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Hu B, Liu Z, Zhao J, Zeng L, Hao G, Shui D, Mao K. The Global Prevalence of Amblyopia in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:819998. [PMID: 35601430 PMCID: PMC9114436 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.819998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data about the prevalence of amblyopia around the world vary widely among regions and periods. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the global prevalence of amblyopia in children. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for prevalence studies published up to 5 November 2021. The outcome was the prevalence of amblyopia, analyzed as pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 97 studies were included, including 4,645,274 children and 7,706 patients with amblyopia. The overall worldwide pooled prevalence of amblyopia was 1.36% (95%CI: 1.27-1.46%). The prevalence of amblyopia was higher in males (1.40%, 95%CI: 1.10-1.70%) than in females (1.24%, 95%CI: 0.94-1.54%) (OR = 0.885, 95%CI: 0.795-0.985, P = 0.025). The results of the meta-regression analysis showed that there were no significant associations between the prevalence of amblyopia and geographical area, publication year, age, sample size, and whether it was carried out in a developed or developing country (all P > 0.05). Begg's test (P = 0.065) and Egger's test (P < 0.001) showed that there was a significant publication bias in the prevalence of amblyopia. In conclusion, amblyopia is a significant vision problem worldwide, and public health strategies of early screening, treatment, and management are important.
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Olsen EM, Rask CU, Elberling H, Jeppesen P, Clemmensen L, Munkholm A, Li XQ, Hansen MH, Rimvall MK, Linneberg A, Munch IC, Larsen M, Jørgensen T, Skovgaard AM. Cohort Profile: The Copenhagen Child Cohort Study (CCC2000). Int J Epidemiol 2021; 49:370-371l. [PMID: 31876909 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Olsen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ulrikka Rask
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Elberling
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Clemmensen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Telepsychiatry, Mental Health Services, Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anja Munkholm
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiao Qiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Martin K Rimvall
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Christine Munch
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Region of Zealand, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael Larsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aarlborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Skovgaard
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Brandt M, Truckenbrod C, Meigen C, Vogel M, Poulain T, Kiess W, Wahl S. Impaired visual acuity caused by uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia in a German paediatric cohort. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 41:42-52. [PMID: 33104264 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study describes the prevalence of visual impairment caused by uncorrected distance refractive error and the spectacle coverage in a large cohort of German children and adolescents. Furthermore, we determined the prevalence of amblyopia and amblyopia treatment. METHODS Optometrists carried out visual acuity (VA) testing, non-cycloplegic autorefraction, VA retesting with the refractive correction obtained by autorefraction, and if necessary subjective refraction and cover-test in 1,874 subjects (901 girls/973 boys), aged 3 to 16 years. Additionally, a questionnaire on the history of previous eye care was completed. RESULTS Distance visual impairment (VI) with VA worse than 6/18 Snellen in the better eye was present in 0.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.2% to 0.9%) of children. Logistic regression showed a significant positive association between VI and older age (OR = 1.21, P = 0.03). Gender differences were not found (P = 0.77). The spectacle coverage of all participants was 74.8% (95% CI: 65.2% to 82.8%). Amblyopia was found in 29 participants (1.5%; 95% CI: 1.0% to 2.2%) with no age or sex differences. The causes of unilateral amblyopia (27 cases, 93.1%) were anisometropia in 55.6% of children, strabismus in 25.9% and the combination of these factors in 18.5%. All children with bilateral amblyopia (2 cases, 6.9%) showed bilateral high ametropia. We observed 15 children with current amblyopia, who had been treated with occlusion therapy in the past (62.2%; 95% CI: 42.7% to 83.6%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of impaired VA caused by uncorrected refractive error and amblyopia is comparable with previous studies conducted in urban areas worldwide. Adding the measurement of refractive error to existing medical check-ups, possibly using autorefraction, would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Brandt
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Truckenbrod
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christof Meigen
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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Liu WQ, Wang DD, Yang XX, Pan YY, Song X, Hou YS, Wang CX. Topographic distribution features of the choroidal and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in Chinese school-aged children. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1459-1466. [PMID: 32953587 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the topographic distribution features of choroidal thickness (CT) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and determine the relationship between CT and ocular parameters in school-aged children. METHODS The healthy school-aged children with low ametropia or emmetropia in Wenzhou were recruited for this cross-sectional study. With high-density optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) combined with MATLAB software, the CT and RNFLT values in the macular area were measured at different locations and compared. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between CT and ophthalmic parameters, such as spherical equivalent (SE) and the axial length (AL). RESULTS A total of 279 school-aged children with 8.00±1.35 years of mean age (range, 6-10y) were included. The mean AL was 23.66±0.86 mm. The mean CT in CT-C (264.31±48.93 µm) was thicker than that in CT-N1 (249.54±50.52 µm), and the average CT in the parafoveal region was also thicker than that in CT-N2 (235.65±50.63 µm). The subfoveal CT also varied substantially across refractive errors (P<0.001), and those with myopia (250.59±47.01 µm) exhibited a thinner choroid compared with those with emmetropia (278.74±48.06 µm). CT negatively correlated with AL (y=-21.72x+779.17; R 2=0.1458), and positively correlated with SE (y=15.76x+271.9; R 2=0.0727, OD; y=18.31x+269.8; R 2=0.1007, OS). The average RNFLT was thickest in the peripapillary region (236.35±19.03 µm), the mean RNFLT-S (131.10±15.16 µm) was thicker than the RNFLT-I (128.20±16.59 µm), and the mean RNFLT-T (76.54±11.99 µm) was thicker than the RNFLT-N (64.28±8.55 µm). The variations in the RNFLT between quadrants did differ between those with myopia and emmetropia (P<0.05). CONCLUSION We establish demographic information for the choroid and RNFLT. These findings provide information that should be considered in future analyses of the CT and RNFLT in OCT studies in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qin Liu
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.,Optometry Academy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.,Optometry Academy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Yang
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.,Optometry Academy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Pan
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.,Optometry Academy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue Song
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.,Optometry Academy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Shan Hou
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.,Optometry Academy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen-Xiao Wang
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
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Prevalence of Strabismus and Its Impact on Vision-Related Quality of Life. Ophthalmology 2020; 127:1113-1122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Prousali E, Dastiridou A, Ziakas N, Androudi S, Mataftsi A. Choroidal thickness and ocular growth in childhood. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 66:261-275. [PMID: 32634443 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the choroid in ocular growth regulation has been postulated in studies showing that refractive errors correlate with alterations in choroidal thickness (ChT). The advent of optical coherence tomography imaging has enabled qualitative and quantitative assessment of the choroid. In children, ChT changes correlate with a number of ocular pathologies, including myopia, retinopathy of prematurity, and amblyopia. We synthesize mechanisms and evidence regarding choroidal thickness variation during childhood. Subfoveal ChT is influenced by a number of factors including age, ethnicity, gender, axial length, and intraocular pressure. Myopic eyes have thinner choroids compared to emmetropic and hyperopic eyes. ChT may in fact serve as a marker of myopic progression, as ChT thinning occurs early during myopic development, but this association has not been established quantitatively. In addition, subfoveal ChT appears thicker in amblyopic eyes, while prematurity and retinopathy of prematurity may be associated with thinner ChT. Overall, both animal models and clinical research indicate that ChT induces or reflects physiological changes in the eye pertaining to ocular growth or maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Prousali
- 2(nd) Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Dastiridou
- 2(nd) Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Ziakas
- 2(nd) Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Androudi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Asimina Mataftsi
- 2(nd) Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Ashrafi E, Jamali S, Mohammadi SF, Mehdipoor P. National and sub national prevalence of Amblyopia and its trends from 1990 to 2018 in Iran. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2020; 13:113-119. [PMID: 32321688 PMCID: PMC7182781 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the national and subnational prevalence of amblyopia and the respective provincial distribution and trend during 1990-2018 in Iran. METHODS Amblyopia data retrieved from 26 original studies, systematic reviews, Data has been cleaned by STATA and a linear mixed effect spatio-temporal model was used to calculate Gaussian process regression mean functions. Using a Bayesian approach, by pooling empirical data based on the assumed prior, a posterior distribution obtained for age and sex specific prevalence prediction nationally during the study time and provincially. RESULTS The overall age-adjusted prevalence of Amblyopia was 0.03 (95% CI, 0.022-0.035). The prevalence was comparable in boys and girls (p = 0.85), highest prevalence was in >30 years old (p = 0.038). Our extrapolation revealed a stable trend of prevalence of Amblyopia in Iran during 1990-2018 (national screening program has been active from 1990 onwards). While Amblyopia prevalence suggested a declining trend in three provinces of Hormozgan, Qom and Tehran and it went up in 13 other provinces. CONCLUSION Amblyopia prevalence seems unchanged despite the concurrent screening program. It is noteworthy that the coverage of the program has been improved and has reached more than 85% in 2018. Our finding mandates a formal evaluation on the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ashrafi
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Jamali
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Farzad Mohammadi
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parinaz Mehdipoor
- Non-communiacable diseases research center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Hansen MH, Li XQ, Larsen M, Olsen EM, Skovgaard AM, Kessel L, Munch IC. Five-Year Change in Choroidal Thickness in Relation to Body Development and Axial Eye Elongation: The CCC2000 Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:3930-3936. [PMID: 31546258 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We describe changes in choroidal thickness from age 11 to 16 years and its association with ocular biometrics and body development. Method In this longitudinal, population-based observational study, choroidal thickness was measured subfoveally and 1- and 3-mm temporal thereof using enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for age and the time of day that the scan was performed. Results The study included 687 participants (304 boys). Median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 11.5 (0.6) years at baseline and 16.6 (0.3) years at follow-up. Mean increase in choroidal thickness was 33, 27, and 11 μm at the three respective locations. The subfoveal choroid thickened less in eyes whose axial length increased more (boys, β = -85 μm/mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], -104 to -66, P < 0.0001; girls, β = -105 μm/mm; 95% CI, -121 to -89, P < 0.0001) and in eyes with a more negative refractive development (boys, 11 μm/diopters [D]; 95% CI, 4.0 to 18, P = 0.0022; girls, 22 μm/D; 95% CI, 16 to 27, P < 0.0001). Subfoveal choroidal thickness increased less in girls who underwent early puberty (Tanner stage 4 vs. 1; -39 μm' 95% CI, -72 to -5.9, P = 0.021) and who had a longer baseline axial length (β = -8.6 μm/mm; 95% CI, -15 to -2.7, P = 0.0043), and more in girls who grew taller (β = 0.9 μm/cm; 95% CI, 0.1 to 1.7, P = 0.026). Conclusions The choroid increased in thickness from age 11 to 16 years. The increase was greater in girls with later sexual maturation and smaller in eyes that added more axial length and had a relatively negative refractive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hvidtfelt Hansen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiao Qiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Olsen
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Skovgaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Kessel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hultman O, Beth Høeg T, Munch IC, Ellervik C, la Cour M, Andersson Grönlund M, Buch Hesgaard H. The Danish Rural Eye Study: prevalence of strabismus among 3785 Danish adults - a population-based cross-sectional study. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:784-792. [PMID: 31025814 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of strabismus among Danish adults and to find the frequency of history of strabismus and strabismus surgery. Furthermore, to evaluate the prevalence of strabismus-associated amblyopia among participants with strabismus and to relate the results to the current national vision screening programme. METHODS In total, 3785 adults in the Danish Rural Eye Study underwent an interview regarding eye health, visual acuity measurement, Hirschberg test and retinal photography. Participants were categorized into groups based on their birth date in relation to the introduction of the national vision screening programme. RESULTS In total, the prevalence of strabismus was 1.1% (41/3785; 95% CI: 0.8-1.5); no differences were found in relation to gender or screening status. The prevalence of exotropia (XT) was 0.3% (12/3785; 95% CI: 0.2-0.6) and of esotropia (ET) 0.8% (29/3785; 95% CI: 0.5-1.1), resulting in an XT:ET ratio of 1:2.7. A history of strabismus was present in 4.6% (174/3785; 95% CI: 4.0-5.3), and a history of strabismus surgery was present in 0.8% (32/3785; 95% CI: 0.6-1.2) of the participants. Among participants with manifest strabismus, 24% had strabismus-associated amblyopia. CONCLUSION In this first European population-based study of strabismus prevalence in adults, the prevalence was similar to three out of five previous studies using cover test. The use of Hirschberg test may have led to an underestimation of the true prevalence. The prevalence was neither related to screening status nor gender. Our results are the first to display a predominance of ET among Caucasian Scandinavian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hultman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Tracy Beth Høeg
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation School of Medicine University of California‐Davis Sacramento California USA
| | - Inger Christine Munch
- Department of Ophthalmology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Production, Research, and Innovation Region Zealand Sorø Denmark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Morten la Cour
- Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marita Andersson Grönlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
| | - Helena Buch Hesgaard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
- Copenhagen Eye & Strabismus Clinic Capio‐CFR Hospitals Copenhagen Denmark
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Fu Z, Hong H, Su Z, Lou B, Pan CW, Liu H. Global prevalence of amblyopia and disease burden projections through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 104:1164-1170. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PurposeAmblyopia is a leading cause of vision impairment among children and young adults. Individual studies showed significant variations in the prevalence of amblyopia in different regions and age groups. This study is to estimate the global prevalence of amblyopia by pooling its prevalence from the previous studies and to project the number of people affected through 2040.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of amblyopia using data published before 20 October 2018. We estimated the prevalence rate of amblyopia and its 95% CI globally and by subgroups (eg, region and age). The prevalence data were applied to United Nations World Population Prospects to derive the projected number with amblyopia through 2040.ResultsA meta-analysis of 60 studies (1 859 327 subjects) showed that the pooled prevalence rate of amblyopia was 1.44% (95% CI 1.17% to 1.78%). Prevalences in Europe (2.90%) and North America (2.41%) were higher than in Asia (1.09%) and Africa (0.72%). The highest prevalence was found in subjects over 20 years old (3.29%). There was no difference in the prevalence between genders. We estimated 99.2 (95% CI 71.7 to 146.1) million people with amblyopia in 2019 worldwide, increasing to 175.2 (95% CI 81.3 to 307.8) million by 2030 and 221.9 (95% CI 83.7 to 429.2) million by 2040.ConclusionsThe amblyopia is becoming a significant vision problem worldwide. It is of great importance to design and implement amblyopia screening, treatment and related public health strategies.
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Harrington S, Breslin K, O'Dwyer V, Saunders K. Comparison of amblyopia in schoolchildren in Ireland and Northern Ireland: a population-based observational cross-sectional analysis of a treatable childhood visual deficit. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031066. [PMID: 31401612 PMCID: PMC6701591 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study reports the prevalence of persistent amblyopia (post-traditional treatment age) in schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland (henceforth Ireland) and Northern Ireland (NI), UK; populations with broadly similar refractive and genetic profiles but different eye-care systems. DESIGN This is a population-based observational study of amblyopia and refractive error. SETTING Recruitment and testing in primary and post-primary schools in Ireland and NI. PARTICIPANTS Two groups identified through random cluster sampling to represent the underlying population; Ireland 898 participants (12-13 years old) and NI 723 participants (295 aged 9-10 years old, 428 aged 15-16 years old). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Monocular logMAR visual acuity (presenting and pinhole), refractive error (cycloplegic autorefraction), ocular alignment (cover test) and history of previous eye care. These metrics were used to determine prevalence and type of amblyopia and treatment histories. RESULTS Children examined in NI between 2009 and 2011 had a significantly lower amblyopia prevalence than children examined in Ireland between 2016 and 2018 (two-sample test of proportions, p<0.001). Using a criteria of pinhole acuity 0.2logMAR (6/9.5 Snellen) plus an amblyogenic factor, 4 of 295 participants aged 9-10 years old (1.3%, 95% CIs 0.4 to 3.6) and 3 of 428 participants aged 15-16 years old (0.7%, 95%CIs 0.2 to 2.2) were identified in NI. The corresponding numbers in Ireland were 40 of 898 participants aged 12-13 years old (4.5%, 95% CI 3.2 to 6.1). In NI strabismic amblyopia was the most prevalent type of persistent amblyopia, whereas anisometropic was predominant in Ireland. In Ireland, amblyopia was associated with socioeconomic disadvantage (OR=2.2, 95%CIs 1.4 to 3.6, p=0.002) and poor spectacle compliance (OR 2.5, 95% CIs 2.0 to 3.2, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Amblyopia prevalence persisting beyond traditional treatment ages was significantly lower among NI children compared with Ireland. Uncorrected anisometropia, compliance with spectacle wear and socioeconomic disadvantage were contributing factors in Ireland. Children without obvious visible eye defects were less likely to access eye care in Ireland, resulting in missed opportunities for intervention where necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siofra Harrington
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Breslin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Optometry and Vision Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Veronica O'Dwyer
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathryn Saunders
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Optometry and Vision Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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