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Tang Z, Lu Y, Dong JL, Wu W, Li J. The extracellular vesicles in HIV infection and progression: mechanisms, and theranostic implications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1376455. [PMID: 38655385 PMCID: PMC11035885 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1376455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), these minute yet mighty cellular messengers are redefining our understanding of a spectrum of diseases, from cancer to cardiovascular ailments, neurodegenerative disorders, and even infectious diseases like HIV. Central to cellular communication, EVs emerge as both potent facilitators and insightful biomarkers in immune response and the trajectory of disease progression. This review ventures deep into the realm of EVs in HIV-unraveling their pivotal roles in diagnosis, disease mechanism unravelling, and therapeutic innovation. With a focus on HIV, we will highlights the transformative potential of EVs in both diagnosing and treating this formidable virus. Unveiling the intricate dance between EVs and HIV, the review aims to shed light on novel therapeutic strategies that could significantly benefit HIV therapy, potentially even leading to the eradication of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tang
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Yichang Changyang County People’s Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jiu-Long Dong
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Wu
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Li
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
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Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Cardiovascular Parameters for People Living With HIV: A Meta-analysis. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2020; 30:186-205. [PMID: 30822291 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) have limited exercise capacity because of anemia, neuromuscular disorders, and pulmonary limitations. We used a meta-analysis to examine the effect of aerobic and resistance exercise alone and in combination on cardiovascular parameters. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted and long-term effects of exercise were investigated. A systematic literature search was conducted up to July/August 2017. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database-scale was used to rate quality and assess the risk of bias on the papers. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated to assess the effect of exercise. Posttreatment comparison between the exercise and control groups revealed moderate and large effect sizes in favor of the intervention group for VO2max (SMD = 0.66, p < .0001) and the 6-minute walk test (SMD = 1.11, p = .0001). Exercise had a positive effect on cardiovascular parameters in PLWH. Exercise can be a prevention factor for PLWH dealing with multiple comorbidities.
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Effects of a Combined Exercise Training Program on Health Indicators and Quality of Life of People Living with HIV: A Randomized Clinical Trial. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:1531-1541. [PMID: 31552510 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 16 weeks of combined exercise training (CET) on muscle strength, body composition, depression, anxiety and quality of life of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Twenty-three participants completed the study, 14 in trained group (TG) and 9 in control group (CG). TG consisted of resistance and aerobic training three times a week, while the CG was exposed to recreational activities twice a week. CET promoted increased muscle strength (25% in overall strength) and aerobic capacity (+ 20% in training speed and + 23% in VO2 during aerobic training; p < 0.05). In addition, TG had better quality of life and reduced depression rates (from 7 subjects with mild, moderate or severe depression to 1 post-training). In conclusion, this pilot data demonstrated that 16 weeks of CET increased muscle strength, and improved depression and quality of life indexes in a small sample of PLHIV.
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Waters R, Ndengane M, Abrahams MR, Diedrich CR, Wilkinson RJ, Coussens AK. The Mtb-HIV syndemic interaction: why treating M. tuberculosis infection may be crucial for HIV-1 eradication. Future Virol 2020; 15:101-125. [PMID: 32273900 PMCID: PMC7132588 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated tuberculosis and AIDS progression seen in HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-coinfected individuals indicates the important interaction between these syndemic pathogens. The immunological interaction between HIV-1 and Mtb has been largely defined by how the virus exacerbates tuberculosis disease pathogenesis. Understanding of the mechanisms by which pre-existing or subsequent Mtb infection may favor the replication, persistence and progression of HIV, is less characterized. We present a rationale for the critical consideration of ‘latent’ Mtb infection in HIV-1 prevention and cure strategies. In support of this position, we review evidence of the effect of Mtb infection on HIV-1 acquisition, replication and persistence. We propose that ‘latent’ Mtb infection may have considerable impact on HIV-1 pathogenesis and the continuing HIV-1 epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Waters
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa
| | - Mthawelanga Ndengane
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa
| | - Melissa-Rose Abrahams
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa
| | - Collin R Diedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.,The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, WC, South Africa.,Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3279, VIC, Australia.,Division of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3279, VIC, Australia
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D Urbano V, De Crignis E, Re MC. Host Restriction Factors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1): A Dynamic Interplay Involving All Phases of the Viral Life Cycle. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:184-207. [PMID: 30117396 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180817115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved several mechanisms to prevent or block lentiviral infection and spread. Among the innate immune mechanisms, the signaling cascade triggered by type I interferon (IFN) plays a pivotal role in limiting the burden of HIV-1. In the presence of IFN, human cells upregulate the expression of a number of genes, referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), many of them acting as antiviral restriction factors (RFs). RFs are dominant proteins that target different essential steps of the viral cycle, thereby providing an early line of defense against the virus. The identification and characterization of RFs have provided unique insights into the molecular biology of HIV-1, further revealing the complex host-pathogen interplay that characterizes the infection. The presence of RFs drove viral evolution, forcing the virus to develop specific proteins to counteract their activity. The knowledge of the mechanisms that prevent viral infection and their viral counterparts may offer new insights to improve current antiviral strategies. This review provides an overview of the RFs targeting HIV-1 replication and the mechanisms that regulate their expression as well as their impact on viral replication and the clinical course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Urbano
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Liu H, Li M, Song Y, Xu W. TRIM21 Restricts Coxsackievirus B3 Replication, Cardiac and Pancreatic Injury via Interacting With MAVS and Positively Regulating IRF3-Mediated Type-I Interferon Production. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2479. [PMID: 30410495 PMCID: PMC6209670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21) is a regulator of tissue inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and has been implicated in negative regulation of IRF3-dependent type I interferon signaling. However, the antiviral activity of TRIM21 varies among diverse viruses and its role on regulation of type I interferon remains inconsistent in different microbial infections. Here, we investigate the potential role for TRIM21 in controlling Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) replication and susceptible organ pathology. We found that CVB3 infection up-regulated the expression of TRIM21 in hearts of mice and cardiomyocytes at early phase of infection. Knock-down of TRIM21 resulted in increased viral replication, while overexpression led to increased phosphorylation and dimerization of IRF3, increased IFN-β transcription and reduced viral replication in vitro. We demonstrate that TRIM21 promotes the activation of IRF3 in CVB3-infected cells via interacting with MAVS and catalyzing the K27-linked polyubiquitination of MAVS, thereby enhancing type I interferon signaling. The RING domain of ubiquitin ligase activity and PRY-SPRY domain of TRIM21 are critical for its anti-viral effect. In vivo overexpression of TRIM21 significantly protected mice against viral myocarditis by suppressing CVB3 replication and reducing cardiac inflammatory cytokine production. While TRIM21 deficient mice exhibited a decreased IFN-β production, an increased cardiac and pancreatic CVB3 replication, and aggravated pancreatic injury as well as myocarditis during acute infection. Thus, our results demonstrate TRIM21 as a positive regulator of IFN-β signaling by targeting MAVS during CVB3 infection and suggest it as a potent host defense against CVB3 infection and viral-induced injury in hearts and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yahui Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Pérez Chaparro CGA, Zech P, Schuch F, Wolfarth B, Rapp M, Heiβel A. Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise alone or combined on strength and hormone outcomes for people living with HIV. A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203384. [PMID: 30180202 PMCID: PMC6122835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects muscle mass, altering independent activities of people living with HIV (PLWH). Resistance training alone (RT) or combined with aerobic exercise (AE) is linked to improved muscle mass and strength maintenance in PLWH. These exercise benefits have been the focus of different meta-analyses, although only a limited number of studies have been identified up to the year 2013/4. An up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis concerning the effect of RT alone or combined with AE on strength parameters and hormones is of high value, since more and recent studies dealing with these types of exercise in PLWH have been published. Methods Randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of RT alone, AE alone or the combination of both (AERT) on PLWH was performed through five web-databases up to December 2017. Risk of bias and study quality was attained using the PEDro scale. Weighted mean difference (WMD) from baseline to post-intervention changes was calculated. The I2 statistics for heterogeneity was calculated. Results Thirteen studies reported strength outcomes. Eight studies presented a low risk of bias. The overall change in upper body strength was 19.3 Kg (95% CI: 9.8–28.8, p< 0.001) after AERT and 17.5 Kg (95% CI: 16–19.1, p< 0.001) for RT. Lower body change was 29.4 Kg (95% CI: 18.1–40.8, p< 0.001) after RT and 10.2 Kg (95% CI: 6.7–13.8, p< 0.001) for AERT. Changes were higher after controlling for the risk of bias in upper and lower body strength and for supervised exercise in lower body strength. A significant change towards lower levels of IL-6 was found (-2.4 ng/dl (95% CI: -2.6, -2.1, p< 0.001). Conclusion Both resistance training alone and combined with aerobic exercise showed a positive change when studies with low risk of bias and professional supervision were analyzed, improving upper and, more critically, lower body muscle strength. Also, this study found that exercise had a lowering effect on IL-6 levels in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Germán Alberto Pérez Chaparro
- University Outpatient Clinic–Center for Sports Medicine, Department Sports & Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Philipp Zech
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Felipe Schuch
- Post-graduate Program in Health and Human Development, La Salle University, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sports Sciences, Division of Sports Medicine, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rapp
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Heiβel
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
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8
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The Future of Influenza Vaccines: A Historical and Clinical Perspective. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030058. [PMID: 30200179 PMCID: PMC6160951 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, the development of vaccines to prevent infectious disease was an empirical process. From smallpox variolation in Song dynasty China, through the polysaccharide capsule vaccines developed in the 1970s, vaccines were made either from the pathogen itself, treated in some way to render it attenuated or non-infectious, or from a closely related non-pathogenic strain. In recent decades, new scientific knowledge and technologies have enabled rational vaccine design in a way that was unimaginable before. However, vaccines optimal against some infectious diseases, influenza among them, have remained elusive. This review will highlight the challenges that influenza viruses pose for rational vaccine design. In particular, it will consider the clinically beneficial endpoints, beyond complete sterilizing immunity, that have been achieved with vaccines against other infectious diseases, as well as the barriers to achieving similar success against influenza.
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Mahajan SD, Aalinkeel R, Parikh NU, Jacob A, Cwiklinski K, Sandhu P, Le K, Loftus AW, Schwartz SA, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. Immunomodulatory Role of Complement Proteins in the Neuropathology Associated with Opiate Abuse and HIV-1 Co-Morbidity. Immunol Invest 2018; 46:816-832. [PMID: 29058550 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1371891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The complement system which is a critical mediator of innate immunity plays diverse roles in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection such as clearing HIV-1 and promoting productive HIV-1 replication. In the development of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders (HAND), there may be an imbalance between complement activation and regulation, which may contribute to the neuronal damage as a consequence of HIV-1 infection. It is well recognized that opiate abuse exacerbates HIV-1 neuropathology, however, little is known about the role of complement proteins in opiate induced neuromodulation, specifically in the presence of co-morbidity such as HIV-1 infection. Complement levels are significantly increased in the HIV-1-infected brain, thus HIV-induced complement synthesis may represent an important mechanism for the pathogenesis of AIDS in the brain, but remains underexplored. Anti-HIV-1 antibodies are able to initiate complement activation in HIV-1 infected CNS cells such as microglia and astrocytes during the course of disease progression; however, this complement activation fails to clear and eradicate HIV-1 from infected cells. In addition, the antiretroviral agents used for HIV therapy cause dysregulation of lipid metabolism, endothelial, and adipocyte cell function, and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We speculate that both HIV-1 and opiates trigger a cytokine-mediated pro-inflammatory stimulus that modulates the complement cascade to exacerbate the virus-induced neurological damage. We examined the expression levels of C1q, SC5b-9, C5L2, C5aR, C3aR, and C9 key members of the complement cascade both in vivo in post mortem brain frontal cortex tissue from patients with HAND who used/did not use heroin, and in vitro using human microglial cultures treated with HIV tat and/or heroin. We observed significant expression of C1q and SC5b-9 by immunofluorescence staining in both the brain cortical and hippocampal region in HAND patients who abused heroin. Additionally, we observed increased gene expression of C5aR, C3aR, and C9 in the brain tissue of both HIV-1 infected patients with HAND who abused and did not abuse heroin, as compared to HIV negative controls. Our results show a significant increase in the expression of complement proteins C9, C5L2, C5aR, and C3aR in HIV transfected microglia and an additional increase in the levels of these complement proteins in heroin-treated HIV transfected microglia. This study highlights the a) potential roles of complement proteins in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-related neurodegenerative disorders; b) the combined effect of an opiate, like heroin, and HIV viral protein like HIV tat on complement proteins in normal human microglial cells and HIV transfected microglial cells. In the context of HAND, targeting selective steps in the complement cascade could help ameliorating the HIV burden in the CNS, thus investigations of complement-related therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HAND are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D Mahajan
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Neil U Parikh
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander Jacob
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Katherine Cwiklinski
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Prateet Sandhu
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Kevin Le
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander W Loftus
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Richard J Quigg
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jessy J Alexander
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
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Iqbal K, Imran M, Ullah S, Jamal M, Waheed Y, Ali Q. Correlation of Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing Enzyme, Catalytic Polypeptide- like 3G Genetic Variant rs8177832 with HIV-1 Predisposition in Pakistani Population. Curr HIV Res 2018; 16:297-301. [PMID: 30338740 PMCID: PMC6416456 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666181018155827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global health burden which ultimately results in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). There are multiple host factors which are capable of limiting HIV-1 replication. One of the most important host factors which inhibit HIV-1 DNA synthesis is the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide- like 3G (APOBEC3G). Any genetic variation of this important host factor may influence the host susceptibility to viral infection. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate any correlation of APOBEC3G genetic variation rs8177832 with HIV-1 infection. METHODS The study involved 142 healthy control and 100 HIV-1 infected subjects. The genetic variation rs8177832 of all studied subjects was determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR). RESULTS The results showed that the distribution of rs8177832 genotypes AA, AG and GG in healthy subjects and HIV-1 subjects was; 42.253%, 42.957%, 14.788% and 66%, 27%, 7% respectively. Statistical analyses of data showed that there was a significant variation in rs8177832 genotype AA in healthy control and HIV-1 infected subjects (42.257% vs 66%; p-value<0.001). CONCLUSION Thus it was concluded that APOBEC3G rs8177832 AA genotype contributes in genetic predisposition to HIV-1 infection in Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid Iqbal
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore, Pakistan; Tel: 00923028051657; E-mail:
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Imran M, Waheed Y, Ghazal A, Ullah S, Safi SZ, Jamal M, Ali M, Atif M, Imran M, Ullah F. Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:504-507. [PMID: 29250325 PMCID: PMC5727756 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Since its discovery before 30 years, a number of drugs known as highly active antiretroviral therapy have been developed to suppress the life cycle of the virus at different stages. With the current therapeutic approaches, ending AIDS means providing treatment to 35 million individuals living with HIV for the rest of their lives or until a cure is developed. Additionally, therapy is associated with various other challenges such as potential of drug resistance, toxicity and presence of latent viral reservoir. Therefore, it is imperative to search for treatments and to identify new therapeutic approaches against HIV infection to avoid daily intake of drugs. The aim of the current review was to summarize different therapeutic strategies against HIV infection, including stem cell therapy, RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9 pathways, antibodies, intrabodies and nanotechnology. Silencing RNA against chemokine receptor 5 and other HIV RNAs have been tested and found to elicit homology-based, post-transcriptional silencing. The CRISPR/Cas9 is a gene editing technology that produces a double-stranded nick in the virus DNA, which is repaired by the host machinery either by non-homology end joining mechanism or via homology recombination leading to insertion, deletion mutation which further leads to frame shift mutation and non-functional products. Intrabodies are intracellular-expressed antibodies that are directed towards the targets inside the cell unlike the naturally expressed antibodies which target outside the cell. Different nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches are also in progress against HIV. HIV eradication is not feasible without deploying a cure or vaccine alongside the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ghazal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ullah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore 53720, Pakistan
| | - Sher Zaman Safi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhsin Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Garden Campus, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management Technology, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Aljouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Diet and Nutrition, Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
- Correspondence to: Dr Muhammad Imran, Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Khayaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan, E-mail:
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Physiology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical university Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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12
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SERINC as a Restriction Factor to Inhibit Viral Infectivity and the Interaction with HIV. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:1548905. [PMID: 29359168 PMCID: PMC5735641 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1548905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine incorporator 5 (SERINC5) is a recently discovered restriction factor that inhibits viral infectivity by preventing fusion. Retroviruses have developed strategies to counteract the action of SERINC5, such as the expression of proteins like negative regulatory factor (Nef), S2, and glycosylated Gag (glycoGag). These accessory proteins downregulate SERINC5 from the plasma membrane for subsequent degradation in the lysosomes. The observed variability in the action of SERINC5 suggests the participation of other elements like the envelope glycoprotein (Env) that modulates susceptibility of the virus towards SERINC5. The exact mechanism by which SERINC5 inhibits viral fusion has not yet been determined, although it has been proposed that it increases the sensitivity of the Env by exposing regions which are recognized by neutralizing antibodies. More studies are needed to understand the role of SERINC5 and to assess its utility as a therapeutic strategy.
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Durantel D, Kusters I, Louis J, Manel N, Ottenhoff THM, Picot V, Saaadatian-Elahi M. Mechanisms behind TB, HBV, and HIV chronic infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:142-150. [PMID: 28919545 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion is critical for pathogens to maintain their presence within hosts, giving rise to chronic infections. Here, we examine the immune evasion strategies employed by three pathogens with high medical burden, namely, tuberculosis, HIV and HBV. Establishment of chronic infection by these pathogens is a multi-step process that involves an interplay between restriction factor, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Engagement of these host defences is intimately linked with specific steps within the pathogen replication cycles. Critical host factors are increasingly recognized to regulate immune evasion and susceptibility to disease. Fuelled by innovative technology development, the understanding of these mechanisms provides critical knowledge for rational design of vaccines and therapeutic immune strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Durantel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, U1052, CNRS, University of Lyon, UMR_5286, LabEx DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
| | - Inca Kusters
- Sanofi Pasteur, 2 Avenue du Pont Pasteur, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jacques Louis
- Fondation Mérieux, 17 rue Bourgelat, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institute Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Group Immunology and Immunogenetics of Bacterial Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Bldg. 1, Rm # C-05-43 Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mitra Saaadatian-Elahi
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
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14
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Mansha S, Imran M, Shah AMUH, Jamal M, Ahmed F, Atif M, Saleem M, Safi SZ, Fatima Z, Bilal Waqar A. Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected People Who Inject Drugs in Lahore, Pakistan. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:366-370. [PMID: 28346804 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the major cause of the global burden of hepatitis. One of the main routes of transmission for both viruses is through exposure to infected blood, which includes sharing blood-contaminated syringes and needles. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the immune system and results in acquired immune deficiency syndrome and opportunistic infections. The objective of this study was to assess the epidemiology of HBV and HCV infections among HIV-infected people who inject drugs (PWID). The study enrolled 100 PWID from different addiction centers of the city of Lahore in Pakistan. All subjects were HIV-infected males and were above 16 years of age. Screening of HBV and HCV infections was performed through immunochromatography tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The prevalence of HCV and HBV infections among the 100 HIV-infected PWID was 55% and 6%, respectively. HIV monoinfection was found in 37% of the subjects, while triple infection was detected in 2% of the subjects. Majority of the HIV-infected PWID were using heroin and Avil injections (65%). Half of the subjects had used injection drugs for 1-5 years, while 32% had used injection drugs for 6-10 years. HCV infection was more common than HBV infection among the enrolled subjects. Most of the PWID were practicing heroin and Avil injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Mansha
- 1 Department of Pathology, Allama Iqbal Medical College , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amir Miraj Ul Hussain Shah
- 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhsin Jamal
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University , Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Fayyaz Ahmed
- 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif
- 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammmad Saleem
- 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sher Zaman Safi
- 4 Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zareen Fatima
- 5 Department of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging (DRSMI), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Bilal Waqar
- 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Thakoordeen S, Moodley J, Naicker T. Serum levels of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (sVEGFR)-1 and -2 in HIV associated preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2017; 36:168-174. [PMID: 28609170 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2017.1280049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The angiogenic-antiangiogenic imbalance evident in preeclampsia (PE) may be used as a predictive tool to identify women likely to develop the clinical features in early pregnancy. METHOD This retrospective study examined normotensive pregnant (n = 38) and preeclamptic (n = 38) HIV-infected and uninfected women to quantify sVEGFR-1 and -2 and PECAM-1 levels. RESULTS In contrast to PECAM-1, sVEGFR-1 and -2 differed according to pregnancy type (p = 0.07; p = 0.001; p = 0.002) but not by HIV status (p = 0.68; p = 0.13; p = 0.43). CONCLUSION Irrespective of the HIV status, we report an upregulation of sVEGFR-1 with concomitant decline of PECAM-1 and sVEGFR-2 levels in PE compared to normotensive pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semone Thakoordeen
- a Optics and Imaging Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- b Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Family Medicine , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- a Optics and Imaging Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa
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