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Li C, Wu Y, Chen B, Cai Y, Guo J, Leonard AS, Kalds P, Zhou S, Zhang J, Zhou P, Gan S, Jia T, Pu T, Suo L, Li Y, Zhang K, Li L, Purevdorj M, Wang X, Li M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Huang S, Sonstegard T, Wang MS, Kemp S, Pausch H, Chen Y, Han JL, Jiang Y, Wang X. Markhor-derived Introgression of a Genomic Region Encompassing PAPSS2 Confers High-altitude Adaptability in Tibetan Goats. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6830663. [PMID: 36382357 PMCID: PMC9728798 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic mechanism of how animals adapt to extreme conditions is fundamental to determine the relationship between molecular evolution and changing environments. Goat is one of the first domesticated species and has evolved rapidly to adapt to diverse environments, including harsh high-altitude conditions with low temperature and poor oxygen supply but strong ultraviolet radiation. Here, we analyzed 331 genomes of domestic goats and wild caprid species living at varying altitudes (high > 3000 m above sea level and low < 1200 m), along with a reference-guided chromosome-scale assembly (contig-N50: 90.4 Mb) of a female Tibetan goat genome based on PacBio HiFi long reads, to dissect the genetic determinants underlying their adaptation to harsh conditions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Population genomic analyses combined with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed a genomic region harboring the 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (PAPSS2) gene showing strong association with high-altitude adaptability (PGWAS = 3.62 × 10-25) in Tibetan goats. Transcriptomic data from 13 tissues revealed that PAPSS2 was implicated in hypoxia-related pathways in Tibetan goats. We further verified potential functional role of PAPSS2 in response to hypoxia in PAPSS2-deficient cells. Introgression analyses suggested that the PAPSS2 haplotype conferring the high-altitude adaptability in Tibetan goats originated from a recent hybridization between goats and a wild caprid species, the markhor (Capra falconeri). In conclusion, our results uncover a hitherto unknown contribution of PAPSS2 to high-altitude adaptability in Tibetan goats on QTP, following interspecific introgression and natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Kalds
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jingchen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China,State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Shangqu Gan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China,State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Ting Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Tianchun Pu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Langda Suo
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China
| | - Yan Li
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lan Li
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Myagmarsuren Purevdorj
- Lab of Animal Genetics and Animal Reproductive Technology, Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Xihong Wang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ming Li
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu Wang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yao Liu
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | | | - Ming-Shan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 94720
| | - Stephen Kemp
- Livestock Genetics Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 30709-00100, Kenya
| | - Hubert Pausch
- Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yulin Chen
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | | | - Yu Jiang
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ;
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss the effects on androgens on the haemopoietic system, focussing largely on the effects of testosterone on erythropoiesis. Stimulation of erythropoiesis is one of the most consistent effects of testosterone treatment observed in clinical trials. In men with anaemia this effect can be beneficial. Conversely, erythrocytosis is one of the most common adverse effects of testosterone treatment with a relative risk of 8.14 (95% CI: 1.87-35.40) estimated by a recent meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled clinical trials. A reduction in haemoglobin is commonly seen in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer, and in transwomen receiving gender affirming therapy to reduce serum testosterone. While mechanisms by which androgens regulate erythropoiesis are not fully understood, it is likely that effects on erythropoietic progenitor cells and erythropoietin are involved, with secondary effects on iron metabolism. In contrast, whether androgens exert clinically relevant effects on white blood cells and on platelets requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle M Warren
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health and University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health and University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Baltodano-Calle MJ, Onton-Díaz M, Gonzales GF. Androgens, brain and androgen deprivation therapy in paraphilic disorders: A narrative review. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14561. [PMID: 35995581 DOI: 10.1111/and.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual delinquency is a global problem where those with paraphilic disorders, such as paedophiles, are more likely to commit and reoffend. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been suggested as a solution. The objective of this narrative review is to present current information on its risks, benefits and limitations as a treatment for paraphilias. The importance of testosterone in sexual function, the effect of its deficiency by age or by pharmacological treatment (anti-androgens, GnRH agonists and GnRH antagonists) and the effect of testosterone replacement therapy will be reviewed. The relationship between androgens, brain, sexual behaviour and pathophysiology of paraphilic disorders will also be explored. ADT reduces sexual urges, but has adverse effects and, because its reversible nature, it does not ensure less recidivism. Likewise, the research quality of ADT drugs is limited and not enough to support their use. Child sex offenders, and not paraphilic subjects who have not committed assaults, show signs of elevated prenatal exposure to androgens and a higher methylation state of the androgen receptor gene. Sexual behaviour is regulated by subcortical (hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord) and cortical structures of the brain, in addition to brain circuits (dopaminergic, serotonergic). Those with paraphilic disorders show abnormalities at these levels that could relate to the risk of sexual offences. In conclusion, androgens represent a significant part of the pathophysiology of paraphilias and therefore, ADT seems promising. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to make definite conclusions about the efficacy of long-term ADT in paraphilic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melisa Onton-Díaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University., Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo F Gonzales
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Reproducción, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo (LID), Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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A Critical Analysis of the Automated Hematology Assessment in Pregnant Women at Low and at High Altitude: Association between Red Blood Cells, Platelet Parameters, and Iron Status. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050727. [PMID: 35629394 PMCID: PMC9143551 DOI: 10.3390/life12050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to determine differences in the parameters of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets at low altitude (LA) and at high altitude (HA) and with the gestation being advanced, and to determine correlations between parameters of RBC and platelets. We also studied the association of RBC and platelets with markers of iron status. In addition, markers of iron status and inflammation were measured and compared at each trimester of gestation in pregnant women at LA and HA. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at Lima (150 m above sea level) and Cusco at 3400 m above sea level from May to December 2019. Hematological parameters in pregnant women (233 at LA and 211 at HA) were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. Serum ferritin levels, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), hepcidin, erythropoietin, testosterone, estradiol, and interleukin-6 (IL6) levels were measured by ELISA. One-way ANOVA supplemented with post hoc test, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation test statistical analyses were performed. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Pregnant woman at HA compared to LA had significantly lower WBC (p < 0.01), associated with higher parameters of the RBC, except for the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) that was no different (p > 0.05). Platelets and mean platelet volume (MPV) were higher (p < 0.01), and platelet distribution width (PDW) was lower at HA than at LA (p < 0.01). A higher value of serum ferritin (p < 0.01), testosterone (p < 0.05), and hepcidin (p < 0.01) was observed at HA, while the concentration of sTfR was lower at HA than at LA (p < 0.01). At LA, neutrophils increased in the third trimester (p < 0.05). RBC parameters decreased with the progress of the gestation, except RDW-CV, which increased. The platelet count decreased and the MPV and PDW were significantly higher in the third trimester. Serum ferritin, hepcidin, and serum testosterone decreased, while sTfR and serum estradiol increased during gestation. At HA, the WBC and red blood cell distribution width- coefficient of variation (RDW-CV), PCT, and serum IL-6 did not change with gestational trimesters. RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and platelet count were lower as gestation advanced. MCV, MPV, and PDW increased in the third trimester. Serum ferritin, testosterone, and hepcidin were lower in the third trimester. Serum estradiol, erythropoietin, and sTfR increased as gestation progressed. Direct or inverse correlations were observed between RBC and platelet parameters and LA and HA. A better number of significant correlations were observed at HA. Hb, Hct, and RDW-CV showed a significant correlation with serum ferritin at LA and HA. Of these parameters, RDW-CV and PDW showed an inversely significant association with ferritin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a different pattern was observed in hematological markers as well as in iron status markers between pregnant women at LA and HA. In pregnant women a significant correlation between several RBC parameters with platelet marker parameters was also observed. Data suggest that pregnant women at HA have adequate iron status during pregnancy as reflected by higher serum ferritin levels, lower sTfR levels, and higher hepcidin values than pregnant women at LA.
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Czuba M, Płoszczyca K, Kaczmarczyk K, Langfort J, Gajda R. Chronic Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia Increases Testosterone Levels and Testosterone/Cortisol Ratio in Cyclists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095246. [PMID: 35564640 PMCID: PMC9102561 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the “live high, train low” method (LH−TL) and intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels in cyclists. Thirty cyclists participated in the experiment. The LH−TL group (n = 10) was exposed to normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.3%) for 11−12 h a day and trained in normoxia for 3 weeks. In the IHT group (n = 10), participants followed the IHT routine three times a week for 3 weeks in normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.3%). The control group (N; n = 10) followed the same training protocol in normoxia. The LH−TL training was found to significantly increase (p < 0.05) T levels and the testosterone/cortisol (T/C) ratio during the experiment. The area under the curve (AUC) calculated for T levels over 4 weeks was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the LH−TL group, by 25.6%, compared to the N group. The results also indicated a significant correlation (r = 0.53; p < 0.05) between AUC for T levels over 4 weeks and ∆ values of hemoglobin (HGB) in the LH−TL group. Overall, the findings show that LH−TL training at a moderate simulated altitude contributes to an increase in T levels and T/C ratio in athletes, which is a beneficial change stimulating anabolic processes and erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Czuba
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (K.K.)
- Department of Sports Theory, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Kamila Płoszczyca
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Kaczmarczyk
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Józef Langfort
- Department of Sports Theory, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Robert Gajda
- Center for Sports Cardiology, Gajda-Med Medical Center in Pultusk, 06-100 Pultusk, Poland;
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Prevention, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Alcantara-Zapata DE, Llanos AJ, Nazzal C. High altitude exposure affects male reproductive parameters: Could it also affect the prostate?†. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:385-396. [PMID: 34725677 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living at high altitudes and living with prostatic illness are two different conditions closely related to a hypoxic environment. People at high altitudes exposed to acute, chronic, or intermittent hypobaric hypoxia turn on several mechanisms at the system, cellular and molecular level to cope with oxygen atmosphere scarcity maintaining the oxygen homeostasis. This exposure affects the whole organism and function of many systems, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and reproductive. On the other hand, malignant prostate is related to the scarcity of oxygen in the tissue microenvironment due to its low availability and high consumption due to the swift cell proliferation rates. Based on the literature, this similarity in the oxygen scarcity suggests that hypobaric hypoxia, and other common factors between these two conditions, could be involved in the aggravation of the pathological prostatic status. However, there is still a lack of evidence in the association of this disease in males at high altitudes. This review aims to examine the possible mechanisms that hypobaric hypoxia might negatively add to the pathological prostate function in males who live and work at high altitudes. More profound investigations of hypobaric hypoxia's direct action on the prostate could help understand this exposure's effect and prevent worse prostate illness impact in males at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aníbal J Llanos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Fisiopatología del Desarrollo, Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Internacional de Estudios Andinos (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Nazzal
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Faculty of Medicine. University of Chile
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Garrido E, Botella de Maglia J, Castillo O. Acute, subacute and chronic mountain sickness. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:481-490. [PMID: 34583826 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 million people ascend to high mountainous areas worldwide every year. At nonextreme altitudes (<5500m), 10-85% of these individuals are affected by acute mountain sickness, the most common disease induced by mild-moderate hypobaric hypoxia. Approximately 140 million individuals live permanently at heights of 2500-5500m, and up to 10% of them are affected by the subacute form of mountain sickness (high-altitude pulmonary hypertension) or the chronic form (Monge's disease), the latter of which is especially common in Andean ethnicities. This review presents the most relevant general concepts of these 3 clinical variants, which can be incapacitating and can result in complications and become life-threatening. Proper prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of these conditions in a hostile environment such as high mountains are therefore essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garrido
- Servicio de Hipobaria y Fisiología Biomédica, Universidad de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Estudios de Medicina de Montaña (IEMM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Botella de Maglia
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Estudios de Medicina de Montaña (IEMM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Castillo
- Instituto Nacional de Biología Andina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Gonzales GF, Villena A. Roger Guerra‐García, M.D. (1933–2020), the father of the andrology in Peru. Andrologia 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F. Gonzales
- High Altitude Research Institute Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima Peru
| | - Arturo Villena
- High Altitude Research Institute Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima Peru
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Azad P, Villafuerte FC, Bermudez D, Patel G, Haddad GG. Protective role of estrogen against excessive erythrocytosis in Monge's disease. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:125-135. [PMID: 33473144 PMCID: PMC8080600 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monge's disease (chronic mountain sickness (CMS)) is a maladaptive condition caused by chronic (years) exposure to high-altitude hypoxia. One of the defining features of CMS is excessive erythrocytosis with extremely high hematocrit levels. In the Andean population, CMS prevalence is vastly different between males and females, being rare in females. Furthermore, there is a sharp increase in CMS incidence in females after menopause. In this study, we assessed the role of sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen) in CMS and non-CMS cells using a well-characterized in vitro erythroid platform. While we found that there was a mild (nonsignificant) increase in RBC production with testosterone, we observed that estrogen, in physiologic concentrations, reduced sharply CD235a+ cells (glycophorin A; a marker of RBC), from 56% in the untreated CMS cells to 10% in the treated CMS cells, in a stage-specific and dose-responsive manner. At the molecular level, we determined that estrogen has a direct effect on GATA1, remarkably decreasing the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of GATA1 (p < 0.01) and its target genes (Alas2, BclxL, and Epor, p < 0.001). These changes result in a significant increase in apoptosis of erythroid cells. We also demonstrate that estrogen regulates erythropoiesis in CMS patients through estrogen beta signaling and that its inhibition can diminish the effects of estrogen by significantly increasing HIF1, VEGF, and GATA1 mRNA levels. Taken altogether, our results indicate that estrogen has a major impact on the regulation of erythropoiesis, particularly under chronic hypoxic conditions, and has the potential to treat blood diseases, such as high altitude severe erythrocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Azad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Francisco C Villafuerte
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia del Transporte de Oxigeno/Fisiología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru
| | - Daniela Bermudez
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia del Transporte de Oxigeno/Fisiología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru
| | - Gargi Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.
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Garrido E, Botella de Maglia J, Castillo O. Acute, subacute and chronic mountain sickness. Rev Clin Esp 2020; 221:S0014-2565(20)30064-3. [PMID: 32197780 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 million people ascend to high mountainous areas worldwide every year. At nonextreme altitudes (<5500 m), 10-85% of these individuals are affected by acute mountain sickness, the most common disease induced by mild-moderate hypobaric hypoxia. Approximately 140 million individuals live permanently at heights of 2500-5500 m, and up to 10% of them are affected by the subacute form of mountain sickness (high-altitude pulmonary hypertension) or the chronic form (Monge's disease), the latter of which is especially common in Andean ethnicities. This review presents the most relevant general concepts of these 3 clinical variants, which can be incapacitating and can result in complications and become life-threatening. Proper prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of these conditions in a hostile environment such as high mountains are therefore essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garrido
- Servicio de Hipobaria y Fisiología Biomédica, Universidad de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España; Instituto de Estudios de Medicina de Montaña (IEMM), Barcelona, España.
| | - J Botella de Maglia
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España; Instituto de Estudios de Medicina de Montaña (IEMM), Barcelona, España
| | - O Castillo
- Instituto Nacional de Biología Andina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
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A Case of Anastrozole-Induced Erythrocytosis. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2019; 35:194-195. [PMID: 30828176 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-018-1022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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12
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Bhasuran B, Subramanian D, Natarajan J. Text mining and network analysis to find functional associations of genes in high altitude diseases. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 75:101-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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High-altitude adaptation in humans: from genomics to integrative physiology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1269-1282. [PMID: 28951950 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
About 1.2 to 33% of high-altitude populations suffer from Monge's disease or chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Number of factors such as age, sex, and population of origin (older, male, Andean) contribute to the percentage reported from a variety of samples. It is estimated that there are around 83 million people who live at altitudes > 2500 m worldwide and are at risk for CMS. In this review, we focus on a human "experiment in nature" in various high-altitude locations in the world-namely, Andean, Tibetan, and Ethiopian populations that have lived under chronic hypoxia conditions for thousands of years. We discuss the adaptive as well as mal-adaptive changes at the genomic and physiological levels. Although different genes seem to be involved in adaptation in the three populations, we can observe convergence at genetic and signaling, as well as physiological levels. What is important is that we and others have shown that lessons learned from the genes mined at high altitude can be helpful in better understanding and treating diseases that occur at sea level. We discuss two such examples: EDNRB and SENP1 and their role in cardiac tolerance and in the polycythemic response, respectively.
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Azad P, Zhao HW, Cabrales PJ, Ronen R, Zhou D, Poulsen O, Appenzeller O, Hsiao YH, Bafna V, Haddad GG. Senp1 drives hypoxia-induced polycythemia via GATA1 and Bcl-xL in subjects with Monge's disease. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2729-2744. [PMID: 27821551 PMCID: PMC5110013 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Azad and collaborators propose that Senp1 drives excessive erythropoiesis in high-altitude Andean dwellers suffering from chronic mountain sickness. In this study, because excessive polycythemia is a predominant trait in some high-altitude dwellers (chronic mountain sickness [CMS] or Monge’s disease) but not others living at the same altitude in the Andes, we took advantage of this human experiment of nature and used a combination of induced pluripotent stem cell technology, genomics, and molecular biology in this unique population to understand the molecular basis for hypoxia-induced excessive polycythemia. As compared with sea-level controls and non-CMS subjects who responded to hypoxia by increasing their RBCs modestly or not at all, respectively, CMS cells increased theirs remarkably (up to 60-fold). Although there was a switch from fetal to adult HgbA0 in all populations and a concomitant shift in oxygen binding, we found that CMS cells matured faster and had a higher efficiency and proliferative potential than non-CMS cells. We also established that SENP1 plays a critical role in the differential erythropoietic response of CMS and non-CMS subjects: we can convert the CMS phenotype into that of non-CMS and vice versa by altering SENP1 levels. We also demonstrated that GATA1 is an essential downstream target of SENP1 and that the differential expression and response of GATA1 and Bcl-xL are a key mechanism underlying CMS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Azad
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Huiwen W Zhao
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pedro J Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Roy Ronen
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Dan Zhou
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Orit Poulsen
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Otto Appenzeller
- Department of Neurology, New Mexico Health Enhancement and Marathon Clinics Research Foundation, Albuquerque, NM 87122
| | - Yu Hsin Hsiao
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 .,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123
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SENP1, but not fetal hemoglobin, differentiates Andean highlanders with chronic mountain sickness from healthy individuals among Andean highlanders. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:483-490.e2. [PMID: 26952840 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) results from chronic hypoxia. It is unclear why certain highlanders develop CMS. We hypothesized that modest increases in fetal hemoglobin (HbF) are associated with lower CMS severity. In this cross-sectional study, we found that HbF levels were normal (median = 0.4%) in all 153 adult Andean natives in Cerro de Pasco, Peru. Compared with healthy adults, the borderline elevated hemoglobin group frequently had symptoms (headaches, tinnitus, cyanosis, dilatation of veins) of CMS. Although the mean hemoglobin level differed between the healthy (17.1 g/dL) and CMS (22.3 g/dL) groups, mean plasma erythropoietin (EPO) levels were similar (healthy, 17.7 mIU/mL; CMS, 12.02 mIU/mL). Sanger sequencing determined that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in endothelial PAS domain 1 (EPAS1) and egl nine homolog 1 (EGLN1), associated with lower hemoglobin in Tibetans, were not identified in Andeans. Sanger sequencing of sentrin-specific protease 1 (SENP1) and acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member D (ANP32D), in healthy and CMS individuals revealed that non-G/G genotypes were associated with higher CMS scores. No JAK2 V617F mutation was detected in CMS individuals. Thus, HbF and other classic erythropoietic parameters did not differ between healthy and CMS individuals. However, the non-G/G genotypes of SENP1 appeared to differentiate individuals with CMS from healthy Andean highlanders.
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Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced Erythrocytosis in a Patient Undergoing Hormonal Treatment for Breast Cancer. Case Rep Hematol 2015; 2015:784783. [PMID: 26137331 PMCID: PMC4468297 DOI: 10.1155/2015/784783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are most commonly used for breast cancer patients with hormone receptor positive disease. Although the side effect profile of aromatase inhibitors is well known, including common side effects like arthralgia, bone pain, arthritis, hot flashes, and more serious problems like osteoporosis, we present a case of an uncommon side effect of these medications. We report the case of a postmenopausal woman on adjuvant hormonal therapy with anastrozole after completing definitive therapy for stage IIIB estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, who was referred to hematology service for evaluation of persistent erythrocytosis. Primary and known secondary causes of polycythemia were ruled out. On further evaluation, we found that her erythrocytosis began after initiation of anastrozole and resolved after it was discontinued. We discuss the pathophysiology of aromatase inhibitor-induced erythrocytosis and reference of similar cases reported in the literature.
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