1
|
de Nooijer AH, Pickkers P, Netea MG, Kox M. Inflammatory biomarkers to predict the prognosis of acute bacterial and viral infections. J Crit Care 2023; 78:154360. [PMID: 37343422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2023.154360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Mortality in acute infections is mostly associated with sepsis, defined as 'life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection'. It remains challenging to identify the patients with increased mortality risk due to the high heterogeneity in the dysregulated host immune response and disease progression. Biomarkers reflecting different pathways involved in the inflammatory response might improve prediction of mortality risk (prognostic enrichment) among patients with acute infections by reducing heterogeneity of the host response, as well as suggest novel strategies for patient stratification and treatment (predictive enrichment) through precision medicine approaches. The predictive value of inflammatory biomarkers has been extensively investigated in bacterial infections and the recent COVID-19 pandemic caused an increased interest in inflammatory biomarkers in this viral infection. However, limited research investigated whether the prognostic potential of these biomarkers differs between bacterial and viral infections. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the value of various inflammatory biomarkers for the prediction of mortality in bacterial and viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline H de Nooijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gradel KO, Larsen TS, Frederiksen H, Vinholt PJ, Iachina M, Póvoa P, Zampieri FG, Nielsen SL, Dessau RB, Møller JK, Jensen TG, Chen M, Coia JE, Jelicic J. Impact of C-reactive protein and albumin levels on short, medium, and long term mortality in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Med 2022; 54:713-722. [PMID: 35238275 PMCID: PMC8896183 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2046287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives and study design: In this population-based study of 602 patients, we amended C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma albumin (PA) levels around the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) to the International Prognostic Index (IPI) and assessed 0-90, 91-365, and +365-day survival.Results: The CRP did not contribute to the IPI's prognostic or discriminatory ability, regardless of time period, particularly not in models with PA. In contrast, the PA was an important contributor, especially in the 0-90 day period, but also up to one year after the diagnosis. For day 0-90, the model with the IPI only had an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) of 0.742, whereas the IPI with PA as a continuous variable rendered an AUROC of 0.841. Especially the lower PA quartile (18-32 g/L) contributed to the worse prognosis.Conclusions: The amendment of PA to the IPI may significantly improve the short-term prognostic and discriminative ability.Key messagesThe amendment of the plasma albumin (PA) level to the International Prognostic Index significantly improved the prediction of mortality up to one year after the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.It was especially the lower quartile of the PA level (18-32 g/L) that contributed to the worse prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Oren Gradel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,OPEN - Odense Patient Data Exploratory Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Stauffer Larsen
- Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Haematology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Frederiksen
- Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Haematology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Just Vinholt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Maria Iachina
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Pedro Póvoa
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,The Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de São Francisco Xavier, CHLO, Estrada do Forte do Alto do Duque, Lisbon, and NOVA Medical School, CEDOC, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Godinho Zampieri
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Research Institute, dHCor-Hospital Do Coração, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stig Lønberg Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ram Benny Dessau
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Jens Kjølseth Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vejle Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Thøger Gorm Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - John Eugenio Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Jelena Jelicic
- Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Haematology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Is Useful for Predicting Mortality in Critically Ill Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122576. [PMID: 34200961 PMCID: PMC8230578 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) occurs in a wide range of systemic diseases. This study examined the clinical utility of plasma NGAL to predict intensive care unit (ICU) and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients. A total of 62 patients hospitalized in a mixed ICU were included; pNGAL, creatinine, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assayed on four consecutive days (D1-D4) following ICU admission. APACHE II score (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) was calculated 24 h post-admission. ICU mortality reached 35% and in-hospital mortality was 39%. The median pNGAL at admission was 142.5 (65.6-298.3) ng/mL. pNGAL was significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors. The highest accuracy for ICU mortality prediction was achieved at the pNGAL cutoff of 93.91 ng/mL on D4 area under the curve (AUC) = 0.89; 95%CI 0.69-0.98 and for in-hospital mortality prediction was achieved at the pNGAL cutoff of 176.64 ng/mL on D3 (AUC = 0.86; 95%CI 0.69-0.96). The APACHE II score on ICU admission predicted ICU mortality with AUC = 0.89 (95%CI 0.79-0.96) and in-hospital mortality with AUC = 0.86 (95%CI 0.75-0.94). Although pNGAL on D1 poorly correlated with APACHE II (R = 0.3; p = 0.01), the combination of APACHE II and pNGAL on D1 predicted ICU mortality with AUC = 0.90 (95%CI 0.79-0.96) and in-hospital mortality with AUC = 0.95 (95%CI 0.78-0.99). Maximal CRP during study observation failed to predict ICU mortality (AUC = 0.62; 95%CI 0.49-0.74), but helped to predict in-hospital mortality (AUC = 0.67; 95%CI 0.54-0.79). Plasma NGAL with combination with the indices of critical illness is a useful biomarker for predicting mortality in heterogeneous population of ICU patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang WS, Kim YJ, Ryoo SM, Kim WY. Independent Risk Factors for Sepsis-Associated Cardiac Arrest in Patients with Septic Shock. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094971. [PMID: 34067038 PMCID: PMC8124653 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The clinical characteristics and laboratory values of patients with septic shock who experience in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) have not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of IHCA after admission into the emergency department and to identify the factors that increase the risk of IHCA in septic shock patients. This observational cohort study used a prospective registry of septic shock patients and was conducted at the emergency department of a university-affiliated hospital. The data of 887 adult (age ≥ 18 years) septic shock (defined using the Sepsis-3 criteria) patients who were treated with a protocol-driven resuscitation bundle therapy and were admitted to the intensive care unit between January 2010 and September 2018 were analyzed. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of sepsis-associated cardiac arrest. The patient mean age was 65 years, and 61.8% were men. Sepsis-associated cardiac arrest occurred in 25.3% of patients (n = 224). The 28-day survival rate after cardiac arrest was 6.7%. Multivariate logistic regression identified chronic pulmonary disease (odds ratio (OR) 2.06), hypertension (OR 0.48), unknown infection source (OR 1.82), a hepatobiliary infection source (OR 0.25), C-reactive protein (OR 1.03), and serum lactate level 6 h from shock (OR 1.34). Considering the high mortality rate of sepsis-associated cardiac arrest after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, appropriate monitoring is required in septic shock patients with major risk factors for IHCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Soek Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 24252, Korea;
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 44610, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Seung Mok Ryoo
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 44610, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Won Young Kim
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 44610, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (S.M.R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Póvoa P, Garvik OS, Vinholt PJ, Pedersen C, Jensen TG, Kolmos HJ, Lassen AT, Gradel KO. C-reactive protein and albumin kinetics after antibiotic therapy in community-acquired bloodstream infection. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 95:50-58. [PMID: 32251802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma albumin (PA) kinetics to evaluate community-acquired bloodstream infection (CA-BSI) patients' 1-year outcomes. METHODS Population-based study, with CRP and PA measurements on day 1 (D1) and D4. Relative CRP variations in relation to D1 CRP value were evaluated (CRP-ratio). Patients were classified as fast response, slow response, non-response, and biphasic response. RESULTS A total of 935 patients were included. At D4, the CRP-ratio was lower in survivors on D365 in comparison with D4-D30 non-survivors and D30-D365 non-survivors (p<0.001). In comparison with fast response patients, non-response and biphasic response patients had 2.74 and 5.29 increased risk, respectively, of death in D4-D30 and 2.77 and 3.16 increased risk, respectively, of death in D31-D365. PA levels remained roughly unchanged from D1-D4, but lower D1 PA predicted higher short and long-term mortality (p<0.001). The discriminative performance of the CRP-ratio and D1 PA to identify patients with poor short and long-term mortality after adjustments was acceptable (AUROC=0.79). CONCLUSIONS Serial CRP measurements at D1 and D4 after CA-BSI is clinically useful to identify patients with poor outcome. Individual patterns of CRP-ratio response with PA at D1 further refine our ability of predicting short or long-term mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Póvoa
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de São Francisco Xavier, CHLO, Estrada do Forte do Alto do Duque, 1449-005 Lisbon, Portugal; NOVA Medical School, CHRC, New University of Lisbon, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal; Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kløvervænget 30, Entrance 216, Ground Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Olav Sivertsen Garvik
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kløvervænget 30, Entrance 216, Ground Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Just Vinholt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 40, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Court Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 20, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Thøger Gorm Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 21, 2nd Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørn Kolmos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 21, 2nd Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Annmarie Touborg Lassen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 25, Entrance 63-65, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kim Oren Gradel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kløvervænget 30, Entrance 216, Ground Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
C-reactive protein and albumin kinetics before community-acquired bloodstream infections - a Danish population-based cohort study. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e38. [PMID: 32100658 PMCID: PMC7058655 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Early changes in biomarker levels probably occur before bloodstream infection (BSI) is diagnosed. However, this issue has not been fully addressed. We aimed at evaluating the kinetics of C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma albumin (PA) in the 30 days before community-acquired (CA) BSI diagnosis. From a population-based BSI database we identified 658 patients with at least one measurement of CRP or PA from day −30 (D–30) through day −1 (D–1) before the day of CA-BSI (D0) and a measurement of the same biomarker at D0 or D1. Amongst these, 502 had both CRP and PA measurements which fitted these criteria. CRP and PA concentrations began to change inversely some days before CA-BSI diagnosis, CRP increasing by day −3.1 and PA decreasing by day −1.3. From D–30 to D–4, CRP kinetics (expressed as slopes – rate of concentration change per day) was −1.5 mg/l/day. From D–3 to D1, the CRP slope increased to 36.3 mg/l/day. For albumin, the slope between D–30 to D–2 was 0.1 g/l/day and changed to −1.8 g/l/day between D–1 and D1. We showed that biomarker levels begin to change some days before the CA-BSI diagnosis, CRP 3.1 days and PA 1.3 days before.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kurisu K, Yoshiuchi K, Ogino K, Okada Y, Oda T. Peak C-reactive protein levels do not predict 30-day mortality for bacteremia: A retrospective cohort study. J Infect Chemother 2019; 26:23-27. [PMID: 31279521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although peak C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are correlated with the prognosis of some diseases, there have been no reports regarding the association between peak CRP levels and mortality in patients with bacteremia. The present study aimed to determine the association between peak CRP levels and prognosis in patients with bacteremia. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a single tertiary hospital and included patients with bacteremia admitted to the emergency department from November 2012 to March 2017. Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the association between peak CRP levels and 30-day mortality. We also performed propensity score adjustment using potential confounding factors. RESULTS One hundred fifty-nine patients were included in the study. Peak CRP levels were significantly higher in the β-hemolytic streptococci (P = 0.001) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (P = 0.003) groups. The C-statistic of the multivariate logistic regression model for the propensity score was 0.88. For 30-day mortality, peak CRP levels >20 mg/dL did not show significance in the Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 0.866; 95% confidence interval, 0.489-1.537; P = 0.62). Even after propensity score adjustment, no significance was noted (hazard ratio, 0.865; 95% confidence interval, 0.399-1.876; P = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS Peak CRP levels were not an independent predictor of mortality in patients with bacteremia in the emergency department. Clinicians should consider that patients with extremely high peak CRP levels do not necessarily have high mortality and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kurisu
- Department of Stress Sciences and Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8510, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshiuchi
- Department of Stress Sciences and Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Kei Ogino
- Department of Stress Sciences and Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8510, Japan.
| | - Yasusei Okada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8510, Japan.
| | - Toshimi Oda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gradel KO, Póvoa P, Vinholt PJ, Magnussen B, Pedersen C, Jensen TG, Kolmos HJ, Lassen AT. Real-life data patterns of C-reactive protein and albumin level trajectories around bacteremia. Biomark Med 2018; 12:1251-1259. [PMID: 30499693 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess trajectory patterns of C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma albumin (PA) levels around bacteremia. PATIENTS & METHODS Population-based study, 2418 community-acquired bacteremia patients, CRP and PA specimens from 30 days before through 30 days after bacteremia (day 0). A pattern was based on specimen occurring or not in days -30/-1, 0, 1/7 or 8/30. Mean daily CRP and PA levels on day -30/30 were computed for pattern subgroups. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Mean CRP rose on day -5 and reached its peak on day 1. Mean steady PA on day -30/0 declined abruptly on day 1, increasing slowly thereafter. Trajectories did not differ between subgroups. We conclude that longitudinal analysis results can be extrapolated to all community-acquired bacteremia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Oren Gradel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kløvervænget 30, Entrance 216, ground floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Pedro Póvoa
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kløvervænget 30, Entrance 216, ground floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,The Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Hospital deSão Francisco Xavier, CHLO, Estrada do Forte do Alto do Duque, 1449-005 Lisbon, Portugal.,NOVA Medical School, CEDOC, New University of Lisbon, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pernille Just Vinholt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr Boulevard 29, entrance 40, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Magnussen
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kløvervænget 30, Entrance 216, ground floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Court Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Sdr Boulevard 29, entrance 20, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Thøger Gorm Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, JB Winsløws Vej 21, 2nd floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørn Kolmos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, JB Winsløws Vej 21, 2nd floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Annmarie Touborg Lassen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 25, entrance 63-65, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chung JY, Hsu CC, Chen JH, Chen WL, Lin HJ, Guo HR, Huang CC. Geriatric influenza death (GID) score: a new tool for predicting mortality in older people with influenza in the emergency department. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9312. [PMID: 29915256 PMCID: PMC6006148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although influenza may cause death in the geriatric population, the best method for predicting mortality in this population is still unclear. We retrospectively recruited older people (≥65 yr) with influenza visiting the emergency department (ED) of a medical center between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression to identify independent mortality predictors and then developed a prediction score. Four hundred nine older ED patients with a nearly equal sex ratio were recruited. Five independent mortality predictors were identified: severe coma (Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8), past histories of cancer and coronary artery disease, elevated C-reactive protein levels (>10 mg/dl), and bandemia (>10% band cells). We divided the patients into three mortality risk and disposition groups: (1) low risk (1.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-3.0%); (2) moderate risk (16.7%; 95% CI, 9.3-28.0%); and (3) high risk (40%; 95% CI, 19.8-64.2%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit of the GID score were 0.86 and 0.578, respectively. The GID score is an efficient and simple tool for predicting mortality in older ED patients with influenza. Further studies are warranted to validate its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yuan Chung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Hwa Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Fu Jen Catholic University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Fu Jen Catholic University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jung Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Cheng Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Senior Services, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Occupational Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hypoalbuminaemia as a marker of trans-capillary leakage in community-acquired bacteraemia patients. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:648-655. [PMID: 29457576 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired bacteraemia patients (n = 2472), Denmark, 2000-2008. Albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and haemoglobin (Hb) measured 2000-2010. We assessed daily mean levels of albumin, CRP and Hb from 30 days before to 30 days after bacteraemia and correlations between albumin vs. CRP and albumin vs. Hb. In linear regression models, we evaluated the contribution of CRP, Hb, chronic and acute variables to the albumin level variations. The mean albumin level (33.6 g/l) was steady before day 1, declined to 29.3 g/l on day 1 with little increase afterward. The mean CRP increased from day -5, peaked on day 1 and declined thereafter. The mean Hb level was fairly constant during days -30/30. Albumin was inversely (R range, - 0.18/-0.47, P < 10-4) correlated with the CRP level and positively (R = 0.17-0.46, P < 10-4) correlated with the HB level. In most models, CRP was the first variable that contributed to the albumin variations, 34-70% of the full model. The sudden decrease of albumin levels, without sudden fluctuations of CRP or Hb, indicated that hypoalbuminaemia was a marker of trans-capillary leakage.
Collapse
|
11
|
Magnussen B, Oren Gradel K, Gorm Jensen T, Kolmos HJ, Pedersen C, Just Vinholt P, Touborg Lassen A. Association between Hypoalbuminaemia and Mortality in Patients with Community-Acquired Bacteraemia Is Primarily Related to Acute Disorders. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160466. [PMID: 27611431 PMCID: PMC5017704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to investigate whether hypoalbuminaemia was mainly caused by acute or chronic factors in patients with community-acquired bacteraemia. In this population-based study, we considered 1844 adult cases of community-acquired bacteraemia that occurred in Funen, Denmark between 2000 and 2008. We used a stepwise prognostic predisposition-insult-response-organ dysfunction (PIRO) logistic regression model by initially including age and comorbidity, then added bacterial species, and finally sepsis severity. The models were furthermore analysed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Outcomes comprised mortality incidence on days 0-30 and 31-365 after the bacteraemia episode. Each step was performed with and without baseline albumin level measured on the date of bacteraemia. In 422 patients, their latest albumin measurement taken 8-30 days before the date of bacteraemia was also used in the analysis together with the baseline albumin level. For each decrease of 1g/L in plasma albumin level, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of mortality in the period of 0-30 days after bacteraemia were 0.86 (0.84-0.88) in both predisposition (P) and predisposition-insult (PI) models and 0.87 (0.85-0.89) in the full PIRO-model. The AUC values were 0.78 and 0.66 for mortality in the period of 0-30 days in the model comprising only predisposition factors with and without albumin levels added as a factor, respectively. The AUC values in the full PIRO-model were 0.81 and 0.73 with and without consideration of albumin levels, respectively. A higher proportion of patients died within 30 days if there was a decrease in the albumin level between days 8 and 30 before bacteraemia and the actual bacteraemia date. A single plasma albumin measurement on the bacteraemia date was a better prognostic predictor of short-term mortality than the sepsis severity score.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Magnussen
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, South, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, entrance 101, 4th floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, entrance 101, 4th floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Kim Oren Gradel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, South, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, entrance 101, 4th floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, entrance 101, 4th floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Thøger Gorm Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloews Vej 21, 2nd floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørn Kolmos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloews Vej 21, 2nd floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Court Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, entrance 20, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Just Vinholt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, entrance 40, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Annmarie Touborg Lassen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 25, entrance 63-65, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Seasonal Variation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteremia According to Acquisition and Patient Characteristics: A Population-Based Study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 37:946-953. [PMID: 27142942 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Seasonal variation is a characteristic of many infectious diseases, but relatively little is known about determinants thereof. We studied the impact of place of acquisition and patient characteristics on seasonal variation of bacteremia caused by the 3 most common pathogens. DESIGN Seasonal variation analysis. METHODS In 3 Danish health regions (2.3 million total inhabitants), patients with bacteremia were identified from 2000 through 2011 using information from laboratory information systems. Analyses were confined to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Additional data were obtained from the Danish National Hospital Registry for the construction of admission histories and calculation of the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Bacteremias were categorized as community acquired, healthcare associated (HCA), and hospital acquired. We defined multiple subgroups by combining the following characteristics: species, acquisition, age group, gender, CCI level, and location of infection. Assuming a sinusoidal model, seasonal variation was assessed by the peak-to-trough (PTT) ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS In total, we included 16,006 E. coli, 6,924 S. aureus, and 4,884 S. pneumoniae bacteremia cases. For E. coli, the seasonal variation was highest for community-acquired cases (PTT ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.17-1.32), was diminished for HCA (PTT ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04-1.25), and was missing for hospital-acquired cases. No seasonal variation was observed for S. aureus. S. pneumoniae showed high seasonal variation, which did not differ according to acquisition (overall PTT ratio, 3.42; 95% CI, 3.10-3.83). CONCLUSIONS Seasonal variation was mainly related to the species although the place of acquisition was important for E. coli. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:946-953.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gradel KO, Nielsen SL, Pedersen C, Knudsen JD, Østergaard C, Arpi M, Jensen TG, Kolmos HJ, Søgaard M, Lassen AT, Schønheyder HC. Low Completeness of Bacteraemia Registration in the Danish National Patient Registry. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131682. [PMID: 26121584 PMCID: PMC4488274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteraemia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and timely access to relia-ble information is essential for health care administrators. Therefore, we investigated the complete-ness of bacteraemia registration in the Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR) containing hospital discharge diagnoses and surgical procedures for all non-psychiatric patients. As gold standard we identified bacteraemia patients in three defined areas of Denmark (~2.3 million inhabitants) from 2000 through 2011 by use of blood culture data retrieved from electronic microbiology databases. Diagnoses coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, version 10, and surgical procedure codes were retrieved from the DNPR. The codes were categorized into seven groups, ranked a priori according to the likelihood of bacteraemia. Completeness was analysed by contin-gency tables, for all patients and subgroups. We identified 58,139 bacteraemic episodes in 48,450 patients; 37,740 episodes (64.9%) were covered by one or more discharge diagnoses within the sev-en diagnosis/surgery groups and 18,786 episodes (32.3%) had a code within the highest priority group. Completeness varied substantially according to speciality (from 17.9% for surgical to 36.4% for medical), place of acquisition (from 26.0% for nosocomial to 36.2% for community), and mi-croorganism (from 19.5% for anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria to 36.8% for haemolytic strepto-cocci). The completeness increased from 25.1% in 2000 to 35.1% in 2011. In conclusion, one third of the bacteraemic episodes did not have a relevant diagnosis in the Danish administrative registry recording all non-psychiatric contacts. This source of information should be used cautiously to iden-tify patients with bacteraemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Oren Gradel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, South, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Stig Lønberg Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, South, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Court Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jenny Dahl Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Christian Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Magnus Arpi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thøger Gorm Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørn Kolmos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Carl Schønheyder
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gwak MH, Jo S, Jeong T, Lee JB, Jin YH, Yoon J, Park B. Initial serum lactate level is associated with inpatient mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:685-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|
15
|
Gradel KO, Nielsen SL, Pedersen C, Knudsen JD, Østergaard C, Arpi M, Jensen TG, Kolmos HJ, Schønheyder HC, Søgaard M, Lassen AT. No specific time window distinguishes between community-, healthcare-, and hospital-acquired bacteremia, but they are prognostically robust. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:1474-82. [PMID: 25419769 DOI: 10.1086/678593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether specific time windows after hospital admission reflected a sharp transition between community and hospital acquisition of bacteremia. We further examined whether different time windows to distinguish between community acquisition, healthcare association (HCA), and hospital acquisition influenced the results of prognostic models. DESIGN Population-based cohort study. SETTING Hospitals in 3 areas of Denmark (2.3 million inhabitants) during 2000-2011. METHODS We computed graphs depicting proportions of males, absence of comorbidity, microorganisms, and 30-day mortality pertaining to bacteremia 0, 1, 2, …, 30, and 31 days and later after admission. Next, we assessed whether different admission (0-1, 0-2, 0-3, 0-7 days) and HCA (30, 90 days) time windows were associated with changes in odds ratio (OR) and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for 30-day mortality, adjusting for sex, age, comorbidity, and microorganisms. RESULTS For 56,606 bacteremic episodes, no sharp transitions were detected on a specific day after admission. Among the 8 combined time windows, ORs for 30-day mortality varied from 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.37) to 1.99 (95% CI, 1.48-2.67) for HCA and from 1.36 (95% CI, 1.24-1.50) to 2.53 (95% CI, 2.01-3.20) for hospital acquisition compared with community acquisition. Area under the ROC curve changed marginally from 0.684 (95% CI, 0.679-0.689) to 0.700 (95% CI, 0.695-0.705). CONCLUSIONS No time transitions unanimously distinguished between community and hospital acquisition with regard to sex, comorbidity, or microorganisms, and no difference in 30-day mortality was seen for HCA patients in relation to a 30- or 90-day time window. ORs decreased consistently in the order of hospital acquisition, HCA, and community acquisition, regardless of time window combination, and differences in area under the ROC curve were immaterial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Oren Gradel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, South, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hernández C, Fehér C, Soriano A, Marco F, Almela M, Cobos-Trigueros N, De La Calle C, Morata L, Mensa J, Martínez JA. Clinical characteristics and outcome of elderly patients with community-onset bacteremia. J Infect 2014; 70:135-43. [PMID: 25224642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate characteristics and prognostic factors of community-onset bloodstream infection (Co-BSI) in elderly patients (≥65 years). METHODS Analysis of a prospective series of Co-BSI at a tertiary hospital (2005-2011). Predictors of 30-day mortality were established by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 2605 episodes of Co-BSI were identified and empirical antibiotic treatment was inappropriate in 404 (15.5%). Thirty-day mortality was 11.4% and was independently associated with age (75-84 years OR 1.9, 1.37-2.67; ≥85 OR 2.85, 1.93-4.21), previous hospitalization (OR 1.45, 1.05-2.00), a fatal underlying disease (OR 2.81, 2.10-3.76), neutropenia (OR 2.62, 1.54-4.43), absence of fever (OR 1.99, 1.26-3.12), shock (OR 7.96, 5.83-10.89), inappropriate empirical treatment (OR 1.49, 1.03-2.16), isolation of Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant OR 2.83, 1.38-5.78; methicillin-susceptible OR 3.24, 1.98-5.32), enterococci (OR 2.02, 1.14-3.59) or Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporin (3GCR-E) (OR 1.96, 1.16-3.32) and having endovascular non-catheter (OR 4.64, 2.51-8.59), abdominal (OR 3.65, 2.12-6.27), skin/soft tissue (OR 3.48, 1.90-6.37), respiratory (OR 2.80, 1.75-4.50) or unknown (OR 1.83, 1.17-2.87) source. CONCLUSIONS Age is a prognostic factor and appropriateness of empirical treatment is the only modifiable variable. S. aureus, enterococci and 3GCR-E may be the microorganisms with major prognostic significance; hence efforts should be made to improve their management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Hernández
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Csaba Fehér
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Marco
- Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Almela
- Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain; Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nazaret Cobos-Trigueros
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina De La Calle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Morata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Mensa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Martínez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lindvig KP, Henriksen DP, Nielsen SL, Jensen TG, Kolmos HJ, Pedersen C, Vinholt PJ, Lassen AT. How do bacteraemic patients present to the emergency department and what is the diagnostic validity of the clinical parameters; temperature, C-reactive protein and systemic inflammatory response syndrome? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2014; 22:39. [PMID: 25027551 PMCID: PMC4107625 DOI: 10.1186/1757-7241-22-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Although blood cultures are often ordered based on the presence of fever, it is a clinical challenge to identify patients eligible for blood cultures. Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic value of temperature, C-reactive-protein (CRP), and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) to identify bacteraemic patients in the Medical Emergency Department (MED). Methods A population-based cohort study including all adult patients at the MED at Odense University Hospital between August 1st 2009 - August 31st 2011. Results 11,988 patients were admitted to the MED within the study period. Blood cultures were performed on 5,499 (45.9%) patients within 2 days of arrival, of which 418 (7.6%) patients were diagnosed with bacteraemia. This corresponded to 3.5% of all patients. 34.1% of the bacteraemic patients had a normal rectal temperature (36.0°–38.0°C) recorded at arrival, 32.6% had a CRP < 100 mg/L and 28.0% did not fulfil the SIRS criteria. For a temperature cut-point of >38.0°C sensitivity was 0.64 (95% CI 0.59–0.69) and specificity was 0.81 (0.80–0.82) to identify bacteraemic patients. Conclusion One third of the acute medical bacteraemic patients had a normal temperature at arrival to the MED. A normal temperature combined with a CRP < 100 mg/L and no SIRS criteria, ruled out bacteraemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Prier Lindvig
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr, Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Knudtzen FC, Nielsen SL, Gradel KO, Lassen AT, Kolmos HJ, Jensen TG, Vinholt PJ, Pedersen C. Characteristics of patients with community-acquired bacteremia who have low levels of C-reactive protein (≤20 mg/L). J Infect 2013; 68:149-55. [PMID: 24429297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize patients presenting with community-acquired bacteremia and a low C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma level at date of bacteremia. METHODS Population-based cohort study. Patient characteristics were compared for three CRP groups (≤20 mg/L, 21-100 mg/L and >100 mg/L) using chi-square test and oneway anova. The 30-day mortality rates were compared using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Of the 2017 patients included, 193 (9.6%) had a CRP ≤20 mg/L. These patients were younger, more likely to be male, overrepresented in the intensive care unit and had more comorbidities. In blood cultures from the low CRP group hemolytic streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci were found relatively more common, whereas Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus were found relatively less common compared to the other CRP groups. The majority of patients with an initial low CRP mounted a CRP response the following days. The 30-day mortality rate was lower in the low CRP group (13.5%) than in the group with CRP >100 mg/L (20.6%). CONCLUSIONS A considerable proportion of patients with community-acquired bacteremia has a normal or low initial CRP level. The plasma CRP level should not be used to rule out serious infection or withhold antibiotic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrikke Christie Knudtzen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 20, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Stig Lønberg Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 20, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kim Oren Gradel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, South, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 101, 4th Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Annmarie Touborg Lassen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Kloevervaenget 25, Entrance 63-65, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørn Kolmos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloews Vej 21, 2nd Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Thøger Gorm Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloews Vej 21, 2nd Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Just Vinholt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 40, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Court Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 20, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|