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Lotfi Z, Khakbiz M, Davari N, Bonakdar S, Mohammadi J, Shokrgozar MA, Derhambakhsh S. Fabrication and multiscale modeling of polycaprolactone/amniotic membrane electrospun nanofiber scaffolds for wound healing. Artif Organs 2023; 47:1267-1284. [PMID: 36869662 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancing the efficiency of cell-based skin tissue engineering (TE) approaches is possible via designing electrospun scaffolds possessing natural materials like amniotic membrane (AM) with wound healing characteristics. Concentrating on this aim, we fabricated innovative polycaprolactone (PCL)/AM scaffolds through the electrospinning process. METHODS The manufactured structures were characterized by employing scanning electron microscope (SEM), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, tensile testing, Bradford protein assay, etc. In addition, the mechanical properties of scaffolds were simulated by the multiscale modeling method. RESULTS As a result of conducting various tests, it was concluded that the uniformity and distribution of fibers decreased with an increase in the amniotic content. Furthermore, PCL-AM scaffolds contained amniotic and PCL characteristic bands. In the case of protein release, greater content of AM led to the release of higher amounts of collagen. Tensile testing revealed that scaffolds' ultimate strength increased when the AM content augmented. The multiscale modeling demonstrated that the scaffold had elastoplastic behavior. In order to assess cellular attachment, viability, and differentiation, human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were seeded on the scaffolds. In this regard, SEM and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays showed significant cellular proliferation and viability on the proposed scaffolds, and these analyses illustrated that higher cell survival and adhesion could be achieved when scaffolds possessed a larger amount of AM. After 21 days of cultivation, particular keratinocyte markers, such as keratin I and involucrin, were identified through utilizing immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. The markers' expressions were higher in the PCL-AM scaffold with a ratio of 90:10 v v-1 compared with the PCL-epidermal growth factor (EGF) structure. Moreover, the presence of AM in the scaffolds resulted in the keratinogenic differentiation of ASCs even without employing EGF. Consequently, this state-of-the-art experiment suggests that the PCL-AM scaffold can be a promising candidate in skin bioengineering. CONCLUSION This study showed that mixing AM with PCL, a widely used polymer, in different concentrations can overcome PCL disadvantages such as high hydrophobicity and low cellular compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Lotfi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khakbiz
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Niyousha Davari
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sara Derhambakhsh
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Partoazar A, Kianvash N, Goudarzi R. New concepts in wound targeting through liposome-based nanocarriers (LBNs). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chu Z, Wang Y, You G, Wang Q, Ma N, Li B, Zhao L, Zhou H. The P50 value detected by the oxygenation-dissociation analyser and blood gas analyser. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:867-874. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1770272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongtang Chu
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guoxing You
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Quan Wang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ma
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bingting Li
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lian Zhao
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, P.R. China
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Cherwin A, Namen S, Rapacz J, Kusik G, Anderson A, Wang Y, Kaltchev M, Schroeder R, O’Connell K, Stephens S, Chen J, Zhang W. Design of a Novel Oxygen Therapeutic Using Polymeric Hydrogel Microcapsules Mimicking Red Blood Cells. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110583. [PMID: 31703298 PMCID: PMC6921010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research was to develop a novel oxygen therapeutic made from a pectin-based hydrogel microcapsule carrier mimicking red blood cells. The study focused on three main criteria for developing the oxygen therapeutic to mimic red blood cells: size (5–10 μm), morphology (biconcave shape), and functionality (encapsulation of oxygen carriers; e.g., hemoglobin (Hb)). The hydrogel carriers were generated via the electrospraying of the pectin-based solution into an oligochitosan crosslinking solution using an electrospinning setup. The pectin-based solution was investigated first to develop the simplest possible formulation for electrospray. Then, Design-Expert® software was used to optimize the production process of the hydrogel microcapsules. The optimal parameters were obtained through the analysis of a total of 17 trials and the microcapsule with the desired morphology and size was successfully prepared under the optimized condition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the chemistry of the microcapsules. Moreover, the encapsulation of Hb into the microcapsule did not adversely affect the microcapsule preparation process, and the encapsulation efficiency was high (99.99%). The produced hydrogel microcapsule system shows great promise for creating a novel oxygen therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cherwin
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Shelby Namen
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Justyna Rapacz
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Grace Kusik
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Alexa Anderson
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Yale Wang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (Y.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Matey Kaltchev
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Rebecca Schroeder
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Kellen O’Connell
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Sydney Stephens
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Junhong Chen
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (Y.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Wujie Zhang
- BioMolecular Engineering Program, Physics and Chemistry Department, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (A.C.); (S.N.); (J.R.); (G.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (K.O.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-414-277-7438
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Veith AP, Henderson K, Spencer A, Sligar AD, Baker AB. Therapeutic strategies for enhancing angiogenesis in wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:97-125. [PMID: 30267742 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of wound healing has been a goal of medical practitioners for thousands of years. The development of chronic, non-healing wounds is a persistent medical problem that drives patient morbidity and increases healthcare costs. A key aspect of many non-healing wounds is the reduced presence of vessel growth through the process of angiogenesis. This review surveys the creation of new treatments for healing cutaneous wounds through therapeutic angiogenesis. In particular, we discuss the challenges and advancement that have been made in delivering biologic, pharmaceutical and cell-based therapies as enhancers of wound vascularity and healing.
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Kawaguchi AT. Artificial Oxygen Carrier as Therapeutics Rather Than Blood Substitute for Transfusion. Artif Organs 2018; 41:312-315. [PMID: 28397405 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira T Kawaguchi
- Tokai University-Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
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Zhang H, Barralet JE. Mimicking oxygen delivery and waste removal functions of blood. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 122:84-104. [PMID: 28214553 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to immunological and wound healing cell and platelet delivery, ion stasis and nutrient supply, blood delivers oxygen to cells and tissues and removes metabolic wastes. For decades researchers have been trying to develop approaches that mimic these two immediately vital functions of blood. Oxygen is crucial for the long-term survival of tissues and cells in vertebrates. Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and even at times anoxia (absence of oxygen) can occur during organ preservation, organ and cell transplantation, wound healing, in tumors and engineering of tissues. Different approaches have been developed to deliver oxygen to tissues and cells, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), normobaric hyperoxia therapy (NBOT), using biochemical reactions and electrolysis, employing liquids with high oxygen solubility, administering hemoglobin, myoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs), introducing oxygen-generating agents, using oxygen-carrying microparticles, persufflation, and peritoneal oxygenation. Metabolic waste accumulation is another issue in biological systems when blood flow is insufficient. Metabolic wastes change the microenvironment of cells and tissues, influence the metabolic activities of cells, and ultimately cause cell death. This review examines advances in blood mimicking systems in the field of biomedical engineering in terms of oxygen delivery and metabolic waste removal.
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Kawaguchi AT, Yamano M, Haida M, Ohba H, Kakiuchi T, Tsukada H. Effect of Oxygen Affinity of Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin on Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion as Detected by Positron Emission Tomography in Nonhuman Primates. Artif Organs 2017; 41:336-345. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Munetaka Haida
- Tokai University Junior College of Nursing and Medical Technologies; Hiratsuka
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Fukui T, Kawaguchi AT, Takekoshi S, Miyasaka M, Sumiyoshi H, Tanaka R. Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin Accelerates Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic dB/dB Mice. Artif Organs 2017; 41:319-326. [PMID: 28326562 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin with high O2 affinity (h-LEH, P50 O2 = 10 mm Hg) has been reported to accelerate skin wound healing in normal mice, it was tested in dB/dB mice with retarded wound healing, as seen in human diabetics. Two full-thickness dorsal wounds 6 mm in diameter encompassed by silicone stents were created in dB/dB mice. Two days later (day 2), the animals were randomly assigned to receive intravenous h-LEH (2 mL/kg, n = 7) or saline (2 mL/kg, n = 7). The same treatment was repeated 4 days after wounding (day 4), and the size of the skin lesions was analyzed by photography, surface perfusion was detected by Laser-Doppler imager, and plasma cytokines and chemokines were determined on days 0, 2, 4, and 7, when all animals were euthanized for morphological studies. The size of the ulcer compared to the skin defect or silicone stent became significantly reduced on days 4 and 7 in mice treated with h-LEH (47 ± 8% of original size), similar to the level in wild-type mice, compared to saline-treated dB/dB mice (68 ± 18%, P < 0.01). Mice treated with h-LEH had significantly attenuated inflammatory cytokines, increased surface perfusion, and increased Ki67 expression on day 7 in accordance with the ulcer size reduction, while there was no significant difference in chemokines, histological granulation, epithelial thickness, and granulocyte infiltration detected by immunohistochemical staining in the ulcer between the treatment groups. The results suggest that h-LEH (2 mL/kg) early after wounding may accelerate skin wound healing in dB/dB mice to levels equivalent to wild-type mice probably via mechanism(s) involving reduced hypoxia, increased surface perfusion, suppressed inflammation, accelerated in situ cell proliferation and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fukui
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Akira T Kawaguchi
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Susumu Takekoshi
- Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Department of Cell Biology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Muneo Miyasaka
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Hideaki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | - Rica Tanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kawaguchi F, Kawaguchi AT, Murayama C, Kamijo A, Haida M. Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin Improves Tumor Oxygenation as Detected by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Colon Carcinoma in Mice. Artif Organs 2016; 41:327-335. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Kawaguchi
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Chieko Murayama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Akemi Kamijo
- Tokai University Support Center for Medical Research and Education; Isehara
| | - Munetaka Haida
- Department of Nursing, Tokai University Junior College of Nursing and Medical Technology; Hiratsuka Kanagawa Japan
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Design of Artificial Red Blood Cells using Polymeric Hydrogel Microcapsules: Hydrogel Stability Improvement and Polymer Selection. Int J Artif Organs 2016; 39:518-523. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To improve the stability of pectin-oligochitosan hydrogel microcapsules under physiological conditions. Methods Two different approaches were examined: change of the cross-linker length and treatment of the hydrogel microcapsules with 150 Mm CaCl2. Replacement of pectin with alginate was also studied. Results and Conclusions It was observed that the molecular weight of the cross-linker oligochiotsan had no significant improvement on microcapsule stability. On the other hand, the treatment of pectin-oligochitosan microcapsules with Ca2+ increased the microcapsule stability significantly. Different types of alginate were used; however, no red-blood-cell-shaped microcapsules could be produced, which is likely due to the charge-density difference between deprotonated pectin and alginate polymers.
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Simoni J. New approaches in commercial development of artificial oxygen carriers. Artif Organs 2014; 38:621-4. [PMID: 25112146 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Simoni
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA; Division of Artificial Oxygen Carriers, Texas HemoBioTherapeutics & BioInnovation Center, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA.
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Kawaguchi AT. Artificial Oxygen Carrier to Regulate Hypoxic Signal Transduction. Artif Organs 2014; 38:617-620. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira T. Kawaguchi
- Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine; Tokai University School of Medicine; Isehara Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
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Murayama C, Kawaguchi AT, Kamijo A, Naito K, Iwao K, Tsukamoto H, Yasuda K, Nagato Y. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin enhances chemotherapy to suppress metastasis in mice. Artif Organs 2014; 38:656-61. [PMID: 25065266 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin with high O2 -affinity (P50 O2 = 10 mm Hg, h-LEH) was reported to enhance tumor radiosensitivity. We hypothesize that targeted O2 delivery to tumor hypoxia by h-LEH may also enhance chemotherapy to suppress tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Doxorubicin (DXR; 0.5 or 2 mg/kg i.p.) or S-1 (4 or 8 mg/kg orally) alone or in combination with h-LEH (5 mL/kg i.v.) was administered for 2 weeks to C57BL/6N mice inoculated with Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) in the leg. After the 2-week therapy in six treatment groups, mice were sacrificed for quantitative assessment of tumor growth and lung metastasis. The tumor was then evaluated for its expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and matrix metallopoteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity. Combined use of h-LEH and chemotherapeutic agents (DXR or S-1) showed no additional enhancement on suppression of the tumor growth over the chemotherapeutic agent alone. However, the combination use of h-LEH significantly suppressed the number and total area of metastatic colonies in the lung compared with each chemotherapeutic agent alone. Although HIF-1α expression and MMP-2 activity in the original tumor was significantly suppressed in the groups of mice treated with either DXR or S-1 alone, the addition of h-LEH to either agent showed further enhancement of oxygen-mediated degradation of HIF-1α and suppression of MMP-2 activity. Although the addition of h-LEH to DXR or S-1 had little effect on original LLC tumor growth, it significantly enhanced suppression of lung metastasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Murayama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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