induction, and blood sampling. The level of asthma control was determined by the asthma control test (ACT) questionnaire. Asthma exacerbation was evaluated according to the criteria of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. Levels of AMP, ACh, and HA in sputum were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. IL-β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) were also measured. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, asthmatics had higher levels of HA, lower levels of ACh, and similar levels of AMP in induced sputum samples. Compared to controlled asthma (n = 54), uncontrolled asthma (n = 58) showed higher AMP levels (P = 0.002), but similar HA and ACh levels. AMP was negatively correlated with ACT scores (r = - 0.348) and asthma quality of life questionnaire scores (r = - 0.188) and positively correlated with blood monocytes percentage (r = 0.195), sputum MDC (r = 0.214), and IL-6 levels (r = 0.196). Furthermore, AMP was associated with an increased risk of exacerbations in the preceding year. CONCLUSION Endogenous AMP, but not ACh or HA, was associated with asthma control, quality of life, and exacerbations in the previous year, which indicates that AMP could be a clinically useful biomarker of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mei Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Ping Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Ming Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Jing Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Min Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. .,Respiratory Microbiome Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. .,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecule Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2017, Australia
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8
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Neuronal-Immune Cell Units in Allergic Inflammation in the Nose. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136938. [PMID: 35805946 PMCID: PMC9266453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells and immune-derived molecules, endocrine glands and hormones, the nervous system and neuro molecules form the combined tridirectional neuroimmune network, which plays a significant role in the communication pathways and regulation at the level of the whole organism and local levels, in both healthy persons and patients with allergic rhinitis based on an allergic inflammatory process. This review focuses on a new research paradigm devoted to neuronal-immune cell units, which are involved in allergic inflammation in the nose and neuroimmune control of the nasal mucociliary immunologically active epithelial barrier. The categorization, cellular sources of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, and their prevalent profiles in constituting allergen tolerance maintenance or its breakdown are discussed. Novel data on the functional structure of the nasal epithelium based on a transcriptomic technology, single-cell RNA-sequencing results, are considered in terms of neuroimmune regulation. Notably, the research of pathogenesis and therapy for atopic allergic diseases, including recently identified local forms, from the viewpoint of the tridirectional interaction of the neuroimmune network and discrete neuronal-immune cell units is at the cutting-edge.
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9
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Mashimo M, Kawashima K, Fujii T. Non-neuronal Cholinergic Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Regulation of Immune Function. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:675-683. [PMID: 35650095 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells such as T and B cells, monocytes and macrophages all express most of the cholinergic components of the nervous system, including acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), high affinity choline transporter, muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Because of its efficient cleavage by AChE, ACh synthesized and released from immune cells acts only locally in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion at mAChRs and nAChRs on themselves and other immune cells located in close proximity, leading to modification of immune function. Immune cells generally express all five mAChR subtypes (M1-M5) and neuron type nAChR subunits α2-α7, α9, α10, β2-β4. The expression pattern and levels of mAChR subtypes and nAChR subunits vary depending on the tissue involved and its immunological status. Immunological activation of T cells via T-cell receptor-mediated pathways and cell adhesion molecules upregulates ChAT expression, which facilitates the synthesis and release of ACh. At present, α7 nAChRs expressed in macrophages are receiving much attention because they play a central role in anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathways. However, it now appears that through modification of cytokine synthesis, Gq/11-coupled mAChRs play a prominent role in regulation of T cell proliferation and differentiation and B cell immunoglobulin class switching. It is anticipated that greater understanding of Gq/11-coupled mAChRs on immune cells will provide an opportunity to develop new and effective treatments for immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Mashimo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
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10
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Li H, Su YS, He W, Zhang JB, Zhang Q, Jing XH, Zhan LB. The nonneuronal cholinergic system in the colon: A comprehensive review. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22165. [PMID: 35174565 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101529r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is found not only in cholinergic nerve termini but also in the nonneuronal cholinergic system (NNCS). ACh is released from cholinergic nerves by vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT), but ACh release from the NNCS is mediated by organic cation transporter (OCT). Recent studies have suggested that components of the NNCS are located in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), crypt-villus organoids, immune cells, intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and vascular endothelial cells (VECs). When ACh enters the interstitial space, its self-modulation or effects on adjacent tissues are part of the range of its biological functions. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms of ACh synthesis and release in the NNCS. Furthermore, studies on ACh functions in colonic disorders suggest that ACh from the NNCS contributes to immune regulation, IEC and VEC repair, ISC differentiation, colonic movement, and colonic tumor development. As indicated by the features of some colonic disorders, ACh and the NNCS have positive and negative effects on these disorders. Furthermore, the NNCS is located in multiple colonic organs, and the specific effects and cross-talk involving ACh from the NNCS in different colonic tissues are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Changzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China.,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang-Shuai Su
- Research Center of Meridians, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Research Center of Meridians, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Bin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Changzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Jing
- Research Center of Meridians, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Bin Zhan
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
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11
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Vacca F, Le Gros G. Tissue-specific immunity in helminth infections. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1212-1223. [PMID: 35680972 PMCID: PMC9178325 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of host responses to helminth infections is the development of profound systemic and tissue-localised Type 2 immune responses that play critical roles in immunity, tissue repair and tolerance of the parasite at tissue sites. These same Type 2 responses are also seen in the tissue-associated immune-pathologies seen in asthma, atopic dermatitis and many forms of allergies. The recent identification of new subtypes of immune cells and cytokine pathways that influence both immune and non-immune cells and tissues creates the opportunity for reviewing helminth parasite-host responses in the context of tissue specific immunity. This review focuses on the new discoveries of the cells and cytokines involved in tissue specific immune responses to helminths and how these contribute to host immunity against helminth infection and allow the host to accommodate the presence of parasites when they cannot be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vacca
- grid.250086.90000 0001 0740 0291Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- grid.250086.90000 0001 0740 0291Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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12
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Retinoic acid attenuates nuclear factor kappaB mediated induction of NLRP3 inflammasome. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 74:189-203. [PMID: 34415562 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter and a part of the cholinergic system, can modify immune responses. Expression of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) in immune cells, including macrophages, leads to modulation of their function. Inflammasomes are part of the innate immune system and have been linked to a variety of inflammatory diseases. The NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1/IL-1 axis has emerged as a critical signaling pathway in inflammation process initiation. The role of ACh in modulating inflammasomes in macrophages remains relatively under-explored. METHODS The effect of AChR agonist carbachol on inflammasome expression was investigated using murine and human macrophages. Cell lysates were assessed by western blot for protein analysis. Immunofluorescence studies were used to study the translocation of p65. The experiments were conducted in the presence of NF-ĸB inhibitor, AChR antagonists, and retinoic acid (RA) to study the role of NF-ĸB, ACh receptors, and RA, respectively. RESULTS We found that carbachol increased the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18). The treated cells also showed an increase in NF-ĸB activation. The effect of carbachol was diminished by NF-ĸB inhibitor and atropine, a mAChR antagonist. The addition of RA also significantly reduced the effect of carbachol on NLRP3 inflammasomes. CONCLUSIONS Our current study suggests that carbachol induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation through mAChR and NF-ĸB, and that RA abolishes the inflammatory response. It reveals the potentials of co-administration of RA with cholinergic drugs to prevent inflammatory responses during cholinergic medications.
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13
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Sunther M, Marchon K, Gupta A. Tiotropium in the management of paediatric and adolescent asthma: Systematic review. Paediatr Respir Rev 2021; 38:58-62. [PMID: 33243704 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tiotropium bromide is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) and is the only LAMA licensed for management for patients' ≥6 years old with severe asthma who have experienced one or more severe asthma exacerbations in the preceding year. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that once-daily tiotropium is safe and efficacious in 6-17 year-olds with symptomatic asthma despite treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), with or without additional controllers. In this paper, we review the evidence of the safety and efficacy of tiotropium add-on maintenance treatment in children and adolescents with symptomatic moderate and severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Sunther
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Keisha Marchon
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Atul Gupta
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Women's and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK.
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14
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Pavón-Romero GF, Serrano-Pérez NH, García-Sánchez L, Ramírez-Jiménez F, Terán LM. Neuroimmune Pathophysiology in Asthma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:663535. [PMID: 34055794 PMCID: PMC8155297 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.663535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammation of lower airway disease, characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Type I hypersensitivity underlies all atopic diseases including allergic asthma. However, the role of neurotransmitters (NT) and neuropeptides (NP) in this disease has been less explored in comparison with inflammatory mechanisms. Indeed, the airway epithelium contains pulmonary neuroendocrine cells filled with neurotransmitters (serotonin and GABA) and neuropeptides (substance P[SP], neurokinin A [NKA], vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP], Calcitonin-gene related peptide [CGRP], and orphanins-[N/OFQ]), which are released after allergen exposure. Likewise, the autonomic airway fibers produce acetylcholine (ACh) and the neuropeptide Y(NPY). These NT/NP differ in their effects; SP, NKA, and serotonin exert pro-inflammatory effects, whereas VIP, N/OFQ, and GABA show anti-inflammatory activity. However, CGPR and ACh have dual effects. For example, the ACh-M3 axis induces goblet cell metaplasia, extracellular matrix deposition, and bronchoconstriction; the CGRP-RAMP1 axis enhances Th2 and Th9 responses; and the SP-NK1R axis promotes the synthesis of chemokines in eosinophils, mast cells, and neutrophils. In contrast, the ACh-α7nAChR axis in ILC2 diminishes the synthesis of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, attenuating lung inflammation whereas, VIP-VPAC1, N/OFQ-NOP axes cause bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects. Some NT/NP as 5-HT and NKA could be used as biomarkers to monitor asthma patients. In fact, the asthma treatment based on inhaled corticosteroids and anticholinergics blocks M3 and TRPV1 receptors. Moreover, the administration of experimental agents such as NK1R/NK2R antagonists and exogenous VIP decrease inflammatory mediators, suggesting that regulating the effects of NT/NP represents a potential novel approach for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luis M. Terán
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Halder N, Lal G. Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660342. [PMID: 33936095 PMCID: PMC8082108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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16
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Lu J, Wu W. Cholinergic modulation of the immune system - A novel therapeutic target for myocardial inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107391. [PMID: 33548577 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system and the nervous system depend on each other for their fine tuning and working, thus cooperating to maintain physiological homeostasis and prevent infections. The cholinergic system regulates the mobilization, differentiation, secretion, and antigen presentation of adaptive and innate immune cells mainly through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs). The neuro-immune interactions are established and maintained by the following mechanisms: colocalization of immune and neuronal cells at defined anatomical sites, expression of the non-neuronal cholinergic system by immune cells, and the acetylcholine receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Based on these immunological mechanisms, the protective effects of cholinergic system in animal models of diseases were summarized in this paper, such as myocardial infarction/ischemia-reperfusion, viral myocarditis, and endotoxin-induced myocardial damage. In addition to maintaining hemodynamic stability and improving the energy metabolism of the heart, both non-neuronal acetylcholine and neuronal acetylcholine in the heart can alleviate myocardial inflammation and remodeling to exert a significant cardioprotective effect. The new findings on the role of cholinergic agonists and vagus nerve stimulation in immune regulation are updated, so as to develop improved approaches to treat inflammatory heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China.
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17
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Wu YJ, Wang L, Ji CF, Gu SF, Yin Q, Zuo J. The Role of α7nAChR-Mediated Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway in Immune Cells. Inflammation 2021; 44:821-834. [PMID: 33405021 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is widely distributed in the nervous and non-cholinergic immune systems. It is necessary for the cholinergic transmitter to participate in the regulation of inflammatory response and is the key element of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Because of the profound impact of CAP on the immune system, α7nAChR is considered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Available evidences confirmed that manipulation of CAP by activating α7nAChR with either endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) or cholinergic agonists can substantially alleviate inflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanism through which CAP curbs the excessive pro-inflammatory responses and maintains immune homeostasis is not fully understood. Obtained clues suggest that the crosstalk between CAP and classical inflammatory pathways is the key to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism, and the impacts of CAP activation in α7nAChR-expressing immune cells are the foundation of the immunoregulatory property. In this article, we review and update the knowledge concerning the progresses of α7nAChR-based CAP, including α7nAChR properties, signal transductions, interactions with classic immune pathways, and immunoregulatory functions in different immune cells. Certain critical issues to be addressed are also highlighted. By providing a panoramic view of α7nAChR, the summarized evidences will pave the way for the development of novel anti-inflammatory reagents and strategy and inspire further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jin Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhu Medicine and Health School, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Chao-Fan Ji
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shao-Fei Gu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Qin Yin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, 241000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Wannan Medical College, 241000, Wuhu, China.
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18
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Gori S, Soczewski E, Fernández L, Grasso E, Gallino L, Merech F, Colado A, Borge M, Pérez Leirós C, Salamone G, Ramhorst R. Decidualization Process Induces Maternal Monocytes to Tolerogenic IL-10-Producing Dendritic Cells (DC-10). Front Immunol 2020; 11:1571. [PMID: 32973738 PMCID: PMC7461786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Decidualization is a process that involves phenotypic and functional changes of endometrial stromal cells to sustain endometrial receptivity and the participation of immunoregulatory factors to maintain immune homeostasis. In this context, tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) can induce regulatory T cells, which are essential to manage the pro- to anti-inflammatory transition during embryo implantation. Recently, Myeloid Regulatory Cells (MRCs) were proposed as immunosuppressants and tolerance-inducer cells, including the DC-10 subset. This novel and distinctive subset has the ability to produce IL-10 and to induce type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) through an HLA-G pathway. Here we focus on the impact of the decidualization process in conditioning peripheral monocytes to MRCs and the DC-10 subset, and their ability to induce regulatory T cells. An in vitro model of decidualization with the human endometrial stromal cell line (HESC), decidualized by medroxyprogesterone and dibutyryl-cAMP was used. Monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy women were cultured with rhGM-CSF + rhIL-4 and then, the effect of conditioned media from decidualized (Dec-CM) and non-decidualized cells (Non-dec-CM) was tested on monocyte cultures. We found that Dec-CM inhibited the differentiation to the CD1a+CD14– immature DC profile in a concentration-dependent manner. Dec-CM also significantly increased the frequency of CD83+CD86low and HLA-DR+ cells in the monocyte-derived culture. These markers, associated with the increased production of IL-10, are consistent with a MRCs tolerogenic profile. Interestingly, Dec-CM treatment displayed a higher expression of the characteristic markers of the tolerogenic DC-10 subset, HLA-G and ILT2/CD85j; while this modulation was not observed in cultures treated with Non-dec-CM. Moreover, when monocyte cultures with Dec-CM were challenged with LPS, they sustained a higher IL-10 production and prevented the increase of CD83, CD86, IL-12p70, and TNF-α expression. Finally, the DC-10 subset was able to induce a CD4+HLA-G+ regulatory T cells subset. These results suggest that the decidualization process might induce different subsets of MRCs, like DC-10, able to induce regulatory T cells as a novel CD4+HLA-G+ subset which might play an immunoregulatory role in embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Gori
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Soczewski
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Fernández
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Grasso
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Gallino
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fatima Merech
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Colado
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Borge
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Salamone
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosanna Ramhorst
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bi CS, Li X, Qu HL, Sun LJ, An Y, Hong YL, Tian BM, Chen FM. Calcitriol inhibits osteoclastogenesis in an inflammatory environment by changing the proportion and function of T helper cell subsets (Th2/Th17). Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12827. [PMID: 32406154 PMCID: PMC7309596 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Previously, we found that by regulating T helper (Th) cell polarization, calcitriol intervention inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced alveolar bone loss in an animal periodontitis model, but the underlying cellular events remain unknown. Materials and methods In this study, mouse Th cells were incubated in an inflammatory environment in the presence of dendritic cells (DCs) and LPS. Then, the potential of the Th cells to undergo Th2/Th17 polarization, the RANKL expression of the polarized Th cells and the subsequent influences of the polarized Th cells on RAW264.7 cell osteoclastogenesis in response to calcitriol administration were assessed. Finally, the effects of calcitriol on antigen presentation by DCs during these cellular events were evaluated. Results In response to calcitriol administration, Th cells in an inflammatory environment exhibited an enhanced potential for Th2 polarization along with a decreased potential for Th17 polarization. In addition, RANKL expression in Th17‐polarized cells was largely inhibited. Furthermore, inflammation‐induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells was suppressed following coculture with calcitriol‐treated Th cells. During these cellular events, increased expression of Th2 promoters (such as OX‐40L and CCL17) and decreased expression of Th17 promoters (such as IL‐23 and IL‐6) were found in DCs. Conclusions Calcitriol can inhibit osteoclastogenesis in an inflammatory environment by changing the proportion and function of Th cell subsets. Our findings suggest that calcitriol may be an effective therapeutic agent for treating periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontics, Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Lei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying An
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-Long Hong
- Stomatology Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bei-Min Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Benito‐Villalvilla C, Soria I, Pérez‐Diego M, Fernández‐Caldas E, Subiza JL, Palomares O. Alum impairs tolerogenic properties induced by allergoid-mannan conjugates inhibiting mTOR and metabolic reprogramming in human DCs. Allergy 2020; 75:648-659. [PMID: 31494959 PMCID: PMC7079174 DOI: 10.1111/all.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Polymerized allergoids conjugated to mannan (PM) are suitable vaccines for allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT). Alum remains the most widely used adjuvant in AIT, but its way of action is not completely elucidated. The better understanding of the mechanisms underlying alum adjuvanticity could help to improve AIT vaccine formulations. Objective We sought to investigate the potential influence of alum in the tolerogenic properties imprinted by PM at the molecular level. Methods Flow cytometry, ELISAs, cocultures, intracellular staining and suppression assays were performed to assess alum and PM effects in human dendritic cells (DCs). BALB/c mice were immunized with PM alone or adsorbed to alum. Allergen‐specific antibodies, splenocyte cytokine production and splenic forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ regulatory T (Treg) cells were quantified. Metabolic and immune pathways were also studied in human DCs. Results Alum decreases PD‐L1 expression and IL‐10 production induced by PM in human DCs and increases pro‐inflammatory cytokine production. Alum impairs PM‐induced functional FOXP3+ Treg cells and promotes Th1/Th2/Th17 responses. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with PM plus alum inhibits in vivo induction of Treg cells promoted by PM without altering the capacity to induce functional allergen‐specific blocking antibodies. Alum inhibits mTOR activation and alters metabolic reprogramming by shifting glycolytic pathways and inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in PM‐activated DCs, impairing their capacity to generate functional Treg cells. Conclusion We uncover novel mechanisms by which alum impairs the tolerogenic properties induced by PM, which might well contribute to improve the formulation of novel vaccines for AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Pérez‐Diego
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Enrique Fernández‐Caldas
- Inmunotek Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
- University of South Florida College of Medicine Tampa FL USA
| | | | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
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Zelm MC, McKenzie CI, Varese N, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE. Recent developments and highlights in immune monitoring of allergen immunotherapy. Allergy 2019; 74:2342-2354. [PMID: 31587309 DOI: 10.1111/all.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are the most common chronic immune-mediated disorders and can manifest with an enormous diversity in clinical severity and symptoms. Underlying mechanisms for the adverse immune response to allergens and its downregulation by treatment are still being revealed. As a result, there have been, and still are, major challenges in diagnosis, prediction of disease progression/evolution and treatment. Currently, the only corrective treatment available is allergen immunotherapy (AIT). AIT modifies the immune response through long-term repeated exposure to defined doses of allergen. However, as the treatment usually needs to be continued for several years to be effective, and can be accompanied by adverse reactions, many patients face difficulties completing their schedule. Long-term therapy also potentially incurs high costs. Therefore, there is a great need for objective markers to predict or to monitor individual patient's beneficial changes in immune response during therapy so that efficacy can be identified as early as possible. In this review, we specifically address recent technical developments that have generated new insights into allergic disease pathogenesis, and how these could potentially be translated into routine laboratory assays for disease monitoring during AIT that are relatively inexpensive, robust and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno C. Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Research) Central Clinical School Monash University, and Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Craig I. McKenzie
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Nirupama Varese
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Research) Central Clinical School Monash University, and Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Rolland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Research) Central Clinical School Monash University, and Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Robyn E. O'Hehir
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Research) Central Clinical School Monash University, and Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
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22
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Breiteneder H, Diamant Z, Eiwegger T, Fokkens WJ, Traidl‐Hoffmann C, Nadeau K, O’Hehir RE, O’Mahony L, Pfaar O, Torres MJ, Wang DY, Zhang L, Akdis CA. Future research trends in understanding the mechanisms underlying allergic diseases for improved patient care. Allergy 2019; 74:2293-2311. [PMID: 31056763 PMCID: PMC6973012 DOI: 10.1111/all.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The specialties of allergy and clinical immunology have entered the era of precision medicine with the stratification of diseases into distinct disease subsets, specific diagnoses, and targeted treatment options, including biologicals and small molecules. This article reviews recent developments in research and patient care and future trends in the discipline. The section on basic mechanisms of allergic diseases summarizes the current status and defines research needs in structural biology, type 2 inflammation, immune tolerance, neuroimmune mechanisms, role of the microbiome and diet, environmental factors, and respiratory viral infections. In the section on diagnostic challenges, clinical trials, precision medicine and immune monitoring of allergic diseases, asthma, allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, and new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of drug hypersensitivity reactions are discussed in further detail. In the third section, unmet needs and future research areas for the treatment of allergic diseases are highlighted with topics on food allergy, biologics, small molecules, and novel therapeutic concepts in allergen‐specific immunotherapy for airway disease. Unknowns and future research needs are discussed at the end of each subsection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Thomayer Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Division of Immunology and Allergy Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program The Department of Pediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Translational Medicine Program Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Immunology The University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Wytske J. Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Location AMC Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research Stanford University Stanford California
| | - Robyn E. O’Hehir
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland National University of Ireland Cork Ireland
| | - Oliver Pfaar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Rhinology and Allergy University Hospital Marburg, Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Maria J. Torres
- Allergy Unit Regional University Hospital of MalagaIBIMA‐UMA‐ARADyAL Malaga Spain
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Allergy Beijing Tongren Hospital Beijing China
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University Zurich Davos Switzerland
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23
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Liu H, Wang T, Xia J, Ai J, Li W, Song Y, Shen Y, Zhang X, Tan G. Cholinergic neuron-like D-U87 cells promote polarization of allergic rhinitis T-helper 2 cells. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 10:233-242. [PMID: 31658507 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasympathetic nerve hypersensitivity contributes to the severity of allergic rhinitis (AR), but the precise mechanism underlying neuroimmune regulation in patients with AR remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of cholinergic nerve inhibition on AR CD4+ T-helper (Th)2-cell polarization and the underlying regulatory mechanism in vitro. METHODS An in-vitro neuroimmune coculture model of D-U87 cells and CD4+ T cells was established. D-U87 cells with cholinergic neuron characteristics were used as cholinergic neuron models. CD4+ T cells were derived from peripheral blood monocytes from AR patients (n = 60) and control subjects (n = 40). Th1- and Th2-cell percentages were measured by flow cytometry. Proteins involved in related signaling pathways were analyzed by protein chip assay and Western blotting. RESULTS The Th2-cell percentage among CD4+ T cells from AR patients was significantly increased after coculture with D-U87 cells and was decreased by ipratropium bromide (IB) treatment. In contrast, the Th1-cell percentage among control CD4+ T cells was significantly increased after coculture with D-U87 cells, but was unaltered by IB treatment. Furthermore, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) protein levels increased in CD4+ T cells from both controls and AR patients after coculture with D-U87 cells and decreased after IB treatment. However, higher p-Akt levels were observed in cells from AR patients than in cells from control subjects. Moreover, Akt inhibition decreased Th2-cell percentage in AR patients. CONCLUSION In-vitro cholinergic nerve inhibition with IB decreased AR CD4+ T-cell polarization into Th2 cells partially through an Akt-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jinye Xia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jingang Ai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yexun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guolin Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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Acetylcholine-treated murine dendritic cells promote inflammatory lung injury. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212911. [PMID: 30822345 PMCID: PMC6396899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years a non-neuronal cholinergic system has been described in immune cells, which is often usually activated during the course of inflammatory processes. To date, it is known that Acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter extensively expressed in the airways, not only induces bronchoconstriction, but also promotes a set of changes usually associated with the induction of allergic/Th2 responses. We have previously demonstrated that ACh polarizes human dendritic cells (DC) toward a Th2-promoting profile through the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR). Here, we showed that ACh promotes the acquisition of an inflammatory profile by murine DC, with the increased MHC II IAd expression and production of two cytokines strongly associated with inflammatory infiltrate and tissue damage, namely TNF-α and MCP-1, which was prevented by blocking mAChR. Moreover, we showed that ACh induces the up-regulation of M3 mAChR expression and the blocking of this receptor with tiotropium bromide prevents the increase of MHC II IAd expression and TNF-α production induced by ACh on DC, suggesting that M3 is the main receptor involved in ACh-induced activation of DC. Then, using a short-term experimental murine model of ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation, we revealed that the intranasal administration of ACh-treated DC, at early stages of the inflammatory response, might be able to exacerbate the recruitment of inflammatory mononuclear cells, promoting profound structural changes in the lung parenchyma characteristic of chronic inflammation and evidenced by elevated systemic levels of inflammatory marker, TNF-α. These results suggest a potential role for ACh in the modulation of immune mechanisms underlying pulmonary inflammatory processes.
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25
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Švajger U, Rožman P. Induction of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells by Endogenous Biomolecules: An Update. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2482. [PMID: 30416505 PMCID: PMC6212600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of microenvironment on dendritic cell (DC) function and development has been strongly established during the last two decades. Although DCs with general tolerogenic characteristics have been isolated and defined as a particular sub-population, it is predominantly their unequivocal biological plasticity, which allows for unparalleled responsiveness to environmental ques and shaping of their tolerogenic characteristics when interacting with tolerance-inducing biomolecules. Dendritic cells carry receptors for a great number of endogenous factors, which, after ligation, can importantly influence the development of their activation state. For this there is ample evidence merely by observation of DC characteristics isolated from various anatomical niches, e.g., the greater immunosuppressive potential of DCs isolated from intestine compared to conventional blood DCs. Endogenous biomolecules present in these environments most likely play a major role as a determinant of their phenotype and function. In this review, we will concisely summarize in what way various, tolerance-inducing endogenous factors influence DC biology, the development of their particular tolerogenic state and their subsequent actions in context of immune response inhibition and induction of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Švajger
- Department for Therapeutic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Rožman
- Department for Therapeutic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Gosens R, Gross N. The mode of action of anticholinergics in asthma. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.01247-2017. [PMID: 30115613 PMCID: PMC6340638 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01247-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors to play a key role in the pathophysiology of asthma, leading to bronchoconstriction, increased mucus secretion, inflammation and airway remodelling. Anticholinergics are muscarinic receptor antagonists that are used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Recent in vivo and in vitro data have increased our understanding of how acetylcholine contributes to the disease manifestations of asthma, as well as elucidating the mechanism of action of anticholinergics. This review assesses the latest literature on acetylcholine in asthma pathophysiology, with a closer look at its role in airway inflammation and remodelling. New insights into the mechanism of action of anticholinergics, their effects on airway remodelling, and a review of the efficacy and safety of long-acting anticholinergics in asthma treatment will also be covered, including a summary of the latest clinical trial data. Pre-clinical data suggest that anticholinergics can reduce acetylcholine-induced airway inflammation and remodellinghttp://ow.ly/xqAQ30loP8F
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Gross
- University Medical Research LLC, St Francis Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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27
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Bosmans G, Shimizu Bassi G, Florens M, Gonzalez-Dominguez E, Matteoli G, Boeckxstaens GE. Cholinergic Modulation of Type 2 Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1873. [PMID: 29312347 PMCID: PMC5742746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the bidirectional relationship between the nervous and immune system has become increasingly clear, and its role in both homeostasis and inflammation has been well documented over the years. Since the introduction of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, there has been an increased interest in parasympathetic regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses, including T helper 2 responses. Increasing evidence has been emerging suggesting a role for the parasympathetic nervous system in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis. In this review, we will highlight the role of cholinergic modulation by both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in several key aspects of the allergic inflammatory response, including barrier function, innate and adaptive immune responses, and effector cells responses. A better understanding of these cholinergic processes mediating key aspects of type 2 immune disorders might lead to novel therapeutic approaches to treat allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goele Bosmans
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Shimizu Bassi
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Morgane Florens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erika Gonzalez-Dominguez
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Moussa AT, Rabung A, Reichrath S, Wagenpfeil S, Dinh T, Krasteva-Christ G, Meier C, Tschernig T. Modulation of macrophage phagocytosis in vitro-A role for cholinergic stimulation? Ann Anat 2017; 214:31-35. [PMID: 28823709 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine is synthetized and released from neural cells, but also by non-neuronal cells such as epithelial cells or keratinocytes. Cholinergic agonists enhance the phagocytosis of zymosan particles in primary peritoneal macrophages. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of carbachol stimulation on phagocytosis in a macrophage cell line using microspheres. The murine cell line MH-S was used in a phagocytosis assay with fluorescent latex beads. The amount of the ingested beads was determined using flow cytometry. Gene expression was investigated using polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression of the muscarinic receptors M1, M3, M4 and M5 but not M2 was found. Carbachol slightly increased the phagocytosis of microspheres in the macrophages. A co-stimulation using lipopolysaccharide and carbachol did not increase the effect of lipopolysaccharide alone. In conclusion, cholinergic stimulation in vitro only moderately modulates the phagocytosis of microspheres. M2 might have a role in stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira-Talaat Moussa
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Andrea Rabung
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sandra Reichrath
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagenpfeil
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Thai Dinh
- Institute for Experimental Pulmonology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gabriela Krasteva-Christ
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Carola Meier
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that constitute a major component of the immune system’s role in the recognition, elimination, and tolerance of cancer. The unique immunologic capabilities of DCs have recently been harnessed for therapeutic use with the creation of DC-based anti-tumor vaccines, several of which have moved into testing in clinical trials for hematologic malignancies. This review summarizes how treatment strategies using DC-based anti-tumor vaccines are advancing immunotherapeutic options for these diseases.
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30
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Vaux R, Schnoeller C, Berkachy R, Roberts LB, Hagen J, Gounaris K, Selkirk ME. Modulation of the Immune Response by Nematode Secreted Acetylcholinesterase Revealed by Heterologous Expression in Trypanosoma musculi. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005998. [PMID: 27802350 PMCID: PMC5089771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode parasites secrete molecules which regulate the mammalian immune system, but their genetic intractability is a major impediment to identifying and characterising the biological effects of these molecules. We describe here a novel system for heterologous expression of helminth secreted proteins in the natural parasite of mice, Trypanosoma musculi, which can be used to analyse putative immunomodulatory functions. Trypanosomes were engineered to express a secreted acetylcholinesterase from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Infection of mice with transgenic parasites expressing acetylcholinesterase resulted in truncated infection, with trypanosomes cleared early from the circulation. Analysis of cellular phenotypes indicated that exposure to acetylcholinesterase in vivo promoted classical activation of macrophages (M1), with elevated production of nitric oxide and lowered arginase activity. This most likely occurred due to the altered cytokine environment, as splenocytes from mice infected with T. musculi expressing acetylcholinesterase showed enhanced production of IFNγ and TNFα, with diminished IL-4, IL-13 and IL-5. These results suggest that one of the functions of nematode secreted acetylcholinesterase may be to alter the cytokine environment in order to inhibit development of M2 macrophages which are deleterious to parasite survival. Transgenic T. musculi represents a valuable new vehicle to screen for novel immunoregulatory proteins by extracellular delivery in vivo to the murine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Vaux
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London
| | | | - Rita Berkachy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London
| | | | - Jana Hagen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London
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