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Woo S, Song HJ, Kim Y, Lim H, Park KH. Factors associated with the perception of parents and children regarding obesity-related terminology used by healthcare professionals in a sample of Korean children and adolescents with obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2022; 16:421-428. [PMID: 35989180 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare how children with overweight or obesity and their parents perceive the obesity-related terms used by healthcare professionals and investigate the factors associated with these perceptions. METHODS Children and adolescents aged 8-16 years with overweight or obesity (n = 192) and their parents participated in the cross-sectional study by responding to a 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire on 10 obesity-related terms, including "chubby," "weight problem," "weight," "overweight," "BMI," "obese," "heavy," "fleshy," "fat," and "severely obese." RESULTS For both children and parents, "chubby" was the most desirable term (mean ± standard deviation: 3.50 ± 1.12 and 2.95 ± 0.83, respectively), and "severely obese" was the least acceptable term (2.83 ± 1.17 and 2.02 ± 1.02, respectively). Although the parents preferred all the terms less than the children did (p < 0.001), "weight problem" was considered most motivating for a child to lose weight (3.93 ± 0.94). Among children, older age and a larger self-perceived body size were associated with a more positive response towards obesity-related terms, whereas having internalized or externalized problems were negatively associated with these terms. Parents with a history of cardiovascular disease considered "severely obese" (β = -0.419, [95% CI: -0.739, -0.099]) and "fat" (β = -0.457, [95% CI: -0.750, -0.164]) less desirable. CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents had a higher preference for obesity-related terms than their parents and preferred that healthcare professionals use euphemistic terms such as "chubby," or neutral terms such as "weight problem." Children with larger self-perceived body sizes or older age had a higher preference for obesity-related words. The terms used by healthcare professionals to describe excess weight must be motivating and respectful for all family members participating in the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Woo
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Ji Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14068, Republic of Korea.
| | - YoonMyung Kim
- University College, Yonsei University International Campus, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14068, Republic of Korea.
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2
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O'Keeffe M, Kamper SJ, Montgomery L, Williams A, Martiniuk A, Lucas B, Dario AB, Rathleff MS, Hestbaek L, Williams CM. Defining Growing Pains: A Scoping Review. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188581. [PMID: 35864176 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-052578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Up to one third of children may be diagnosed with growing pains, but considerable uncertainty surrounds how to make this diagnosis. The objective of this study was to detail the definitions of growing pains in the medical literature. METHODS Scoping review with 8 electronic databases and 6 diagnostic classification systems searched from their inception to January 2021. The study selection included peer-reviewed articles or theses referring to "growing pain(s)" or "growth pain(s)" in relation to children or adolescents. Data extraction was performed independently by 2 reviewers. RESULTS We included 145 studies and 2 diagnostic systems (ICD-10 and SNOMED). Definition characteristics were grouped into 8 categories: pain location, age of onset, pain pattern, pain trajectory, pain types and risk factors, relationship to activity, severity and functional impact, and physical examination and investigations. There was extremely poor consensus between studies as to the basis for a diagnosis of growing pains. The most consistent component was lower limb pain, which was mentioned in 50% of sources. Pain in the evening or night (48%), episodic or recurrent course (42%), normal physical assessment (35%), and bilateral pain (31%) were the only other components to be mentioned in more than 30% of articles. Notably, more than 80% of studies made no reference to age of onset in their definition, and 93% did not refer to growth. Limitations of this study are that the included studies were not specifically designed to define growing pains. CONCLUSIONS There is no clarity in the medical research literature regarding what defines growing pain. Clinicians should be wary of relying on the diagnosis to direct treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary O'Keeffe
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney Local Health District and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven J Kamper
- Centre for Pain, Health and Lifestyle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Health Sciences.,Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Penrith, Australia
| | - Laura Montgomery
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney Local Health District and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Williams
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandra Martiniuk
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, and Health.,The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Lucas
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School.,John Walsh Center for Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Michael S Rathleff
- Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lise Hestbaek
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campus vej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.,The Chiropractic Knowledge Hub, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christopher M Williams
- Centre for Pain, Health and Lifestyle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter New England Population Health Unit, Newcastle, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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3
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Puhl RM, Lessard LM, Foster GD, Cardel MI. A Comprehensive Examination of the Nature, Frequency, and Context of Parental Weight Communication: Perspectives of Parents and Adolescents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081562. [PMID: 35458124 PMCID: PMC9032323 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that many parents make comments about their child’s weight, which is associated with negative adolescent health outcomes. Gaps in this literature include an underrepresentation of fathers, limited knowledge regarding positive versus negative parental weight comments and differences across race/ethnicity, and adolescent preferences for parental weight communication. The present study addressed these research gaps through a comprehensive investigation of two diverse samples of U.S. parents (n = 1936) and adolescents (n = 2032), who completed questionnaires about their experiences and perspectives of parental weight communication. Positive weight comments from parents were more frequent than negative comments, though both were commonly reported across sex, race/ethnicity, and weight status. In general, boys, fathers, Latino/a parents and adolescents, and adolescents with a high BMI and/or engaged in weight management reported more frequent parental weight-talk. Parent–adolescent weight communication occurred both in-person and digitally, and across daily life contexts. Although the majority of parents communicated positive messages of body diversity and respect, 44% and 63% of adolescents said they never want their mothers and fathers, respectively, to talk about their weight. Adolescents were offered circumstances that would increase their comfort level in having these conversations. Findings have implications for health professionals working with families to promote supportive health communication at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Puhl
- Department of Human Development & Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Rudd Center for Food Policy & Health, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Leah M. Lessard
- Rudd Center for Food Policy & Health, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103, USA;
| | - Gary D. Foster
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- WW International, Inc., New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Michelle I. Cardel
- WW International, Inc., New York, NY 10010, USA;
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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4
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Karlsen TH, Sheron N, Zelber-Sagi S, Carrieri P, Dusheiko G, Bugianesi E, Pryke R, Hutchinson SJ, Sangro B, Martin NK, Cecchini M, Dirac MA, Belloni A, Serra-Burriel M, Ponsioen CY, Sheena B, Lerouge A, Devaux M, Scott N, Hellard M, Verkade HJ, Sturm E, Marchesini G, Yki-Järvinen H, Byrne CD, Targher G, Tur-Sinai A, Barrett D, Ninburg M, Reic T, Taylor A, Rhodes T, Treloar C, Petersen C, Schramm C, Flisiak R, Simonova MY, Pares A, Johnson P, Cucchetti A, Graupera I, Lionis C, Pose E, Fabrellas N, Ma AT, Mendive JM, Mazzaferro V, Rutter H, Cortez-Pinto H, Kelly D, Burton R, Lazarus JV, Ginès P, Buti M, Newsome PN, Burra P, Manns MP. The EASL-Lancet Liver Commission: protecting the next generation of Europeans against liver disease complications and premature mortality. Lancet 2022; 399:61-116. [PMID: 34863359 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom H Karlsen
- Department of Transplantation Medicine and Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nick Sheron
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Shira Zelber-Sagi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Patrizia Carrieri
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Geoffrey Dusheiko
- School of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Sharon J Hutchinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK; Clinical and Protecting Health Directorate, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra-IDISNA and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Natasha K Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michele Cecchini
- Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | - Mae Ashworth Dirac
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annalisa Belloni
- Health Economics and Modelling Division, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Miquel Serra-Burriel
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyriel Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brittney Sheena
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alienor Lerouge
- Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | - Marion Devaux
- Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | - Nick Scott
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Doherty Institute and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands; European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Sturm
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Chris D Byrne
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Southampton National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton and Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aviad Tur-Sinai
- Department of Health Systems Management, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley, Israel
| | - Damon Barrett
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Tatjana Reic
- European Liver Patients Organization, Brussels, Belgium; Croatian Society for Liver Diseases-Hepatos, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Tim Rhodes
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Carla Treloar
- Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claus Petersen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), and First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Marieta Y Simonova
- Department of Gastroenterology, HPB Surgery and Transplantation, Clinic of Gastroentrology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Albert Pares
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Philip Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alessandro Cucchetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences-DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabel Graupera
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christos Lionis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elisa Pose
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Fabrellas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ann T Ma
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Mendive
- Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network (redIAPP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; La Mina Health Centre, Catalan Institute of Health (ICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaferro
- HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Foundation (INT), Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Helena Cortez-Pinto
- Clínica Universitária de Gastrenterologia and Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deirdre Kelly
- Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital and University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Robyn Burton
- Alcohol, Drugs, Tobacco and Justice Division, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Ginès
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Buti
- CIBEREHD del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Valle Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip N Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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6
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Tong A, Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Anumudu S, Arce CM, Baumgart A, Dunn L, Gutman T, Harris T, Lightstone L, Scholes-Robertson N, Shen JI, Wheeler DC, White DM, Wilkie M, Craig JC, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC. Patient and Caregiver Perspectives on Terms Used to Describe Kidney Health. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:937-948. [PMID: 32586923 PMCID: PMC7341768 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.00900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The language used to communicate important aspects of kidney health is inconsistent and may be conceptualized differently by patients and health professionals. These problems may impair the quality of communication, care, and patient outcomes. We aimed to describe the perspectives of patients on terms used to describe kidney health. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Patients with CKD (n=54) and caregivers (n=13) from the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia participated in ten focus groups to discuss terms for kidney health (including kidney, renal, CKD, ESKD, kidney failure, and descriptors for kidney function). We analyzed the data using thematic analysis. RESULTS We identified four themes: provoking and exacerbating undue trauma (fear of the unknown, denoting impending death, despair in having incurable or untreatable disease, premature labeling and assumptions, judgment, stigma, and failure of self); frustrated by ambiguity (confused by medicalized language, lacking personal relevance, baffled by imprecision in meaning, and/or opposed to obsolete terms); making sense of the prognostic enigma (conceptualizing level of kidney function, correlating with symptoms and effect on life, predicting progression, and need for intervention); and mobilizing self-management (confronting reality, enabling planning and preparation, taking ownership for change, learning medical terms for self-advocacy, and educating others). CONCLUSIONS The obscurity and imprecision of terms in CKD can be unduly distressing and traumatizing for patients, which can impair decision making and self-management. Consistent and meaningful patient-centered terminology may improve patient autonomy, satisfaction, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Tong
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew S Levey
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Medical Department, Division of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samaya Anumudu
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Amanda Baumgart
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louese Dunn
- Sheffield Kidney Institute, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Talia Gutman
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tess Harris
- Polycystic Kidney Disease International, London, UK
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Scholes-Robertson
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny I Shen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - David C Wheeler
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK.,George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M White
- Center for Health Action and Policy, The Rogosin Institute, New York, New York
| | - Martin Wilkie
- Sheffield Kidney Institute, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jonathan C Craig
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michel Jadoul
- Department of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang C Winkelmayer
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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