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Liu Y, Xie X, Li J, Xiao Q, He S, Fu H, Zhang X, Liu Y. Immune Characteristics and Immunotherapy of HIV-Associated Lymphoma. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:9984-9997. [PMID: 39329948 PMCID: PMC11429793 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), mortality among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has significantly decreased, yet the population of people living with HIV remains substantial. Among people living with HIV (PLWH), HIV-associated lymphoma (HAL) has surpassed Kaposi's sarcoma to become the most common tumor in this population in developed countries. However, there remains a dearth of comprehensive and systematic understanding regarding HIV-associated lymphomas. This review aims to shed light on the changes in the immune system among PLWH and the characteristics of the immune microenvironment in HIV-associated lymphoma, with a specific focus on the immune system's role in these individuals. Additionally, it seeks to explore recent advancements in immunotherapy for the treatment of HIV-associated lymphoma, intending to enhance strategies for immunotherapy in this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xie
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Sanxiu He
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Huihui Fu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
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Haas CB, Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, D'Arcy M, Luo Q, Yu K, Austin AA, Cohen C, Miller P, Morawski BM, Pawlish K, Robinson WT, Engels EA. Cancers with epidemiologic signatures of viral oncogenicity among immunocompromised populations in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 2024:djae159. [PMID: 38954841 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djae159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressed individuals have elevated risk of virus-related cancers. Identifying cancers with elevated risk in people with HIV (PWH) and solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), two immunosuppressed populations, may help identify novel etiologic relationships with infectious agents. METHODS We utilized two linkages of population-based cancer registries with HIV and transplant registries in the United States. Cancer entities were systematically classified based on site and histology codes. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were used to compare risk in PWH and SOTRs with the general population. For selected cancer entities, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated for indicators of immunosuppression within each population. FINDINGS We identified 38,047 cancer cases in SOTRs and 53,592 in PWH, yielding overall SIRs of 1.66 (95%CI = 1.65-1.68) and 1.49 (95%CI = 1.47-1.50), respectively. Forty-three cancer entities met selection criteria, including conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (PWH SIR = 7.1, 95%CI = 5.5-9.2; SOTRs SIR = 9.4; 95%CI = 6.8-12.6). Sebaceous adenocarcinoma was elevated in SOTRs (SIR = 16.2; 95%CI = 14.0-18.6) and, among SOTRs, associated with greater risk in lung/heart transplant recipients compared to recipients of other organs (IRR = 2.3; 95%CI = 1.7-3.2). Salivary gland tumors, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma showed elevated risk in SOTRs (SIR = 3.9; SIR = 4.7; and SIR = 3.2, respectively) but not in PWH. However, risks for these cancers were elevated following an AIDS diagnosis among PWH (IRR = 2.4; IRR = 4.3; and IRR = 2.0, respectively). INTERPRETATION Elevated SIRs among SOTRs and PWH, and associations with immunosuppression within these populations, suggest novel infectious causes for several cancers including conjunctival SCC, sebaceous adenocarcinoma, salivary gland tumors, MFH, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B Haas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meredith S Shiels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica D'Arcy
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qianlai Luo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Colby Cohen
- Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Paige Miller
- Cancer Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Karen Pawlish
- New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chen Y, Zhao J, Sun P, Cheng M, Xiong Y, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Li K, Ye Y, Shuai P, Huang H, Li X, Liu Y, Wan Z. Estimates of the global burden of non-Hodgkin lymphoma attributable to HIV: a population attributable modeling study. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 67:102370. [PMID: 38130708 PMCID: PMC10733638 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) significantly increases the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) development, yet the population-level impact on NHL burden is unquantified. We aim to quantify this association and estimate the global burden of HIV-associated NHL. Methods In this meta-analysis, we searched five databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus) from database inception up to September 13, 2023, identifying cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies with an effective control group to assess NHL risk among individuals with HIV infection, with two authors extracting summary data from reports. Global and regional HIV-associated population attributable fraction (PAF) and NHL disease burden were calculated based on the pooled risk ratio (RR). HIV prevalence and NHL incidence were obtained from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019. Trends in NHL incidence due to HIV were assessed using age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023404150). Findings Out of 14,929 literature sources, 39 articles met our inclusion criteria. The risk of NHL was significantly increased in the population living with HIV (pooled RR 23.51, 95% CI 17.62-31.37; I2 = 100%, p < 0.0001), without publication bias. Globally, 6.92% (95% CI 2.18%-11.57%) of NHL new cases in 2019 were attributable to HIV infection (30,503, 95% CI 9585-52,209), which marked a more than three-fold increase from 1990 (8340, 95% CI 3346-13,799). The UNAIDS region of Eastern and Southern Africa was the highest affected region, with 44.46% (95% CI 19.62%-58.57%) of NHL new cases attributed to HIV infection. The Eastern Europe and Central Asia region experienced the highest increase in ASIR of NHL due to HIV in the past thirty years, wherein the EAPC was 8.74% (95% CI 7.66%-9.84%), from 2010 to 2019. Interpretation People with HIV infection face a significantly increased risk of NHL. Targeted prevention and control policies are especially crucial for countries in Eastern and Southern Africa, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, to achieve the UNAIDS's '90-90-90' Fast-Track targets. Limited studies across diverse regions and heterogeneity between research have hindered precise estimations for specific periods and regions. Funding Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China; Health Care for Cadres of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China; Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Health Management Centre & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Zhao
- Department of School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Health Management Centre & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengli Cheng
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumour Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yiquan Xiong
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaochen Sun
- Department of Health Management Centre & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Department of School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangning Li
- Department of School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunli Ye
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ping Shuai
- Department of Health Management Centre & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hairong Huang
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumour Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Department of Health Management Centre & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengwei Wan
- Department of Health Management Centre & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Volesky-Avellaneda KD, Morais S, Walter SD, O’Brien TR, Hildesheim A, Engels EA, El-Zein M, Franco EL. Cancers Attributable to Infections in the US in 2017: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA Oncol 2023; 9:1678-1687. [PMID: 37856141 PMCID: PMC10587828 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Importance Infections are largely modifiable causes of cancer. However, there remains untapped potential for preventing and treating carcinogenic infections in the US. Objective To estimate the percentage and number of incident cancers attributable to infections in the US among adults and children for the most recent year cancer incidence data were available (2017). Data Sources A literature search from 1946 onward was performed in MEDLINE on January 6, 2023, to obtain the data required to calculate population attributable fractions for 31 infection-cancer pairs. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were used to estimate the population prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses and Helicobacter pylori. Study Selection Studies conducted in the US or other Western countries were selected according to specific infection-cancer criteria. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data from 128 studies were meta-analyzed to obtain the magnitude of an infection-cancer association or prevalence of the infection within cancer cells. Main Outcomes and Measures The proportion of cancer incidence attributable to 8 infections. Results Of the 1 666 102 cancers diagnosed in 2017 among individuals aged 20 years or older in the US, 71 485 (4.3%; 95% CI, 3.1%-5.3%) were attributable to infections. Human papillomavirus (n = 38 230) was responsible for the most cancers, followed by H pylori (n = 10 624), hepatitis C virus (n = 9006), Epstein-Barr virus (n = 7581), hepatitis B virus (n = 2310), Merkel cell polyomavirus (n = 2000), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (n = 1075), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (n = 659). Cancers with the most infection-attributable cases were cervical (human papillomavirus; n = 12 829), gastric (H pylori and Epstein-Barr virus; n = 12 565), oropharynx (human papillomavirus; n = 12 430), and hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatitis B and C viruses; n = 10 017). The burden of infection-attributable cancers as a proportion of total cancer incidence ranged from 9.6% (95% CI, 9.2%-10.0%) for women aged 20 to 34 years to 3.2% (95% CI, 2.4%-3.8%) for women aged 65 years or older and from 6.1% (95% CI, 5.2%-7.0%) for men aged 20 to 34 years to 3.3% (95% CI, 1.9%-4.4%) for men aged 65 years or older. Among those aged 19 years or younger, 2.2% (95% CI, 1.3%-3.0%) of cancers diagnosed in 2017 were attributable to Epstein-Barr virus. Conclusions and Relevance Infections were estimated to be responsible for 4.3% of cancers diagnosed among adults in the US in 2017 and, therefore, represent an important target for cancer prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karena D. Volesky-Avellaneda
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Samantha Morais
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D. Walter
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas R. O’Brien
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Eric A. Engels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mariam El-Zein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eduardo L. Franco
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Mburu W, Devesa SS, Check D, Shiels MS, Mbulaiteye SM. Incidence of Burkitt lymphoma in the United States during 2000 to 2019. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1182-1191. [PMID: 37278097 PMCID: PMC10524887 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma that occurs worldwide. A study of BL in the US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program during 1973 to 2005 (n = 3043) revealed three age-specific incidence peaks of BL and rates that were rising. We studied BL cases diagnosed in SEER 22 during 2000 to 2019 (n = 11 626) to investigate age-specific BL incidence rates and temporal trends. The age-standardized BL incidence rate was 3.96/million person-years, with a 2.85:1 male-to-female ratio. The BL rate among both Hispanic and White individuals was higher than in Black individuals (4.52, 4.12 vs 3.14). Age-specific BL rates showed peaks during pediatric, adult and elderly years in males and pediatric and elderly peaks in females. Based on 4524 BL cases with HIV status (SEER 13), only one peak in adult males (45 years) was observed. Overall age-standardized BL incidence rates rose 1.2%/year (not significant) up to 2009 then fell significantly by 2.4%/year thereafter. Temporal trends in BL rates during 2000 to 2019 varied with age group as pediatric BL rates rose 1.1%/year, while elderly BL rates fell 1.7%/year and adult BL rates rose 3.4%/year until 2007 before falling 3.1%/year thereafter. Overall survival from BL was 64% at 2 years, being highest in pediatric patients and lowest in Black and elderly individuals vs other subgroups. Survival improved by 20% between 2000 and 2019. Our data suggest that BL age-specific incidence rates are multimodal and that overall BL rates rose up to 2009 and then fell, suggesting changes in etiological factors or diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan S. Devesa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Check
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith S. Shiels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sam M. Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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6
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Al-Khreisat MJ, Ismail NH, Tabnjh A, Hussain FA, Mohamed Yusoff AA, Johan MF, Islam MA. Worldwide Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Patients with Burkitt Lymphoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2068. [PMID: 37370963 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a form of B-cell malignancy that progresses aggressively and is most often seen in children. While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that has been linked to a variety of cancers, it can transform B lymphocytes into immortalized cells, as shown in BL. Therefore, the estimated prevalence of EBV in a population may assist in the prediction of whether this population has a high risk of increased BL cases. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in patients with Burkitt lymphoma. Using the appropriate keywords, four electronic databases were searched. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool. The results were reported as percentages with a 95% confidence interval using a random-effects model (CI). PROSPERO was used to register the protocol (CRD42022372293), and 135 studies were included. The prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in patients with Burkitt lymphoma was 57.5% (95% CI: 51.5 to 63.4, n = 4837). The sensitivity analyses demonstrated consistent results, and 65.2% of studies were of high quality. Egger's test revealed that there was a significant publication bias. EBV was found in a significantly high proportion of BL patients (more than 50% of BL patients). This study recommends EBV testing as an alternative for predictions and the assessment of the clinical disease status of BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutaz Jamal Al-Khreisat
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hayati Ismail
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abedelmalek Tabnjh
- Department of Applied Dental Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Faezahtul Arbaeyah Hussain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farid Johan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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López C, Burkhardt B, Chan JKC, Leoncini L, Mbulaiteye SM, Ogwang MD, Orem J, Rochford R, Roschewski M, Siebert R. Burkitt lymphoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:78. [PMID: 36522349 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive form of B cell lymphoma that can affect children and adults. The study of BL led to the identification of the first recurrent chromosomal aberration in lymphoma, t(8;14)(q24;q32), and subsequent discovery of the central role of MYC and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in tumorigenesis. Most patients with BL are cured with chemotherapy but those with relapsed or refractory disease usually die of lymphoma. Historically, endemic BL, non-endemic sporadic BL and the immunodeficiency-associated BL have been recognized, but differentiation of these epidemiological variants is confounded by the frequency of EBV positivity. Subtyping into EBV+ and EBV- BL might better describe the biological heterogeneity of the disease. Phenotypically resembling germinal centre B cells, all types of BL are characterized by dysregulation of MYC due to enhancer activation via juxtaposition with one of the three immunoglobulin loci. Additional molecular changes commonly affect B cell receptor and sphingosine-1-phosphate signalling, proliferation, survival and SWI-SNF chromatin remodelling. BL is diagnosed on the basis of morphology and high expression of MYC. BL can be effectively treated in children and adolescents with short durations of high dose-intensity multiagent chemotherapy regimens. Adults are more susceptible to toxic effects but are effectively treated with chemotherapy, including modified versions of paediatric regimens. The outcomes in patients with BL are good in high-income countries with low mortality and few late effects, but in low-income and middle-income countries, BL is diagnosed late and is usually treated with less-effective regimens affecting the overall good outcomes in patients with this lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina López
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birgit Burkhardt
- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (NHL-BFM) Study Center and Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - John K C Chan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark Roschewski
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
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8
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Chakravorty S, Afzali B, Kazemian M. EBV-associated diseases: Current therapeutics and emerging technologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059133. [PMID: 36389670 PMCID: PMC9647127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV is a prevalent virus, infecting >90% of the world's population. This is an oncogenic virus that causes ~200,000 cancer-related deaths annually. It is, in addition, a significant contributor to the burden of autoimmune diseases. Thus, EBV represents a significant public health burden. Upon infection, EBV remains dormant in host cells for long periods of time. However, the presence or episodic reactivation of the virus increases the risk of transforming healthy cells to malignant cells that routinely escape host immune surveillance or of producing pathogenic autoantibodies. Cancers caused by EBV display distinct molecular behaviors compared to those of the same tissue type that are not caused by EBV, presenting opportunities for targeted treatments. Despite some encouraging results from exploration of vaccines, antiviral agents and immune- and cell-based treatments, the efficacy and safety of most therapeutics remain unclear. Here, we provide an up-to-date review focusing on underlying immune and environmental mechanisms, current therapeutics and vaccines, animal models and emerging technologies to study EBV-associated diseases that may help provide insights for the development of novel effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chakravorty
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, United States
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9
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Verdu-Bou M, Tapia G, Hernandez-Rodriguez A, Navarro JT. Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Epstein-Barr Virus in HIV-Related Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5534. [PMID: 34771697 PMCID: PMC8583310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of lymphomas is increased in people living with HIV (PLWH). Aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are the most common and are considered an AIDS-defining cancer (ADC). Although Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is not considered an ADC, its incidence is also increased in PLWH. Among all HIV-related lymphomas (HRL), the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is high. It has been shown that EBV is involved in different lymphomagenic mechanisms mediated by some of its proteins, contributing to the development of different lymphoma subtypes. Additionally, cooperation between both HIV and EBV can lead to the proliferation of aberrant B-cells, thereby being an additional lymphomagenic mechanism in EBV-associated HRL. Despite the close relationship between EBV and HRL, the impact of EBV on clinical aspects has not been extensively studied. These lymphomas are treated with the same therapeutic regimens as the general population in combination with cART. Nevertheless, new therapeutic strategies targeting EBV are promising for these lymphomas. In this article, the different types of HRL are extensively reviewed, focusing on the influence of EBV on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and pathological characteristics of each lymphoma subtype. Moreover, novel therapies targeting EBV and future strategies to treat HRL harboring EBV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Verdu-Bou
- Lymphoid Neoplasms Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Department of Pathology, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Agueda Hernandez-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Jose-Tomas Navarro
- Lymphoid Neoplasms Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Department of Hematology, Institut Català d’Oncologia-Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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10
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Rochford R. Reframing Burkitt lymphoma: virology not epidemiology defines clinical variants. ANNALS OF LYMPHOMA 2021; 5:22. [PMID: 34888589 PMCID: PMC8654190 DOI: 10.21037/aol-21-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 1964, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was identified in a biopsy from a patient with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) launching a new field of study into this ubiquitous human virus. Almost 60 years later, insights into the role of EBV in lymphomagenesis are still emerging. While all BL carry the hallmark c-myc translocation, the epidemiologic classification of BL (e.g., endemic, sporadic or immunodeficiency-associated) has traditionally been used to define BL clinical variants. However, recent studies using molecular methods to characterize the transcriptional and genetic landscape of BL have identified several unique features are observed that distinguish EBV+ BL including a high level of activation induced deaminase mutation load, evidence of antigen selection in the B cell receptor, and a decreased mutation frequency of TCF3/ID3, all found predominantly in EBV+ compared to EBV- BL. In this review, the focus will be on summarizing recent studies that have done in depth characterization of genetic and transcriptional profiles of BL, describing the differences and similarities of EBV+ and EBV- BL, and what they reveal about the etiology of BL. The new studies put forth a compelling argument that the association with EBV should be the defining etiologic feature of clinical variants of BL. This reframing of BL has important implications for therapeutic interventions for BL that distinguish the EBV+ from the EBV- lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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The Role of Coinfections in the EBV-Host Broken Equilibrium. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071399. [PMID: 34372605 PMCID: PMC8310153 DOI: 10.3390/v13071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a well-adapted human virus, and its infection is exclusive to our species, generally beginning in the childhood and then persisting throughout the life of most of the affected adults. Although this infection generally remains asymptomatic, EBV can trigger life-threatening conditions under unclear circumstances. The EBV lifecycle is characterized by interactions with other viruses or bacteria, which increases the probability of awakening its pathobiont capacity. For instance, EBV infects B cells with the potential to alter the germinal center reaction (GCR)—an adaptive immune structure wherein mutagenic-driven processes take place. HIV- and Plasmodium falciparum-induced B cell hyperactivation also feeds the GCR. These agents, along with the B cell tropic KSHV, converge in the ontogeny of germinal center (GC) or post-GC lymphomas. EBV oral transmission facilitates interactions with local bacteria and HPV, thereby increasing the risk of periodontal diseases and head and neck carcinomas. It is less clear as to how EBV is localized in the stomach, but together with Helicobacter pylori, they are known to be responsible for gastric cancer. Perhaps this mechanism is reminiscent of the local inflammation that attracts different herpesviruses and enhances graft damage and chances of rejection in transplanted patients. In this review, we discussed the existing evidence suggestive of EBV possessing the potential to synergize or cooperate with these agents to trigger or worsen the disease.
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12
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Shindiapina P, Ahmed EH, Mozhenkova A, Abebe T, Baiocchi RA. Immunology of EBV-Related Lymphoproliferative Disease in HIV-Positive Individuals. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1723. [PMID: 33102204 PMCID: PMC7556212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) can directly cause lymphoproliferative disease (LPD), including AIDS-defining lymphomas such as Burkitt’s lymphoma and other non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The prevalence of EBV in HL and NHL is elevated in HIV-positive individuals compared with the general population. Rates of incidence of AIDS-defining cancers have been declining in HIV-infected individuals since initiation of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) use in 1996. However, HIV-infected persons remain at an increased risk of cancers related to infections with oncogenic viruses. Proposed pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-related cancers include decreased immune surveillance, decreased ability to suppress infection-related oncogenic processes and a state of chronic inflammation marked by alteration of the cytokine profile and expanded numbers of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with down-regulated co-stimulatory molecules and increased expression of markers of senescence in the setting of treated HIV infection. Here we discuss the cooperation of EBV-infected B cell- and environment-associated factors that may contribute to EBV-related lymphomagenesis in HIV-infected individuals. Environment-derived lymphomagenic factors include impaired host adaptive and innate immune surveillance, cytokine dysregulation and a pro-inflammatory state observed in the setting of chronic, cART-treated HIV infection. B cell factors include distinctive EBV latency patterns and host protein expression in HIV-associated LPD, as well as B cell-stimulating factors derived from HIV infection. We review the future directions for expanding therapeutic approaches in targeting the viral and immune components of EBV LPD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Shindiapina
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elshafa H Ahmed
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anna Mozhenkova
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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13
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Grande BM, Gerhard DS, Jiang A, Griner NB, Abramson JS, Alexander TB, Allen H, Ayers LW, Bethony JM, Bhatia K, Bowen J, Casper C, Choi JK, Culibrk L, Davidsen TM, Dyer MA, Gastier-Foster JM, Gesuwan P, Greiner TC, Gross TG, Hanf B, Harris NL, He Y, Irvin JD, Jaffe ES, Jones SJM, Kerchan P, Knoetze N, Leal FE, Lichtenberg TM, Ma Y, Martin JP, Martin MR, Mbulaiteye SM, Mullighan CG, Mungall AJ, Namirembe C, Novik K, Noy A, Ogwang MD, Omoding A, Orem J, Reynolds SJ, Rushton CK, Sandlund JT, Schmitz R, Taylor C, Wilson WH, Wright GW, Zhao EY, Marra MA, Morin RD, Staudt LM. Genome-wide discovery of somatic coding and noncoding mutations in pediatric endemic and sporadic Burkitt lymphoma. Blood 2019; 133:1313-1324. [PMID: 30617194 PMCID: PMC6428665 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-871418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although generally curable with intensive chemotherapy in resource-rich settings, Burkitt lymphoma (BL) remains a deadly disease in older patients and in sub-Saharan Africa. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positivity is a feature in more than 90% of cases in malaria-endemic regions, and up to 30% elsewhere. However, the molecular features of BL have not been comprehensively evaluated when taking into account tumor EBV status or geographic origin. Through an integrative analysis of whole-genome and transcriptome data, we show a striking genome-wide increase in aberrant somatic hypermutation in EBV-positive tumors, supporting a link between EBV and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) activity. In addition to identifying novel candidate BL genes such as SIN3A, USP7, and CHD8, we demonstrate that EBV-positive tumors had significantly fewer driver mutations, especially among genes with roles in apoptosis. We also found immunoglobulin variable region genes that were disproportionally used to encode clonal B-cell receptors (BCRs) in the tumors. These include IGHV4-34, known to produce autoreactive antibodies, and IGKV3-20, a feature described in other B-cell malignancies but not yet in BL. Our results suggest that tumor EBV status defines a specific BL phenotype irrespective of geographic origin, with particular molecular properties and distinct pathogenic mechanisms. The novel mutation patterns identified here imply rational use of DNA-damaging chemotherapy in some patients with BL and targeted agents such as the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in others, whereas the importance of BCR signaling in BL strengthens the potential benefit of inhibitors for PI3K, Syk, and Src family kinases among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Grande
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Daniela S Gerhard
- Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Aixiang Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas B Griner
- Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeremy S Abramson
- Center for Lymphoma, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas B Alexander
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Leona W Ayers
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Kishor Bhatia
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Jay Bowen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Corey Casper
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - John Kim Choi
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Luka Culibrk
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tanja M Davidsen
- Cancer Informatics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maureen A Dyer
- Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Patee Gesuwan
- Cancer Informatics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Timothy C Greiner
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Thomas G Gross
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | | | - Nancy Lee Harris
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yiwen He
- Cancer Informatics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John D Irvin
- Foundation for Burkitt Lymphoma Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elaine S Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Clinical Center, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick Kerchan
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nicole Knoetze
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Fabio E Leal
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Yussanne Ma
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | | | - Andrew J Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Karen Novik
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ariela Noy
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - Steven J Reynolds
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and
| | - Christopher K Rushton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - John T Sandlund
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Roland Schmitz
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research and
| | | | | | - George W Wright
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Eric Y Zhao
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research and
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14
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Guidry JT, Birdwell CE, Scott RS. Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis of oral cancers. Oral Dis 2018; 24:497-508. [PMID: 28190296 PMCID: PMC5554094 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gamma-herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong persistent infection in the oral cavity and is intermittently shed in the saliva. EBV exhibits a biphasic life cycle, supported by its dual tropism for B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, which allows the virus to be transmitted within oral lymphoid tissues. While infection is often benign, EBV is associated with a number of lymphomas and carcinomas that arise in the oral cavity and at other anatomical sites. Incomplete association of EBV in cancer has questioned if EBV is merely a passenger or a driver of the tumorigenic process. However, the ability of EBV to immortalize B cells and its prevalence in a subset of cancers has implicated EBV as a carcinogenic cofactor in cellular contexts where the viral life cycle is altered. In many cases, EBV likely acts as an agent of tumor progression rather than tumor initiation, conferring malignant phenotypes observed in EBV-positive cancers. Given that the oral cavity serves as the main site of EBV residence and transmission, here we review the prevalence of EBV in oral malignancies and the mechanisms by which EBV acts as an agent of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Guidry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tumor and Molecular Virology, and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport. Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Christine E. Birdwell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tumor and Molecular Virology, and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport. Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Rona S. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tumor and Molecular Virology, and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport. Shreveport, LA 71103
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15
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Karimi P, Birmann BM, Anderson LA, McShane CM, Gadalla SM, Sampson JN, Mbulaiteye SM. Risk factors for Burkitt lymphoma: a nested case-control study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Br J Haematol 2018; 181:505-514. [PMID: 29676453 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) occurs as three subtypes: endemic BL, immunosuppression-related BL and sporadic BL. Descriptive studies of BL age-specific incidence patterns have suggested multimodal peaks near 10, 40 and 70 years of age, but the risk factors for BL at different ages are unknown. We investigated risk factors for BL in the United Kingdom among 156 BL cases and 608 matched BL-free controls identified in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) between 1992 and 2016. Associations with pre-diagnostic body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), malaria, allergic and autoimmune conditions, and prednisone use were evaluated. Overall, we identified inverse associations between smoking and BL risk, and positive associations between prior EBV infection, HIV/AIDS and prescription or use of prednisone with BL risk. In age-group stratified analyses, BL was associated with malaria exposure (vs. no exposure, odds ratio [OR] 8·00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·46-43·7) among those aged 20-59 years old and with hepatitis infection (vs. no infection, OR 3·41, 95% CI 1·01-11·5) among those aged 60+ years old. The effects of EBV, malaria, HIV/AIDS, prednisone and hepatitis on BL remained significant in mutually-adjusted age-group-specific analyses. No risk factors were associated with childhood BL. We report novel associations for BL in non-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Karimi
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brenda M Birmann
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lesley A Anderson
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Charlene M McShane
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Shahinaz M Gadalla
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Wood CD, Veenstra H, Khasnis S, Gunnell A, Webb HM, Shannon-Lowe C, Andrews S, Osborne CS, West MJ. MYC activation and BCL2L11 silencing by a tumour virus through the large-scale reconfiguration of enhancer-promoter hubs. eLife 2016; 5:e18270. [PMID: 27490482 PMCID: PMC5005034 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomagenesis in the presence of deregulated MYC requires suppression of MYC-driven apoptosis, often through downregulation of the pro-apoptotic BCL2L11 gene (Bim). Transcription factors (EBNAs) encoded by the lymphoma-associated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activate MYC and silence BCL2L11. We show that the EBNA2 transactivator activates multiple MYC enhancers and reconfigures the MYC locus to increase upstream and decrease downstream enhancer-promoter interactions. EBNA2 recruits the BRG1 ATPase of the SWI/SNF remodeller to MYC enhancers and BRG1 is required for enhancer-promoter interactions in EBV-infected cells. At BCL2L11, we identify a haematopoietic enhancer hub that is inactivated by the EBV repressors EBNA3A and EBNA3C through recruitment of the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2. Reversal of enhancer inactivation using an EZH2 inhibitor upregulates BCL2L11 and induces apoptosis. EBV therefore drives lymphomagenesis by hijacking long-range enhancer hubs and specific cellular co-factors. EBV-driven MYC enhancer activation may contribute to the genesis and localisation of MYC-Immunoglobulin translocation breakpoints in Burkitt's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Wood
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarika Khasnis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Gunnell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Webb
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Group, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron S Osborne
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle J West
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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17
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Chen BJ, Chang ST, Weng SF, Huang WT, Chu PY, Hsieh PP, Jung YC, Kuo CC, Chuang YT, Chuang SS. EBV-associated Burkitt lymphoma in Taiwan is not age-related. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:644-53. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1076928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Jung Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan,
| | - Sheng-Tsung Chang
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan,
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Institute of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan,
| | - Shih-Feng Weng
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan,
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan,
| | - Pin-Pen Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Yun-Chih Jung
- Department of Pathology, Sin-Lau Christian Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan,
| | - Chun-Chi Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan,
| | - Yu-Ting Chuang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, and
| | - Shih-Sung Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan,
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma 50 years ago, only one other virus, namely Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8, has been confirmed to be a direct cause of B-cell lymphoma. Here we will review the evidence for Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus as causal lymphoma agents. RECENT FINDINGS A deeper understanding of specific mechanisms by which Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cause B-cell lymphomas has been acquired over the past years, in particular with respect to viral protein interactions with host cell pathways, and microRNA functions. Specific therapies based on knowledge of viral functions are beginning to be evaluated, mostly in preclinical models. SUMMARY Understanding the causal associations of specific infectious agents with certain B-cell lymphomas has allowed more accurate diagnosis and classification. A deeper knowledge of the specific mechanisms of transformation is essential to begin assessing whether virus-targeted treatment modalities may be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Altekruse SF, Rosenfeld GE, Carrick DM, Pressman EJ, Schully SD, Mechanic LE, Cronin KA, Hernandez BY, Lynch CF, Cozen W, Khoury MJ, Penberthy LT. SEER cancer registry biospecimen research: yesterday and tomorrow. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 23:2681-7. [PMID: 25472677 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries have been a source of biospecimens for cancer research for decades. Recently, registry-based biospecimen studies have become more practical, with the expansion of electronic networks for pathology and medical record reporting. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens are now used for next-generation sequencing and other molecular techniques. These developments create new opportunities for SEER biospecimen research. We evaluated 31 research articles published during 2005 to 2013 based on authors' confirmation that these studies involved linkage of SEER data to biospecimens. Rather than providing an exhaustive review of all possible articles, our intent was to indicate the breadth of research made possible by such a resource. We also summarize responses to a 2012 questionnaire that was broadly distributed to the NCI intra- and extramural biospecimen research community. This included responses from 30 investigators who had used SEER biospecimens in their research. The survey was not intended to be a systematic sample, but instead to provide anecdotal insight on strengths, limitations, and the future of SEER biospecimen research. Identified strengths of this research resource include biospecimen availability, cost, and annotation of data, including demographic information, stage, and survival. Shortcomings include limited annotation of clinical attributes such as detailed chemotherapy history and recurrence, and timeliness of turnaround following biospecimen requests. A review of selected SEER biospecimen articles, investigator feedback, and technological advances reinforced our view that SEER biospecimen resources should be developed. This would advance cancer biology, etiology, and personalized therapy research. See all the articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Biomarkers, Biospecimens, and New Technologies in Molecular Epidemiology." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2681-7. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean F Altekruse
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland.
| | - Gabriel E Rosenfeld
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Danielle M Carrick
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Emilee J Pressman
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Sheri D Schully
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Leah E Mechanic
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kathleen A Cronin
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Charles F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California. Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Muin J Khoury
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland. Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynne T Penberthy
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
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20
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Grewal R, Cucuianu A, Swanepoel C, Dima D, Petrushev B, Pop B, Berindan-Neagoe I, Abayomi EA, Tomuleasa C. The role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of HIV-related lymphomas. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015. [PMID: 26218036 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of HIV-related lymphomas (HRLs) is increased by 60-100 times in patients with HIV. When compared to the general population, patients with HRLs often present with extranodal lymphoid proliferation, most frequently of the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, liver and bone marrow. MicroRNAs (miRs) are non-coding double-stranded RNA molecules of 18-25 nucleotides that regulate post-translational gene expression by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation of messenger RNA complementary sequences. Before their discovery, tumorigenesis was thought to have been caused by the alteration of protein-coding oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, but once identified in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, miRs function as either oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes was confirmed in different types of malignancies. Since miRs are clearly involved in tumorigenesis in many cancers, their role in HRLs is now receiving attention. A few studies have been conducted thus far in some HRLs on the involvement of miR in the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies. Since B-cell lymphomas arise from various stages of B-cell development in both HIV-infected and HIV-naïve patients, investigators have tried to determine the different miR signatures in B-cell development. As classic immunohistochemistry staining is sometimes not enough for the differential diagnosis of HRLs, in the present review, we have described the potential use of miRs in the prognosis and diagnosis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravnit Grewal
- a Division of Hematopathology , Tygerberg Academic Hospital , Tygerberg , South Africa
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Mbulaiteye SM, Morton LM, Sampson JN, Chang ET, Costas L, de Sanjosé S, Lightfoot T, Kelly J, Friedberg JW, Cozen W, Marcos-Gragera R, Slager SL, Birmann BM, Weisenburger DD. Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for sporadic Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia: the Interlymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2015; 2014:106-14. [PMID: 25174031 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiologic role of medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is unknown, but epidemiologic and clinical evidence suggests that risk factors may vary by age. METHODS We investigated risk factors for sporadic BL in 295 cases compared with 21818 controls in a pooled analysis of 18 case-control studies in the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph). Cases were defined to include typical BL or Burkitt-like lymphoma. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations were calculated separately for younger (<50 years) and older (≥ 50 years) BL using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Cases included 133 younger BL and 159 older BL (age was missing for three cases) and they were evenly split between typical BL (n = 147) and Burkitt-like lymphoma (n = 148). BL in younger participants was inversely associated with a history of allergy (OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.32 to 1.05), and positively associated with a history of eczema among individuals without other atopic conditions (OR = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.20 to 5.40), taller height (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.08 to 4.36), and employment as a cleaner (OR = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.13 to 10.7). BL in older participants was associated with a history of hepatitis C virus seropositivity (OR = 4.19; 95% CI = 1.05 to 16.6) based on three exposed cases. Regardless of age, BL was inversely associated with alcohol consumption and positively associated with height. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that BL in younger and older adults may be etiologically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
| | - Lindsay M Morton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Ellen T Chang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Laura Costas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Jennifer Kelly
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Jonathan W Friedberg
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Rafael Marcos-Gragera
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Susan L Slager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Brenda M Birmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Dennis D Weisenburger
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
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Rowe M, Fitzsimmons L, Bell AI. Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt lymphoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:609-19. [PMID: 25418195 PMCID: PMC4308657 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 1964, a new herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), was discovered in cultured tumor cells derived from a Burkitt lymphoma (BL) biopsy taken from an African patient. This was a momentous event that reinvigorated research into viruses as a possible cause of human cancers. Subsequent studies demonstrated that EBV was a potent growth-transforming agent for primary B cells, and that all cases of BL carried characteristic chromosomal translocations resulting in constitutive activation of the c-MYC oncogene. These results hinted at simple oncogenic mechanisms that would make Burkitt lymphoma paradigmatic for cancers with viral etiology. In reality, the pathogenesis of this tumor is rather complicated with regard to both the contribution of the virus and the involvement of cellular oncogenes. Here, we review the current understanding of the roles of EBV and c-MYC in the pathogenesis of BL and the implications for new therapeutic strategies to treat this lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Bir-mingham CMDS, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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23
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New clues to the molecular pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma revealed through next-generation sequencing. Curr Opin Hematol 2014; 21:326-32. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Mbulaiteye SM. Burkitt Lymphoma: beyond discoveries. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:35. [PMID: 24079372 PMCID: PMC3852287 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
First described in 1958 in Uganda, Burkitt lymphoma (BL) attracted interest worldwide following reports of its uneven geographic distribution and rapidly fatal clinical course. Both suggested infectious etiology and curability. Seminal discoveries followed in quick succession. Viral etiology - due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - was confirmed. Chromosomal translocations, involving cellular MYC, a protooncogene, were discovered, shown to be a hallmark of BL, and central to the genetic basis of cancer. Cure of BL using combination chemotherapy was demonstrated. Unfortunately, civil disturbance in Africa disrupted BL research and blunted its impact on education and oncology care in Africa. Important questions went unanswered. The risk of BL due to malaria or EBV was not quantified. Efforts to answer whether BL could be prevented - by preventing malaria or early EBV infection - were abandoned. The mechanism of malaria in BL is unknown. In Africa, BL remains mostly fatal and diagnosis is still made clinically. Unprecedented advances in molecular, genomics and proteomic technologies, promising to unlock mysteries of cancers, have re-awakened interest in BL. With return of stability to Africa, the unanswered questions about BL are re-attracting global interest. This interest now includes exploiting the knowledge gained about genetics, proteomics, and bioinformatics to enable the development of targeted less toxic treatment for BL; and simpler methods to diagnose BL with high accuracy and sensitivity. The articles in the Burkitt Lymphoma (BL): Beyond Discoveries in Infectious Agents and Cancer highlight BL as priority. Authors explore etiology, pathology, pathogenesis of BL, and whether knowledge gained in the studies of BL can catalyze sustainable cancer services in one of the world's poorest served regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rm, 6E118 MSC 9704, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704, USA.
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