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Li Q, Deng Y, Xu Z, Zhou H. Combined transcriptomics and TMT-proteomics reveal abnormal complement and coagulation cascades in cow's milk protein allergy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111806. [PMID: 38457985 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is primarily due to the inability of the intestinal mucosa to establish typical immunological tolerance to proteins found in cow's milk, and the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. In order to investigate molecular alterations in intestinal tissues during CMPA occurrence, this study analyzed the jejunal tissue of β-lactoglobulin (BLG)-sensitized mice through transcriptomics and quantitative tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled proteomics. A total of 475 differentially expressed genes (256 up-regulated, 219 down-regulated) and 94 differentially expressed proteins (65 up-regulated, 29 down-regulated) were identified. Comparing the KEGG pathways of the two groups, it was found that both were markedly enriched in the signaling pathways of complement and coagulation cascade. Among these, kallikrein B1 (KLKB1) in this pathway is speculated to be pivotal in CMPA. It may potentially enhance the release of bradykinin by activating the kallikrein-kinin system, leading to pro-inflammatory effects and exacerbating intestinal mucosal damage. This study suggests that the pathways of complement and coagulation cascades could be significant in the context of intestinal immunity in CMPA, and KLKB1 may be its potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunchao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Deng
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Haoquan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Kou R, Wang J, Li A, Wang Y, Fan D, Zhang B, Fu W, Liu J, Fu H, Wang S. 2'-Fucosyllactose alleviates OVA-induced food allergy in mice by ameliorating intestinal microecology and regulating the imbalance of Th2/Th1 proportion. Food Funct 2023; 14:10924-10940. [PMID: 38009336 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy (FA) has become a prominent problem in public health. 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) was reported to alleviate FA symptoms; however, the regulatory mechanism is still unclear. This study evaluated the 2'-FL antiallergic potential in an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mouse model and explored the systemic effects of 2'-FL on gut microecology and the intestinal immune barrier. The results showed that 2'-FL alleviated allergy symptoms, decreased serum allergic indicator levels, enhanced the intestinal barrier, and attenuated low-grade inflammation. The up-regulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) was associated with higher levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in 2'-FL intervention mice. 2'-FL also improved the intestinal microbiota diversity and increased the abundance of Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae UCG-006, and Ruminococcaceae while suppressing Muribaculaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae. Additionally, 2'-FL ameliorated the imbalance of Th2/Th1, mainly by decreasing Th2-type immune response and enhanced CD4 + Foxp3 + Treg immunoreaction. These results suggest that 2'-FL restores intestinal barrier defects, gut microbiota disorder, and immune impairment while alleviating ovalbumin-induced allergic symptoms in FA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Kou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Ang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yuanyifei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dancai Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Bowei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Wenhui Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hanyue Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Heßler N, Kordowski A, Sasse J, Ahlemann G, Schulz F, Schröder T, Exner A, Jablonski L, Jappe U, Bischoff SC, Grzegorzek M, König IR, Sina C. Study protocol to investigate the efficacy of confocal laser endomicroscopy-based selective single-elimination diet over standard fivefold elimination diet in patients with endomicroscopically proven food intolerance: app-assisted, monocentric, double-blind, randomised and controlled trial in Germany. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072024. [PMID: 37918930 PMCID: PMC10626857 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Imprecise nutritional recommendations due to a lack of diagnostic test accuracy are a frequent problem for individuals with adverse reactions to foods but no precise diagnosis. Consequently, patients follow very broad and strict elimination diets to avoid uncontrolled symptoms such as diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Dietary limitations and the uncertainty of developing gastrointestinal symptoms after the inadvertent ingestion of food have been demonstrated to reduce the quality of life (QoL) of affected individuals and subsequently might increase the risk of malnutrition and intestinal dysbiosis. This trial aims to investigate the effects of a tailored diet based on the confocal laser endoscopy (CLE) examination result to limit the side effects of unspecific and broad elimination diets and to increase the patient's QoL. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is designed as a prospective, double-blind, monocentric, randomised and controlled trial conducted at the University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany. One hundred seventy-two patients with non-IgE-related food allergies and positive CLE results will be randomised to either a tailored diet or a standard fivefold elimination diet. The primary endpoints are the difference between the end and the start of the intervention in health-related QoL and the sum score of the severity of symptoms after 12 weeks. Key secondary endpoints are changes in the severity of symptoms, further QoL measurements, self-assessed state of health and number of days with a pathologically altered stool. Microbiome diversity and metabolome of stool, urine and blood will also be investigated. Safety endpoints are body composition, body mass index and adverse events. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was accepted by the ethical committee of the University of Lübeck (AZ: 22-111) on 4 May2022. Results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00029323).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Heßler
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (IMBS), University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna Kordowski
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jill Sasse
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Greta Ahlemann
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Schröder
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Perfood GmbH, Research and Developement, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna Exner
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lennart Jablonski
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Pneumology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcin Grzegorzek
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (IMBS), University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Laumonnier Y, Korkmaz RÜ, Nowacka AA, Köhl J. Complement-mediated immune mechanisms in allergy. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249979. [PMID: 37381711 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Allergic conditions are associated with canonical and noncanonical activation of the complement system leading to the release of several bioactive mediators with inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties that regulate the immune response in response to allergens during the sensitization and/or the effector phase of allergic diseases. Further, immune sensors of complement and regulator proteins of the cascade impact on the development of allergies. These bioactive mediators comprise the small and large cleavage fragments of C3 and C5. Here, we provide an update on the multiple roles of immune sensors, regulators, and bioactive mediators of complement in allergic airway diseases, food allergies, and anaphylaxis. A particular emphasis is on the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a and their receptors, which are expressed on many of the effector cells in allergy such as mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, and neutrophils. Also, we will discuss the multiple pathways, by which the anaphylatoxins initiate and control the development of maladaptive type 2 immunity including their impact on innate lymphoid cell recruitment and activation. Finally, we briefly comment on the potential to therapeutically target the complement system in different allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rabia Ülkü Korkmaz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alicja A Nowacka
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA
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Petrisko TJ, Gargus M, Chu SH, Selvan P, Whiteson KL, Tenner AJ. Influence of complement protein C1q or complement receptor C5aR1 on gut microbiota composition in wildtype and Alzheimer's mouse models. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:211. [PMID: 37726739 PMCID: PMC10507976 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the gut microbiome to neuroinflammation, cognition, and Alzheimer's disease progression has been highlighted over the past few years. Additionally, inhibition of various components of the complement system has repeatedly been demonstrated to reduce neuroinflammation and improve cognitive performance in AD mouse models. Whether the deletion of these complement components is associated with distinct microbiome composition, which could impact neuroinflammation and cognitive performance in mouse models has not yet been examined. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of conditional and constitutive knockouts, pharmacological inhibitors, and various housing paradigms for the animal models and wild-type controls at various ages. We aimed to determine the impact of C1q or C5aR1 inhibition on the microbiome in the Arctic and Tg2576 mouse models of AD, which develop amyloid plaques at different ages and locations. Analysis of fecal samples from WT and Arctic mice following global deletion of C1q demonstrated significant alterations to the microbiomes of Arctic but not WT mice, with substantial differences in abundances of Erysipelotrichales, Clostridiales and Alistipes. While no differences in microbiome diversity were detected between cohoused wildtype and Arctic mice with or without the constitutive deletion of the downstream complement receptor, C5aR1, a difference was detected between the C5aR1 sufficient (WT and Arctic) and deficient (C5ar1KO and ArcticC5aR1KO) mice, when the mice were housed segregated by C5aR1 genotype. However, cohousing of C5aR1 sufficient and deficient wildtype and Arctic mice resulted in a convergence of the microbiomes and equalized abundances of each identified order and genus across all genotypes. Similarly, pharmacologic treatment with the C5aR1 antagonist, PMX205, beginning at the onset of beta-amyloid plaque deposition in the Arctic and Tg2576 mice, demonstrated no impact of C5aR1 inhibition on the microbiome. This study demonstrates the importance of C1q in microbiota homeostasis in neurodegenerative disease. In addition, while demonstrating that constitutive deletion of C5aR1 can significantly alter the composition of the fecal microbiome, these differences are not present when C5aR1-deficient mice are cohoused with C5aR1-sufficient animals with or without the AD phenotype and suggests limited if any contribution of the microbiome to the previously observed prevention of cognitive and neuronal loss in the C5aR1-deficient AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Petrisko
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Matthew Gargus
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Purnika Selvan
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Katrine L Whiteson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Xie Q, Liu C, Fu W, Chen C, Luo D, Xue W. Combination of Gut Microbial Features and the Proteomic Pattern Revealed Changes in Specific Intestinal Luminal Factors and Mechanisms of Their Regulation of Gluten Allergy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12558-12573. [PMID: 37581333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent research consensus has highlighted the role of intestinal luminal factors in the association between intestinal microenvironment homeostasis and food allergy. However, the association between intestinal immune homeostasis and food allergy-related proteomic features remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes in gluten allergy (GA)-defined phenotypes and endotypes and intestinal microenvironment factors in BALB/c mice and linked GA to colonic proteomic signatures. Combined with increased allergy and diarrhea scores, intense antibody responses and abnormalities in T-cell cytokine production were induced in mice. GA-associated disruption of intestinal microenvironment homeostasis was underlined by the increased colonic pH, decreased intestinal antioxidant capacity, impaired intestinal barrier function, and decreased production and imbalanced proportions of short-chain fatty acids. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that the gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice was characterized by significant enrichment of six bacterial taxonomic units, including Prevotellaceae, Escherichia Shigella, Alloprevotella, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Lachnospiraceae bacterium DW59, which was correlated with immune end points. Using a label-free proteomics quantitative approach, 24 differentially expressed proteins linking GA-induced gut dysbiosis were identified, with four of them enriched in the serine endopeptidase inhibitor activity pathway. The development of GA in mice was associated with changes in specific intestinal luminal factors and may be mediated by serine protease activity-associated metabolic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Fu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300000, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Wentong Xue
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
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Du B, Xiao X, Wang H, Li W, Xia Z, Yang P, Huang SK, Yuan R, Liu J, Han M, Zou Y, Zhu J, He D, Lyu J, Jin X, Xu X, Wang J, Yang H, Xiao L, Liu X, Kristiansen K. Evaluation of the Impact of BaP Exposure on the Gut Microbiota and Allergic Responses in an OVA-Sensitized Mouse Model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:67004. [PMID: 37267060 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental pollutants, including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), has been implicated in allergic diseases and intestinal microbiota homeostasis, but the environment-microbiota-immunity triangular relationship and to what extent BaP-induced remodeling of the gut microbiota contributes to intestinal allergic inflammation remain to be established. OBJECTIVES We investigated the impact of BaP on intestinal allergic inflammation and examined the relationship between this effect and gut microbiota dysbiosis. We explored the potential ability of intestinal bacteria to degrade BaP and alleviate cytotoxicity as a detoxification strategy to counteract the effects of BaP exposure. METHODS We combined microbiome shotgun metagenomics with animal histological and intestinal allergic inflammatory responses to assess the effects of BaP (50μg/mouse per day) in a 23-d toxicity test in antigen-induced allergic female mice. In addition, genome annotation, quantitative analysis of BaP, and in vitro cytotoxicity-tests using CaCo-2 cells were conducted to infer the role of intestinal bacteria in BaP detoxification. RESULTS BaP exposure impacted the taxonomic composition and the functional potential of the gut microbiota and aggravated antigen-induced intestinal allergic inflammatory responses. The level of inflammatory cytokines correlated with the abundance of specific bacterial taxa, including Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4 and Alistipes inops. We identified 614 bacteria harboring genes implicated in the degradation of BaP, and 4 of these bacterial strains were shown to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of BaP to CaCo-2 cells in vitro. DISCUSSION Using allergic female mice as a model, we investigated the relationship between BaP, microbiota, and host immune reactions, highlighting the role of gut bacteria in BaP-aggravated allergic reactions. Our findings offer novel insight toward establishing the causal relationship between BaP exposure and the occurrence of allergic disorders. Identifying gut bacteria that degrade BaP may provide new strategies for ameliorating BaP cytotoxicity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Du
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huailing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Pingchang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, China
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, China
- Department of Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruyi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mo Han
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of Human Intestinal Microbiome, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of Human Intestinal Microbiome, Shenzhen, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | | | - Xin Jin
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of Human Intestinal Microbiome, Shenzhen, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Qingdao, China
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8
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Qiu L, Wang J, Ren F, Shen L, Li F. Can fecal calprotectin levels be used to monitor infant milk protein allergies? Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2021; 17:132. [PMID: 34903286 PMCID: PMC8670270 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk protein allergy is one of the most common food allergies in infants. We aimed to test whether fecal calprotectin can be used to monitor food allergies in infants by comparing the fecal calprotectin levels in infants with a milk protein allergy before and after an intervention treatment. Methods The study was designed as a prospective case–control trial. Stool samples were collected at follow-up, and the concentration of fecal calprotectin was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The infant’s weight and length were measured. Results The allergic group comprised 90 milk-allergic infants (41 boys, 49 girls), and the nonallergic group comprised 90 nonallergic infants (51 boys, 39 girls). Compared with the fecal calprotectin level in the nonallergic group (median: 141 μg/g), that in the allergic group (median: 410 μg/g) was significantly higher (z = − 9.335, p < 0.001). After two dietary interventions and treatments, the fecal calprotectin levels of the infants with a milk protein allergy at the first (median: 253 μg/g) and second follow-up visits (median: 160 μg/g) were significantly lower than those before the intervention (z = − 7.884, p < 0.001 and z = − 8.239, p < 0.001, respectively). The growth index values (LAZ and WAZ) of the infants with a milk protein allergy at the first and second follow-up visits were significantly higher than those before dietary intervention (p < 0.05). Fecal calprotectin was negatively and significantly correlated with the WLZ and WAZ at the second follow-up visit (Spearman’s rho = − 0.234, p = 0.01 and Spearman’s rho = − 0.193, p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusion The level of fecal calprotectin in infants with a milk protein allergy decreased after dietary intervention and seems to be a promising biological indicator for monitoring intestinal allergies.
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Tian M, Hao F, Jin X, Sun X, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Li D, Chang T, Zou Y, Peng P, Xia C, Liu J, Li Y, Wang P, Feng Y, Wei M. ACLY ubiquitination by CUL3-KLHL25 induces the reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism to facilitate iTreg differentiation. eLife 2021; 10:62394. [PMID: 34491895 PMCID: PMC8423445 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible regulatory T (iTreg) cells play a central role in immune suppression. As iTreg cells are differentiated from activated T (Th0) cells, cell metabolism undergoes dramatic changes, including a shift from fatty acid synthesis (FAS) to fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Although the reprogramming in fatty acid metabolism is critical, the mechanism regulating this process during iTreg differentiation is still unclear. Here we have revealed that the enzymatic activity of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) declined significantly during iTreg differentiation upon transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) stimulation. This reduction was due to CUL3-KLHL25-mediated ACLY ubiquitination and degradation. As a consequence, malonyl-CoA, a metabolic intermediate in FAS that is capable of inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme in FAO, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), was decreased. Therefore, ACLY ubiquitination and degradation facilitate FAO and thereby iTreg differentiation. Together, we suggest TGFβ1-CUL3-KLHL25-ACLY axis as an important means regulating iTreg differentiation and bring insights into the maintenance of immune homeostasis for the prevention of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengqi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Chang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Pinghui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chaoyi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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10
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Alberca RW, Gomes E, Moretti EH, Russo M, Steiner AA. Naturally occurring hypothermia promotes survival in severe anaphylaxis. Immunol Lett 2021; 237:27-32. [PMID: 34245741 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although hypothermia has received substantial attention as an indicator of severity in anaphylaxis, it has been neglected from the perspective of whether it could act as a disease-modifying factor in this condition. Here, the impact of naturally occurring (spontaneous) hypothermia on anaphylaxis was evaluated in a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergy. Nonextreme changes in the ambient temperature (Ta) were used to modulate the magnitude of spontaneous hypothermia. At a Ta of 24°C, challenge with OVA intraperitoneally or intravenously resulted in a rapid, transient fall in body core temperature, which reached its nadir 4-6°C below baseline in 30 min. This hypothermic response was largely attenuated when the mice were kept at a Ta of 34°C. The Ta-dependent attenuation of hypothermia resulted in a survival rate of only 30%, as opposed to survival of 100% in the condition that favored the development of hypothermia. The protective effect of hypothermia did not involve changes in the rate of mast cell degranulation, as assessed by the concentration of mast cell protease-1 in bodily fluids. On the other hand, hypothermia improved oxygenation of the brain and kidneys, as indicated by higher NAD+/NADH ratios. Therefore, it is plausible to propose that naturally occurring hypothermia makes organs more resistant to the anaphylactic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo W Alberca
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gomes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Moretti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil.
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11
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West PW, Bahri R, Garcia-Rodriguez KM, Sweetland G, Wileman G, Shah R, Montero A, Rapley L, Bulfone-Paus S. Interleukin-33 Amplifies Human Mast Cell Activities Induced by Complement Anaphylatoxins. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615236. [PMID: 33597949 PMCID: PMC7882629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both, aberrant mast cell responses and complement activation contribute to allergic diseases. Since mast cells are highly responsive to C3a and C5a, while Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a potent mast cell activator, we hypothesized that IL-33 critically regulates mast cell responses to complement anaphylatoxins. We sought to understand whether C3a and C5a differentially activate primary human mast cells, and probe whether IL-33 regulates C3a/C5a-induced mast cell activities. Primary human mast cells were generated from peripheral blood precursors or isolated from healthy human lung tissue, and mast cell complement receptor expression, degranulation, mediator release, phosphorylation patterns, and calcium flux were assessed. Human mast cells of distinct origin express constitutively higher levels of C3aR1 than C5aR1, and both receptors are downregulated by anaphylatoxins. While C3a is a potent mast cell degranulation inducer, C5a is a weaker secretagogue with more delayed effects. Importantly, IL-33 potently enhances the human mast cell reactivity to C3a and C5a (degranulation, cytokine and chemokine release), independent of changes in C3a or C5a receptor expression or the level of Ca2+ influx. Instead, this reflects differential dynamics of intracellular signaling such as ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Since primary human mast cells respond differentially to anaphylatoxin stimulation, and that IL-33 is a key regulator of mast cell responses to complement anaphylatoxins, this is likely to aggravate Th2 immune responses. This newly identified cross-regulation may be important for controlling exacerbated complement- and mast cell-dependent Th2 responses and thus provides an additional rationale for targeting anti-IL33 therapeutically in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. West
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajia Bahri
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M. Garcia-Rodriguez
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Sweetland
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Wileman
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Shah
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angeles Montero
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Rapley
- Adaptive Immunity, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Silvia Bulfone-Paus,
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12
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Elieh Ali Komi D, Shafaghat F, Kovanen PT, Meri S. Mast cells and complement system: Ancient interactions between components of innate immunity. Allergy 2020; 75:2818-2828. [PMID: 32446274 DOI: 10.1111/all.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and evolution of the complement system and mast cells (MCs) can be traced back to sea urchins and the ascidian Styela plicata, respectively. Acting as a cascade of enzymatic reactions, complement is activated through the classical (CP), the alternative (AP), and the lectin pathway (LP) based on the recognized molecules. The system's main biological functions include lysis, opsonization, and recruitment of phagocytes. MCs, beyond their classic role as master cells of allergic reactions, play a role in other settings, as well. Thus, MCs are considered as extrahepatic producers of complement proteins. They express various complement receptors, including those for C3a and C5a. C3a and C5a not only activate the C3aR and C5aR expressing MCs but also act as chemoattractants for MCs derived from different anatomic sites, such as from the bone marrow, human umbilical cord blood, or skin in vitro. Cross talk between MCs and complement is facilitated by the production of complement proteins by MCs and their activation by the MC tryptase. The coordinated activity between MCs and the complement system plays a key role, for example, in a number of allergic, cutaneous, and vascular diseases. At a molecular level, MCs and complement system interactions are based on the production of several complement zymogens by MCs and their activation by MC-released proteases. Additionally, at a cellular level, MCs act as potent effector cells of complement activation by expressing receptors for C3a and C5a through which their chemoattraction and activation are mediated by anaphylatoxins in a paracrine and autocrine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shafaghat
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology Immunobiology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- HUSLAB Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland
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13
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Jodele S, Köhl J. Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2832-2848. [PMID: 32643798 PMCID: PMC7361469 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient part of innate immunity sensing highly pathogenic coronaviruses by mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) resulting in lectin pathway activation and subsequent generation of the anaphylatoxins (ATs) C3a and C5a as important effector molecules. Complement deposition on endothelial cells and high blood C5a serum levels have been reported in COVID‐19 patients with severe illness, suggesting vigorous complement activation leading to systemic thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Complement regulator gene variants prevalent in African‐Americans have been associated with a higher risk for severe TMA and multi‐organ injury. Strikingly, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐infected African‐Americans suffer from high mortality. These findings allow us to apply our knowledge from other complement‐mediated diseases to COVID‐19 infection to better understand severe disease pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the multiple aspects of complement activation, regulation, crosstalk with other parts of the immune system, and the options to target complement in COVID‐19 patients to halt disease progression and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonata Jodele
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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14
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Jin Y, Gao H, Jorgensen R, Salloum J, Jian DI, Ng PK, Gangur V. Mechanisms of Wheat Allergenicity in Mice: Comparison of Adjuvant-Free vs. Alum-Adjuvant Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093205. [PMID: 32369940 PMCID: PMC7247356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat protein is considered a major type of food allergen in many countries including the USA. The mechanisms of allergenicity of wheat proteins are not well understood at present. Both adjuvant-based and adjuvant-free mouse models are reported for this food allergy. However, it is unclear whether the mechanisms underlying wheat allergenicity in these two types of models are similar or different. Therefore, we compared the molecular mechanisms in a novel adjuvant-free (AF) model vs. a conventional alum-adjuvant (AA) model of wheat allergy using salt-soluble wheat protein (SSWP). In the AF model, Balb/cJ mice were sensitized with SSWP via skin exposure. In the AA model, mice were sensitized by an intraperitoneal injection of SSWP with alum. In both models, allergic reactions were elicited using an identical protocol. Robust IgE as well as mucosal mast cell protein-1 responses were elicited similarly in both models. However, an analysis of the spleen immune markers identified strikingly different molecular activation patterns in these two models. Furthermore, a number of immune markers associated with intrinsic allergenicity were also identified in both models. Since the AF model uses skin exposure without an adjuvant, the mechanisms in the AF model may more closely simulate the human wheat allergenicity mechanisms from skin exposure in occupational settings such as in the baking industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Jin
- Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.); (R.J.); (S.J.); (D.I.J.)
| | - Haoran Gao
- Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.); (R.J.); (S.J.); (D.I.J.)
| | - Rick Jorgensen
- Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.); (R.J.); (S.J.); (D.I.J.)
| | - Jillian Salloum
- Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.); (R.J.); (S.J.); (D.I.J.)
| | - Dan Ioan Jian
- Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.); (R.J.); (S.J.); (D.I.J.)
| | - Perry K.W. Ng
- Cereal Science Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Venugopal Gangur
- Food Allergy & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.); (R.J.); (S.J.); (D.I.J.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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FcεRI-HDAC3-MCP1 Signaling Axis Promotes Passive Anaphylaxis Mediated by Cellular Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194964. [PMID: 31597362 PMCID: PMC6801807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is an acute and life-threatening systemic reaction. Food, drug, aero-allergen and insect sting are known to induce anaphylaxis. Mast cells and basophils are known to mediate Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent anaphylaxis, while macrophages, neutrophils and basophils mediate non IgE-dependent anaphylaxis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play various roles in biological processes by deacetylating histones and non-histones proteins. HDAC inhibitors can increase the acetylation of target proteins and affect various inflammatory diseases such as cancers and allergic diseases. HDAC3, a class I HDAC, is known to act as epigenetic and transcriptional regulators. It has been shown that HDAC3 can interact with the high-affinity Immunoglobulin E receptor (FcεRI), to mediate passive anaphylaxis and cellular interactions during passive anaphylaxis. Effects of HDAC3 on anaphylaxis, cellular interactions involving mast cells and macrophages during anaphylaxis, and any tumorigenic potential of cancer cells enhanced by mast cells will be discussed in this review. Roles of microRNAs that form negative feedback loops with hallmarks of anaphylaxis such as HDAC3 in anaphylaxis and cellular interactions will also be discussed. The roles of MCP1 regulated by HDAC3 in cellular interactions during anaphylaxis are discussed. Roles of exosomes in cellular interactions mediated by HDAC3 during anaphylaxis are also discussed. Thus, review might provide clues for development of drugs targeting passive anaphylaxis.
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