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Corassa A, Straub IWW, Sbardella M, Ton APS, Kiefer C, Brito CO, Rothmund VL, Freitas LW. Brazilian Corn Ethanol Coproducts for Pigs: Feeding Value and Blood Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2108. [PMID: 39061570 PMCID: PMC11273619 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the values of net energy (NE), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and digestibility coefficients of corn ethanol coproducts produced in Brazil and their effects on the nitrogen balance and blood parameters of pigs. Ten barrows were housed in metabolic study cages for total collection and fed a reference diet (RD) or 800 g/kg RD + 200 g/kg of a coproduct of corn ethanol. Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn bran with solubles (CBS), distiller's dried grains (DDG) and high-protein distiller's dried grain (HPDDG) were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three repetitions per period, totaling six repetitions per diet. Diets containing the HPDDG had greater DE and ME than those containing CBS and DDGS and greater DE than those containing the DDG (p < 0.05). HPDDG, DDG, CBS and DDGS showed 4498, 3419, 3029 and 3335 kcal/kg DE; 4366, 3305, 2934 and 3214 kcal/kg ME; and 2515, 1938, 1649 and 1725 kcal/kg NE, respectively. Pigs fed diets containing HPDDG and CBS showed greater nitrogen retention efficiency than pigs fed DDGS (p < 0.05). Pigs fed diets containing HPDDG had higher blood urea levels than pigs fed CBS and RD, while triglyceride levels in animals that received the CBS diet were greater than those in animals that received all other diets. The HPDDG had the highest energy levels and the best digestibility coefficients. The chemical composition of coproducts influences the nitrogen balance and circulating levels of urea and triglycerides in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Corassa
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78.550-000, MT, Brazil; (I.W.W.S.); (M.S.); (A.P.S.T.); (V.L.R.); (L.W.F.)
| | - Igor Willian Wrobel Straub
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78.550-000, MT, Brazil; (I.W.W.S.); (M.S.); (A.P.S.T.); (V.L.R.); (L.W.F.)
| | - Maicon Sbardella
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78.550-000, MT, Brazil; (I.W.W.S.); (M.S.); (A.P.S.T.); (V.L.R.); (L.W.F.)
| | - Ana Paula Silva Ton
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78.550-000, MT, Brazil; (I.W.W.S.); (M.S.); (A.P.S.T.); (V.L.R.); (L.W.F.)
| | - Charles Kiefer
- Veterinary and Animal Science Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79.070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Claudson Oliveira Brito
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão 40.035-530, SE, Brazil;
| | - Vivian Luana Rothmund
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78.550-000, MT, Brazil; (I.W.W.S.); (M.S.); (A.P.S.T.); (V.L.R.); (L.W.F.)
| | - Leonardo Willian Freitas
- Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78.550-000, MT, Brazil; (I.W.W.S.); (M.S.); (A.P.S.T.); (V.L.R.); (L.W.F.)
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Liu H, Wang S, Chen M, Ji H, Zhang D. Effects of Lactobacillus-fermented low-protein diets on the growth performance, nitrogen excretion, fecal microbiota and metabolomic profiles of finishing pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8612. [PMID: 38616198 PMCID: PMC11016537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus-fermented low-protein diet on the growth performance, nitrogen balance, fecal microbiota, and metabolomic profiles of finishing pigs. A total of 90 finishing pigs were assigned to one of three dietary treatments including a normal protein diet (CON) as well as two experimental diets in which a low-protein diet supplemented with 0 (LP) or 1% Lactobacillus-fermented low-protein feed (FLP). In comparison with CON, the LP and FLP significantly increased average daily gain (P = 0.044), significantly decreased feed to gain ratio (P = 0.021), fecal nitrogen (P < 0.01), urine nitrogen (P < 0.01), and total nitrogen (P < 0.01), respectively. The LP group exhibited increased abundances of unclassified_f_Selenomonadaceae, Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium, and Butyricicoccus, while the abundances of Verrucomicrobiae, Verrucomicrobiales, Akkermansiaceae, and Akkermansia were enriched in the FLP group. Low-protein diet-induced metabolic changes were enriched in sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis and Lactobacillus-fermented low-protein feed-induced metabolic changes were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and arginine biosynthesis. Overall, low-protein diet and Lactobacillus-fermented low-protein diet improved the growth performance and reduce nitrogen excretion, possibly via altering the fecal microbiota and metabolites in the finishing pigs. The present study provides novel ideas regarding the application of the low-protein diet and Lactobacillus-fermented low-protein diet in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Sixin Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Meixia Chen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Haifeng Ji
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Zhang S, Huang Y, Zheng C, Wang L, Zhou Y, Chen W, Duan Y, Shan T. Leucine improves the growth performance, carcass traits, and lipid nutritional quality of pork in Shaziling pigs. Meat Sci 2024; 210:109435. [PMID: 38246121 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Leucine is involved in promoting fatty acid oxidation and lipolysis, mediating lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, thus it has been widely used in livestock production. However, the effects of leucine on fat deposition and nutrition in Shaziling pigs remain unclear. A total of 72 Shaziling pigs (150 days old, weight 35.00 ± 1.00 kg) were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed with basal diet (control group) or basal diet containing 1% leucine (leucine group) for 60 days. The results showed that leucine significantly increased the average daily feed intake but decreased the ratio of feed to gain (P < 0.05), increased the loin muscle area and serum glucose content (P < 0.05) of Shaziling pigs. Besides, leucine regulated the re-distribution of fatty acids from adipose tissue to muscle as it significantly increased the contents of C18:1n-9 and C22:6n-3 (DHA) in the longissimus thoracis while decreased the contents of C22:5n-3 (DPA), C20:5n-3 (EPA), and DHA in the adipose tissue of Shaziling pigs (P < 0.05). Lipidomic analysis showed that the contents of phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), cardiolipins (CLs), and phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) in the longissimus thoracis and the contents of lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs), ceramides (Cers), phosphatidylinositols (PIs) in adipose tissue of Shaziling pigs were decreased in leucine group (P < 0.05). Collectively, this study clarified that dietary addition of 1% leucine have a better effect on growth performance and the deposition of beneficial fatty acids in the muscle of Shaziling pigs, which is conductive to the production of high quality and healthy pork. In addition, leucine altered the lipid composition of muscle and fat in Shaziling pigs. The related results provide a theoretical basis and application guidance for regulating fat deposition in Shaziling pigs, which is important for the healthy breeding of Shaziling pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yuqin Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Changbing Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Wentao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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Wen C, Wang Q, Gu S, Jin J, Yang N. Emerging perspectives in the gut-muscle axis: The gut microbiota and its metabolites as important modulators of meat quality. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14361. [PMID: 37902307 PMCID: PMC10832551 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal breeding has made great genetic progress in increasing carcass weight and meat yield in recent decades. However, these improvements have come at the expense of meat quality. As the demand for meat quantity continues to rise, the meat industry faces the great challenge of maintaining and even increasing product quality. Recent research, including traditional statistical analyses and gut microbiota regulation research, has demonstrated that the gut microbiome exerts a considerable effect on meat quality, which has become increasingly intriguing in farm animals. Microbial metabolites play crucial roles as substrates or signalling factors to distant organs, influencing meat quality either beneficially or detrimentally. Interventions targeting the gut microbiota exhibit excellent potential as natural ways to foster the conversion of myofibres and promote intramuscular fat deposition. Here, we highlight the emerging roles of the gut microbiota in various dimensions of meat quality. We focus particularly on the effects of the gut microbiota and gut-derived molecules on muscle fibre metabolism and intramuscular fat deposition and attempt to summarize the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural UniversityHainanChina
| | - Qunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiaming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural UniversityHainanChina
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Rehman SU, Ali R, Zhang H, Zafar MH, Wang M. Research progress in the role and mechanism of Leucine in regulating animal growth and development. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1252089. [PMID: 38046946 PMCID: PMC10691278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1252089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine, a branched-chain amino acid, is essential in regulating animal growth and development. Recent research has uncovered the mechanisms underlying Leucine's anabolic effects on muscle and other tissues, including its ability to stimulate protein synthesis by activating the mTORC1 signaling pathway. The co-ingestion of carbohydrates and essential amino acids enhances Leucine's anabolic effects. Moreover, Leucine has been shown to benefit lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, making it a promising strategy for preventing and treating metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. While emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms may mediate Leucine's effects on growth and development, more research is needed to elucidate its mechanisms of action fully. Specific studies have demonstrated that Leucine promotes muscle growth and metabolic health in animals and humans, making it a promising therapeutic agent. However, it is essential to note that Leucine supplementation may cause digestive issues or interact with certain medications, and More study is required to determine definitively optimal dosages. Therefore, it is important to understand how Leucine interacts with other nutrients, dietary factors, and lifestyle habits to maximize its benefits. Overall, Leucine's importance in human nutrition is far-reaching, and its potential to prevent muscle loss and enhance athletic performance warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mengzhi Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Wang D, Chen G, Li W, Chai M, Zhang H, Su Y. Effects of Low Protein Diet on Production Performance and Intestinal Microbial Composition in Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:655. [PMID: 37999478 PMCID: PMC10675339 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study the effects of a low protein diet on the production performance and intestinal microbiota composition of Hexi pigs, twenty-seven Hexi pigs with an initial body weight of 60.50 ± 2.50 kg were randomly divided into three groups (control group (CG), group 1 (G1), and group 2 (G2)) and participated in a 60-day finishing trial. The CG was fed a normal protein level diet with a protein level of 16.0%, and G1 and G2 were fed a low protein level diet with protein levels of 14.0% and 12.0%, respectively. The results showed that the low protein level diet had no significant effect on the production performance of Hexi pigs, compared with the CG, the slaughter rate of G1 and G2 increased by 2.49% (p > 0.05) and 6.18% (p > 0.05), the shear force decreased by 2.43% (p > 0.05) and 15.57% (p > 0.05), the cooking loss decreased by 24.02% (p < 0.05) and 21.09% (p > 0.05), and the cooking percentage increased by 13.20% (p > 0.05) and 11.59% (p > 0.05). From 45 min to 24 h and 48 h after slaughter, each group of pH decreased by 1.02, 0.66, and 0.42. For muscle flesh color, the lightness (L) increased by 13.31% (p > 0.05) and 18.01% (p > 0.05) in G1 and G2 and the yellowness (b) increased by 7.72% (p > 0.05) and 13.06% (p > 0.05). A low protein level diet can improve the intestinal flora richness and diversity of growing and finishing pigs. In the jejunum, the ACE index (899.95), Simpson index (0.90), and Shannon (4.75) index were higher in G1 than in the other groups, but the Chao1 index (949.92) was higher in G2 than in the remaining two groups. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Euryarchaeota, and Verrucomicrobia were significantly higher in G1 than in the CG. The relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Terrisporobacter, and Megasphaera in G1 was significantly higher than in the CG (p < 0.05). In the cecum, the ACE index (900.93), Chao1 index (879.10), Simpson index (0.94), and Shannon (5.70) index were higher in G1 than in the remaining groups. The Spirochaetes in G2 were significantly higher than in the other groups, but the Verrucomicrobia was significantly lower than in the other groups. The relative abundances of Lactobacillus were higher in G1 and G2 than in the CG (p > 0.05). The relative abundances of unidentified_Clostridiales and Terrisporobacter in G2 were significantly lower than in the CG (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Turicibacter in G1 was significantly lower than in the CG (p < 0.05). The relative abundances of other bacterial genera in G1 and G2 were increased by 30.81% (p > 0.05) and 17.98% (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.W.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Guoshun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.W.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Wenzhong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.W.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Mingjie Chai
- Pingliang Animal Husbandry and Fishery Station, Pingliang 744000, China;
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.W.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yingyu Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural Vocational Technical College, Changji 831100, China;
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An W, Huang Z, Mao Z, Qiao T, Jia G, Zhao H, Liu G, Chen X. Dietary Taurine Supplementation Improves the Meat Quality, Muscle Fiber Type, and Mitochondrial Function of Finishing Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15331-15340. [PMID: 37801406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with taurine (TAU) on the meat quality, muscle fiber type, and mitochondrial function of finishing pigs. The results demonstrated that TAU significantly increased the a* value while decreasing b*45 min, L*24 h, and drip loss24 h and drip loss48 h in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. Dietary supplemented with TAU reduced the content of lactate and the glycolytic potential (GP) in the LD muscle. Dietary supplemented with TAU enhanced the oxidative fiber-related gene expression as well as increased succinic dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities while reducing lactate dehydrogenase activity. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with TAU increased the contents of mtDNA and ATP and mitochondrial function-related gene expression. Moreover, TAU enhanced the mRNA expressions of calcineurin (CaN) and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) and protein expressions of CNA and NFATc1. The results indicate that dietary TAU supplementation improves meat quality and mitochondrial biogenesis and function and promotes muscle fiber-type conversion from the glycolytic fiber to the oxidative fiber via the CaN/NFATc1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting An
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Tianlei Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Gang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
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Dong L, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ren J, Zheng J, Diao J, Ni H, Yin Y, Sun R, Liang F, Li P, Zhou C, Yang Y. Effects of organic zinc on production performance, meat quality, apparent nutrient digestibility and gut microbiota of broilers fed low-protein diets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10803. [PMID: 37402861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high cost of feed and nitrogen pollution caused by high-protein diets have become major challenges restricting sustainable development in China's animal husbandry sector. Properly reducing protein levels and improving protein utilization in feed are effective approaches to solving this problem. To determine the optimal dose of methionine hydroxyl analogue chelated zinc (MHA-Zn) in broiler diets with a 1.5% reduction in crude protein (CP), a total of 216 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 4 groups (each group consisted of 3 replications with 18 broilers per replicate), and growth and development indexes were assessed after 42 days. The broilers in control group were fed a basic diet, whereas those in the three test groups were fed diets with a 1.5% reduction in CP. The results showed no significant difference in the edible parts of broilers between low-protein (LP) diet group (90 mg/kg MHA-Zn) and normal diet group (p > 0.05), and adding 90 mg/kg MHA-Zn to LP diet significantly improved ileum morphology and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrient (p < 0.01; p < 0.05). A 16S rRNA sequencing analysis indicated that supplementing the LP diet with 90 mg/kg MHA-Zn was adequate for production performance of broilers and promoted beneficial bacteria in the cecum (Lactobacillus, Butyricoccus, Oscillospira, etc.) (p < 0.01). In summary, adding an optimal dose of organic zinc (90 mg/kg MHA-Zn) in low protein diets led to enhanced production performance of broilers and optimized cecum microbiota. Additionally, the reduction of crude protein consumption in broiler production proved to be a cost-effective measure, while also mitigated nitrogen pollutant emissions in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yumei Li
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132109, China
| | - Jing Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jinlei Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jizhe Diao
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hongyu Ni
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yijing Yin
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ruihong Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Fangfang Liang
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Peng Li
- International Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Changhai Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Yuwei Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, The Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Effects of 25(OH)VD 3 on Growth Performance, Pork Quality and Calcium Deposit in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010086. [PMID: 36611695 PMCID: PMC9817873 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 25(OH)VD3 with different inclusion levels of 0, 25, 50 and 75 μg/kg in the diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, bone properties and pork quality in growing-finishing pigs. The results showed that the average daily gain (p < 0.05) and body weight (p < 0.10) of pigs showed a trend of increasing quadratically as inclusion levels of 25(OH)VD3 increased. Dietary supplementation of 50 μg/kg 25(OH)VD3 increased calcium digestibility compared with the 0 μg/kg group (p < 0.05), and calcium and phosphorus digestibility increased quadratically as inclusion levels of 25(OH)VD3 increased (p < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of 50 μg/kg 25(OH)VD3 increased concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and decreased contents of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi of pigs (p < 0.05). The addition of 25, 50 and 75 μg/kg 25(OH)VD3 to the diet increased breaking strength and bone stiffness in the tibia compared with the 0 μg/kg group (p < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of 50 μg/kg 25(OH)VD3 improved the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Cu/Zn SOD in the longissimus dorsi compared with the 0 μg/kg group (p < 0.05). Supplementing 50 μg/kg 25(OH)VD3 improved the mRNA expression of calcium-binding protein D9k (CaBP-D9k) and D28k (CaBP-D28K) in the liver compared with the 0 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a diet with an added dose of 50 μg/kg 25(OH)VD3 showed a greatest growth performance of growing-finishing pigs, and 25(OH)VD3 enhanced calcium deposition and antioxidant capacity in the longissimus dorsi, which may be associated with improved expression of calcium ion channel proteins.
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Wang D, Chen G, Chai M, Shi C, Geng Y, Che Y, Li Y, Liu S, Gao Y, Hou H. Effects of dietary protein levels on production performance, meat quality and flavor of fattening pigs. Front Nutr 2022; 9:910519. [PMID: 35938115 PMCID: PMC9354234 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.910519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary protein level on the production performance, slaughter performance, meat quality, and flavor of finishing pigs. Twenty-seven Duroc♂ × Bamei♀ binary cross-bred pigs (60.86 ± 2.52 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to three groups, each group has three replicates, and each replicate has three pigs. Three groups of finishing pigs were fed 16.0, 14.0, and 12.0% crude protein levels diets, and these low-protein diets were supplemented with four limiting amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan). The results showed that the pigs fed low-protein diets increased (P < 0.05) loin eye muscle area, and reduced (P < 0.05) heart weight, lung weight. The feed-weight ratio of the 14.0% protein group was reduced (P > 0.05); Dietary protein levels significantly affected the luminance (L24h), yellowness (b45min and b24h) (P < 0.05), reduced shear stress, muscle water loss, drip loss, the levels of crude fat (P < 0.05), and increased marbling score (P < 0.05) in the muscle of finishing pigs; The low-protein diets improved PUFA/TFA, PUFA/SFA (P > 0.05), and increased hexanal, E-2-heptenal, 1-octen-3-ol, EAA/TAA in the muscle of finishing pigs (P < 0.05); The results indicated that reduced the crude protein levels of dietary by 2.0–4.0%, and supplementation with four balanced limiting amino acids had no significant effects on the production performance and slaughter performance of finishing pigs, and could effectively improve meat quality and flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoshun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoshun Chen
| | - Minjie Chai
- Pingliang Animal Husbandry and Fishery Station, Pingliang, China
| | - Chengrui Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Che
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yancui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuaishuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yancheng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haoxia Hou
- Gansu Longyuan Agricultural Economic Cooperation Center, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Zhang L, Li F, Guo Q, Duan Y, Wang W, Yang Y, Yin Y, Gong S, Han M, Yin Y. Balanced branched-chain amino acids modulate meat quality by adjusting muscle fiber type conversion and intramuscular fat deposition in finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3796-3807. [PMID: 34921408 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pork is an important food for humans and improving the quality of pork is closely related to human health. This study was designed to investigate the effects of balanced branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-supplemented protein-restricted diets on meat quality, muscle fiber types, and intramuscular fat (IMF) in finishing pigs. RESULTS The results showed that, compared with the normal protein diet (160 g kg-1 crude protein), the reduced-protein diet (120 g kg-1 crude protein) supplemented with BCAAs to the ratio of 2:1:2 not only had higher average daily gain (P < 0.05) and carcass weight (P < 0.05) but also improved meat tenderness and juiciness by decreasing shear force (P < 0.05) and increasing water-holding capacity (P < 0.05). In particular, this treatment showed higher (P < 0.05) levels of phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P-ACC) and peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and lower (P < 0.05) levels of P-adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (P-AMPK), increasing the composition of IMF and MyHC I (P < 0.05) in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM). In terms of health, this group increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (P < 0.01) and desirable hypocholesterolemic fatty acids (DHFA) (P < 0.05), and decreased atherogenicity (AI) (P < 0.01) and hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acids (HSFA) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a novel role for a balanced BCAA-supplemented restricted protein (RP) diet in the epigenetic regulation of more tender and healthier pork by increasing IMF deposition and fiber type conversion, providing a cross-regulatory molecular basis for revealing the nutritional regulation network of meat quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Yuhuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunju Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Saiming Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
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12
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Ramírez-Zamudio GD, Silva LH, Vieira NM, Vilela RS, Assis DE, Assis GJ, Estrada MM, Rodrigues RT, Duarte MS, Chizzotti ML. Effect of short-term dietary protein restriction before slaughter on meat quality and skeletal muscle metabolomic profile in culled ewes. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Qin G, Pan L, Sun H, Bao N, Hasham MM, Farouk MH. Physicochemical properties of dietary protein as predictors for digestibility or releasing percentage of amino acids in monogastrics under in-vitro conditions. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2048975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mostafa Mohamed Hasham
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Hamdy Farouk
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Habibi M, Shili CN, Sutton J, Goodarzi P, Pezeshki A. Dietary branched-chain amino acids modulate the dynamics of calcium absorption and reabsorption in protein-restricted pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:15. [PMID: 35139926 PMCID: PMC8830008 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Very low-protein (VLP) diets negatively impact calcium (Ca) metabolism and absorption. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and limiting amino acids (LAA) on Ca digestibility, absorption and reabsorption in pigs fed with VLP diets. Forty-eight piglets were assigned to six treatments: positive control (PC), negative control (NC), and NC containing LAA 25%, LAA 50%, LAA + BCAA 25% (LB25) and LAA + BCAA 50% (LB50) more than recommendations. Results Relative to PC or NC, LB25 and LB50 had higher digestibility of Ca and plasma Ca and phosphorus (P), but lower plasma vitamin D3. LB50 tended to increase vitamin D receptor transcript and protein in the gut, but decreased mRNA or protein abundance of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), calbindin 1 (CALB1), cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 and occludin in small intestine. LB50 increased the transcript of cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 and PTH1R but decreased the transcript of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5, CALB1 and solute carrier family 17 member 4 in kidney. Conclusion Overall, BCAA increased Ca digestibility through regulating the transcellular and paracellular Ca absorption in the gut and reabsorption in kidney during protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Cedrick N Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Julia Sutton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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15
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Zhang X, Chen M, Yan E, Wang Y, Ma C, Zhang P, Yin J. Dietary Malic Acid Supplementation Induces Skeletal Muscle Fiber-Type Transition of Weaned Piglets and Further Improves Meat Quality of Finishing Pigs. Front Nutr 2022; 8:825495. [PMID: 35145985 PMCID: PMC8821922 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.825495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate effects of dietary malic acid supplementation on skeletal muscle fiber-type transition during nursery period and the subsequent meat quality of finishing pigs. Results showed that malic acid supplementation for 28 days increased oxidative fiber percentage of weaned piglets, accompanied by the increased aerobic oxidation in serum and longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle. Additionally, activities of total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase in serum were increased. Moreover, dietary malic acid supplementation during nursery period tended to increase pH24h and significantly decreased drip loss in LT muscle of finishing pigs. The content of total saturated fatty acid (SFA) and total monounsaturated fatty acid in LT muscle was significantly decreased, whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid to SFA tended to increase. Together, dietary malic acid supplementation during nursery period can effectively increase antioxidant capacity and oxidative fibers percentage of weaned piglets, and further improve water holding capacity and nutritional values of pork in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Enfa Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jingdong Yin
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Dietary beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate supplementation improves meat quality of Bama Xiang mini-pigs through manipulation of muscle fiber characteristics. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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17
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Habibi M, Shili C, Sutton J, Goodarzi P, Maylem ER, Spicer L, Pezeshki A. Branched-chain amino acids partially recover the reduced growth of pigs fed with protein-restricted diets through both central and peripheral factors. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:868-882. [PMID: 34632118 PMCID: PMC8484988 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the growth efficiency of pigs fed with protein-restricted diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and limiting amino acids (LAA) above the recommended levels. Following 2 weeks of adaptation, 48 young barrows were weight matched and randomly assigned to 6 treatments (8 pigs/treatment) for 4 weeks: positive control (PC) with standard protein, negative control (NC) with very low protein containing LAA (i.e., Lys, Met, Thr and Trp) at recommended levels, and NC containing LAA 25% (L25), LAA 50% (L50), LAA+BCAA (i.e., Leu, Ile and Val) 25% (LB25) and LAA+BCAA 50% (LB50) more than recommendations. Feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were measured daily and weekly, respectively. At week 6, blood samples were collected, all pigs euthanized and tissue samples collected. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM or mixed procedure (SPSS) and the means were separated using paired Student's t-test followed by Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Relative to PC, NC had decreased FI, BW, unsupplemented plasma essential amino acids, serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) (P < 0.01). Compared to NC, L25 or L50, LB50 had increased BW and serum IGF-I and decreased plasma serotonin and both LB25 and LB50 had higher FI, plasma BCAA, hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor 2A and NPY and jejunal 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor 7 (P < 0.01). Overall, supplementation of protein-restricted diets with increased levels of dietary BCAA partially recovered the negative effects of these diets on growth through improved IGF-I concentration and FI, which was associated with changed expression of serotonin receptors, blood AA and hypothalamic NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Cedrick Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Julia Sutton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Excel Rio Maylem
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Leon Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics: An Integrated Approach for the Detection of the Adulteration in Chicken, Chevon, Beef and Donkey Meat. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154643. [PMID: 34361796 PMCID: PMC8347375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat is a rich source of energy that provides high-value animal protein, fats, vitamins, minerals and trace amounts of carbohydrates. Globally, different types of meats are consumed to fulfill nutritional requirements. However, the increasing burden on the livestock industry has triggered the mixing of high-price meat species with low-quality/-price meat. This work aimed to differentiate different meat samples on the basis of metabolites. The metabolic difference between various meat samples was investigated through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis approaches like principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). In total, 37 metabolites were identified in the gluteal muscle tissues of cow, goat, donkey and chicken using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. PCA was found unable to completely differentiate between meat types, whereas OPLS-DA showed an apparent separation and successfully differentiated samples from all four types of meat. Lactate, creatine, choline, acetate, leucine, isoleucine, valine, formate, carnitine, glutamate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and α-mannose were found as the major discriminating metabolites between white (chicken) and red meat (chevon, beef and donkey). However, inosine, lactate, uracil, carnosine, format, pyruvate, carnitine, creatine and acetate were found responsible for differentiating chevon, beef and donkey meat. The relative quantification of differentiating metabolites was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Our results showed that NMR-based metabolomics is a powerful tool for the identification of novel signatures (potential biomarkers) to characterize meats from different sources and could potentially be used for quality control purposes in order to differentiate different meat types.
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Effects of Dietary Histidine on Growth Performance, Serum Amino Acids, and Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota Communities in Low Protein Diet-Fed Piglets. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:1240152. [PMID: 33354159 PMCID: PMC7735825 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1240152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous study showed that low protein diet-fed pigs are characterized by lower histidine concentration in the serum and muscle, suggesting that histidine may involve in protein-restricted response. Thus, the current study mainly investigated the effects of dietary histidine on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and amino acids, intestinal morphology, and microbiota communities in low protein diet-challenged-piglets. The results showed that protein restriction inhibited growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and amino acids, and gut microbiota but had little effect on intestinal morphology. Dietary supplementation with histidine markedly enhanced serum histidine level and restored tryptophan concentration in low protein diet-fed piglets, while growth performance and intestinal morphology were not markedly altered in histidine-treated piglets. In addition, histidine exposure failed to affect bacterial diversity (observed species, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, ACE, and phylogenetic diversity), but histidine-treated piglets exhibited higher abundances of Butyrivibrio and Bacteroides compared with the control and protein-restricted piglets. In conclusion, dietary histidine in low protein diet enhanced histidine concentration and affected gut microbiota (Butyrivibrio and Bacteroides) but failed to improve growth performance and intestinal morphology.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Liang XF, He S, Tang S, Li L, Chen X. mTOR - Mediated protein synthesis by inhibiting protein catabolism in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:23-29. [PMID: 32919703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is known to promote protein synthesis by enhancing mRNA translation. However, there have been few literatures on the effect of mTOR on protein metabolism in non-mammals. The main source of ammonia in fish comes from protein catabolism. The key step of protein catabolism involves the deamination and/or transamination of amino acids. This study is aimed to explore the mechanism underlying mTOR pathway influencing protein retention from the perspective of protein catabolism. Chinese perch were fasted for 24 h and divided into 4 groups randomly before intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection: (1) control group for leucine; (2) leucine group; (3) control group for leucine and rapamycin; (4) leucine and rapamycin group. Food intake was equivalent between each control and treatment groups at each time point (0.5, 4, 12 and 24 h post-injection). Ammonia-N excretion rate, blood glucose, S6 phosphorylation level, and expression of relative genes of protein catabolism (GDH, AMPD, AST, ALT) were determined. The results indicated that the pS6 level was increased, and that the ammonia-N excretion rate, blood glucose, and mRNA level of protein catabolism genes (GDH and AMPD) were significantly decreased after injection with leucine, while those changes were reversed after injection with leucine and rapamycin. Our study not only reveals the mechanism by which mTOR mediates protein synthesis by inhibiting protein catabolism in Chinese perch, but also provides reference for improving the utilization of feed protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shan He
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shulin Tang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Spring S, Premathilake H, Bradway C, Shili C, DeSilva U, Carter S, Pezeshki A. Effect of very low-protein diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids on energy balance, plasma metabolomics and fecal microbiome of pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15859. [PMID: 32985541 PMCID: PMC7523006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding pigs with very-low protein (VLP) diets while supplemented with limiting amino acids (AA) results in decreased growth. The objective of this study was to determine if supplementing VLP diets with branched-chain AA (BCAA) would reverse the negative effects of these diets on growth and whether this is associated with alterations in energy balance, blood metabolomics and fecal microbiota composition. Twenty-four nursery pigs were weight-matched, individually housed and allotted into following treatments (n = 8/group): control (CON), low protein (LP) and LP supplemented with BCAA (LP + BCAA) for 4 weeks. Relative to CON, pigs fed with LP had lower feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) throughout the study, but those fed with LP + BCAA improved overall FI computed for 4 weeks, tended to increase the overall average daily gain, delayed the FI and BW depression for ~ 2 weeks and had transiently higher energy expenditure. Feeding pigs with LP + BCAA impacted the phenylalanine and protein metabolism and fatty acids synthesis pathways. Compared to CON, the LP + BCAA group had higher abundance of Paludibacteraceae and Synergistaceae and reduced populations of Streptococcaceae, Oxyphotobacteria_unclassified, Pseudomonadaceae and Shewanellaceae in their feces. Thus, supplementing VLP diets with BCAA temporarily annuls the adverse effects of these diets on growth, which is linked with alterations in energy balance and metabolic and gut microbiome profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Spring
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Hasitha Premathilake
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Chloe Bradway
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Cedrick Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Udaya DeSilva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Scott Carter
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Zha A, Cui Z, Qi M, Liao S, Yin J, Tan B, Liao P. Baicalin-Copper Complex Modulates Gut Microbiota, Inflammatory Responses, and Hormone Secretion in DON-Challenged Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091535. [PMID: 32878107 PMCID: PMC7552336 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common mycotoxin contaminant in the agriculture industry worldwide. Copper is very efficacious in promoting growth performance and improving feed remuneration, and baicalin may alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in humans and animals. We speculated that the combined effect of baicalin and copper would have some effect in DON-challenged piglets. The present study examined the effects of a baicalin-copper complex on inflammatory responses, hormone secretion, and gut microbiota in DON challenged piglets. These findings provide new application prospects in piglets involving the combination of baicalin and copper. Abstract The present experiment assessed the inflammatory responses, hormone secretion, and gut microbiota of weanling piglets administered baicalin-copper complex (BCU) or deoxynivalenol (DON) supplementation diets. Twenty-eight piglets were randomly assigned to four groups: control diet (Con group), a 4 mg DON/kg diet (DON group), a 5 g BCU/kg diet (BCU group), a 5 g BCU + 4 mg DON/kg diet (DBCU group). After 14 days, the results showed that dietary BCU supplementation remarkably increased the relative abundance of Clostrium bornimense and decreased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the DBCU group (p < 0.05). BCU decreased the serum concentration of IgG, IL-2, IFN-γ, and IgA in DON treated piglets (p < 0.05), and promoted the serum concentration of IL-1β, IgG, IL-2, IFN-γ, IgA, IL-6, IgM, and TNFα in normal piglets (p < 0.05). BCU increased the concentrations of serum IGF1, insulin, NPY, GLP-1, and GH, and decreased the concentrations of serum somatostatin in no DON treated piglets (p < 0.05). Dietary BCU supplementation significantly promoted the secretion of somatostatin, and inhibited the secretion of leptin in piglets challenged with DON (p < 0.05). BCU regulated the expression of food intake-related genes in the hypothalamus and pituitary of piglets. Collectively, dietary BCU supplementation alleviated inflammatory responses and regulated the secretion of appetite-regulating hormones and growth-axis hormones in DON challenged piglets, which was closely linked to changes of intestinal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zha
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Zhijuan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Qi
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Simeng Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China;
| | - Bie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China; (A.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.Q.); (S.L.); (B.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-731-8461-9703; Fax: +86-731-8461-2685
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Taniguchi M, Arakawa A, Nishio M, Okamura T, Ohnishi C, Kadowaki K, Kohira K, Homma F, Matsumoto K, Ishii K. Differential Metabolomics Profiles Identified by CE-TOFMS between High and Low Intramuscular Fat Amount in Fattening Pigs. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080322. [PMID: 32784762 PMCID: PMC7464425 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of intramuscular fat (IMF) present in the loin eye area is one of the most important characteristics of high-quality pork. IMF measurements are currently impractical without a labor-intensive process. Metabolomic profiling could be used as an IMF indicator to avoid this process; however, no studies have investigated their use during the fattening period of pigs. This study examined the metabolite profiles in the plasma of two groups of pigs derived from the same Duroc genetic line and fed the same diet. Five plasma samples were collected from each individual the day before slaughter. Capillary electrophoresis-time of flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) was used to analyze the purified plasma from each sample. Principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) were used to find the semi-quantitative values of the compounds. The results indicate that branched-chain amino acids are significantly associated with high IMF content, while amino acids are associated with low IMF content. These differences were validated using the quantification analyses by high-performance liquid chromatograph, which supported our results. These results suggest that the concentration of branched-chain amino acids in plasma could be an indicative biomarker for the IMF content in the loin eye area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Taniguchi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan; (A.A.); (M.N.); (T.O.); (K.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81(0)29-8388627
| | - Aisaku Arakawa
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan; (A.A.); (M.N.); (T.O.); (K.I.)
| | - Motohide Nishio
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan; (A.A.); (M.N.); (T.O.); (K.I.)
| | - Toshihiro Okamura
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan; (A.A.); (M.N.); (T.O.); (K.I.)
| | - Chika Ohnishi
- Miyazaki Station, National Livestock Breeding Center, Kobayashi Miyazaki 886-0004, Japan;
| | - Kouen Kadowaki
- Ibaraki Station, National Livestock Breeding Center, Chikusei Ibaraki 308-0112, Japan;
| | - Kimiko Kohira
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo Fukushima 961-8511, Japan; (K.K.); (F.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Fumika Homma
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo Fukushima 961-8511, Japan; (K.K.); (F.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Kazunori Matsumoto
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo Fukushima 961-8511, Japan; (K.K.); (F.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Kazuo Ishii
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan; (A.A.); (M.N.); (T.O.); (K.I.)
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Reducing protein content in the diet of growing goats: implications for nitrogen balance, intestinal nutrient digestion and absorption, and rumen microbiota. Animal 2020; 14:2063-2073. [PMID: 32381142 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing dietary CP content is an effective approach to reduce animal nitrogen excretion and save protein feed resources. However, it is not clear how reducing dietary CP content affects the nutrient digestion and absorption in the gut of ruminants, therefore it is difficult to accurately determine how much reduction in dietary CP content is appropriate. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of reduced dietary CP content on N balance, intestinal nutrient digestion and absorption, and rumen microbiota in growing goats. To determine N balance, 18 growing wether goats (25.0 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three diets: 13.0% (control), 11.5% and 10.0% CP. Another 18 growing wether goats (25.0 ± 0.5 kg) were surgically fitted with ruminal, proximate duodenal, and terminal ileal fistulae and were randomly assigned to one of the three diets to investigate intestinal amino acid (AA) absorption and rumen microbiota. The results showed that fecal and urinary N excretion of goats fed diets containing 11.5% and 10.0% CP were lower than those of goats fed the control diet (P < 0.05). When compared with goats fed the control diet, N retention was decreased and apparent N digestibility in the entire gastrointestinal tract was increased in goats fed the 10% CP diet (P < 0.05). When compared with goats fed the control diet, the duodenal flow of lysine, tryptophan and phenylalanine was decreased in goats fed the 11.5% CP diet (P < 0.05) and that of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, essential AAs (EAAs) and total AAs (TAAs) was decreased in goats fed the 10.0% CP diet (P < 0.05). When compared with goats fed the control diet, the apparent absorption of TAAs in the small intestine was increased in goats fed the 11.5% CP diet (P < 0.05) and that of isoleucine, serine, cysteine, EAAs, non-essential AAs, and TAAs in the small intestine was increased in goats fed the 10.0% CP diet (P < 0.05). When compared with goats fed the control diet, the relative richness of Bacteroidetes and Fibrobacteres was increased and that of Proteobacteria and Synergistetes was decreased in the rumen of goats fed a diet with 10.0% CP. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP content reduced N excretion and increased nutrient utilization by improving rumen fermentation, enhancing nutrient digestion and absorption, and altering rumen microbiota in growing goats.
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Liu X, Zhang B, Liu H, Zhang G, Zhao J, Liu L, Piao X, Song H, Zhang S, Li Y. Determination of the available energy values and amino acid digestibility of Flammulina velutipes stem waste and its effects on carcass trait and meat quality fed to growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:41. [PMID: 32391146 PMCID: PMC7197121 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flammulina velutipes stem waste (FVS) is the by-product of mushroom industry. The objectives of this study were to determine the available energy and amino acid digestibility of FVS fed to pigs, and to evaluate the effects of dietary FVS inclusion on growth performance, biochemical profile of serum, fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration, carcass traits, meat quality, intestinal morphology and microflora of pigs. In Exp. 1, twelve crossbred barrows with initial body weight (IBW) of 37.48 ± 4.31 kg were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments, including a corn basal diet and an experimental diet containing 24.35% FVS. In Exp. 2, twelve barrows fitted with an ileal T-cannula (IBW: 32.56 ± 1.67 kg) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments, which included a N-free diet and an experimental diet containing 40.0% FVS. In Exp. 3, ninety growing pigs (IBW: 63.98 ± 6.89 kg) were allotted to 1 of 3 treatment diets for 63 d, including a basal diet and 2 experimental diets with 2.5% and 5% FVS, respectively. Results The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of FVS were 4.58 and 4.06 MJ/kg on dry matter basis, respectively, and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of indispensable AAs ranged from 17.50% to 59.47%. Pigs fed diets with 2.5% FVS showed no difference on average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G/F). Although dietary 5% FVS inclusion impaired apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter and gross energy, it elevated the SCFA concentration (P ≤ 0.04) in gut and antioxidant capacity in serum. In addition, dietary FVS inclusion depressed the backfat thickness (P = 0.03) in pigs. The longissimus dorsi muscle of pigs fed FVS revealed higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration and optimized fatty acid composition. Dietary 2.5% FVS inclusion also improved the intestinal development and health by increasing the villius height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) in jejunum (P < 0.01), and promoting microbial diversity and beneficial microbiota proliferation. Conclusions It is feasible to include moderate content of FVS as an unconventional fiber ingredient in diet of growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhou Liu
- 1Institute of Mycology, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- 1Institute of Mycology, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Hansuo Liu
- 2State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Gang Zhang
- 2State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- 2State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ling Liu
- 2State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- 2State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hui Song
- 1Institute of Mycology, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- 2State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yu Li
- 1Institute of Mycology, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
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26
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Sun W, Li Y, Tang Z, Chen H, Wan K, An R, Wu L, Sun Z. Effects of adding sodium dichloroacetate to low-protein diets on nitrogen balance and amino acid metabolism in the portal-drained viscera and liver of pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:36. [PMID: 32308979 PMCID: PMC7153232 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying regulatory measures to promote glucose oxidative metabolism while simultaneously reducing amino acid oxidative metabolism is one of the foremost challenges in formulating low-protein (LP) diets designed to reduce the excretion of nitrogen-containing substances known to be potential pollutants. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) to a LP diet on nitrogen balance and amino acid metabolism in the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver of pigs.To measure nitrogen balance, 18 barrows (40 ± 1.0 kg) were fed one of three diets (n = 6 per group): 18% crude protein (CP, control), 13.5% CP (LP), and 13.5% CP + 100 mg DCA/kg dry matter (LP-DCA). To measure amino acid metabolism in the PDV and liver, 15 barrows (40 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the three diets (n = 5 per group). Four essential amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp) were added to the LP diets such that these had amino acid levels comparable to those of the control diet. Results The LP-DCA diet reduced nitrogen excretion in pigs relative to that of pigs fed the control diet (P < 0.05), without any negative effects on nitrogen retention (P > 0.05). There were no differences between the control and LP-DCA groups with respect to amino acid supply to the liver and extra-hepatic tissues in pigs (P > 0.05). The net release of ammonia into the portal vein and production rate of urea in the liver of pigs fed the LP-DCA diet was reduced relative to that of pigs fed the control and LP diets (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results indicated that addition of DCA to a LP diet can efficiently reduce nitrogen excretion in pigs and maximize the supply of amino acids to the liver and extra-hepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Sun
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Li
- 2Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Chen
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wan
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui An
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Liuting Wu
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Tang Z, Li T, Chen C, Huang F, Yang J, Xu Q, Zhen J, Wu Z, Li M, Sun J, Chen J, Zhang X, Wu L, An R, Zhao S, Jiang Q, Zhu W, Yin Y, Sun Z. Pyruvate is an effective substitute for glutamate in regulating porcine nitrogen excretion. J Anim Sci 2020; 96:3804-3814. [PMID: 30059979 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to determine if pyruvate, which acts as a critical intermediate in energy metabolism, can substitute the role of glutamate as a metabolic fuel and effectively reduce nitrogen excretion in pigs. First, the experiment in vitro was carried out to investigate the effects of culturing porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line with pyruvate on the oxidation. Then, barrows weighing 40 kg were used in the experiment investigating the changes of nitrogen balance in response to addition of pyruvate to low-protein diets. Last, barrows (40 kg), which were surgically fitted with permanent catheters in the mesenteric vein, portal vein, hepatic vein, and carotid artery, were used to investigate the effects of supplementing low-protein diets with calcium pyruvate on the net portal fluxes of amino acids (AAs) and the consumption of AAs in the liver. The results showed that culturing cells with sodium pyruvate significantly reduced the number of glutamate oxidation (P < 0.05). Addition of calcium pyruvate to low-protein diets significantly reduced urinary nitrogen excretion from 13.2 g/d (18.0% crude protein, CP) to 10.3 g/d (15.0% CP) or 7.80 g/d (13.5% CP) and total nitrogen excretion from 22.5 g/d (18.0% CP) to 17.8 g/d (15.0% CP) or 14.2 g/d (13.5% CP) (P < 0.05), without obviously negative effects on the nitrogen retention (P > 0.05). Addition of calcium pyruvate to low-protein diets significantly decreased essential AA consumption rate in the liver (P < 0.05). This diet modification reduced the net portal fluxes of NH3, glycine, and alanine, as well as urea production rate in the liver (P < 0.05). The results indicated that pyruvate is an effective substitute for glutamate as a supplement in low-protein diets, reducing porcine nitrogen excretion and nitrogen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - C Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jifu Zhen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Mao Li
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jiajing Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jinchao Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiangxin Zhang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liuting Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Rui An
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shengjun Zhao
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huanan Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Ma X, Yu M, Liu Z, Deng D, Cui Y, Tian Z, Wang G. Effect of amino acids and their derivatives on meat quality of finishing pigs. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:404-412. [PMID: 32116350 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids provide key nutritional value, and significantly contribute to taste and flavor of meat. Here, we review the role of free amino acids in the muscle fibers in meat quality and sensory signals. We furthermore discuss how dietary supplementation of free amino acids and their derivatives (e.g. tryptophan, threonine, arginine, lysine, leucine, glutamate, threonine, sarcosine, betaines, and cysteamine) can influence these attributes. The available data shows that the quality of the meat is subject to the amino acids that are provided in the animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Ma
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- 2The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Miao Yu
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- 2The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- 2The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Dun Deng
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- 2The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Yiyan Cui
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- 2The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Zhimei Tian
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- 2The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Gang Wang
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- 2The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 China
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Tian S, Shi Q, Zhu Y, Yang H, Wang J, Zhu W. Significant changes in caecal microbial composition and metabolites of weaned piglets after protein restriction and succedent realimentation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:1126-1133. [PMID: 31840859 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of protein restriction and subsequent realimentation on caecal barrier function, caecal microbial composition and metabolites in weaned piglets. Thirty-six 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly assigned to a control group and a treatment group. The piglets were fed diets containing 18.83% (normal) or 13.05% (low) of crude protein from the 1st to 14th day, after which all piglets were fed diets containing 18.83% of crude protein from the 15th to 28th day. The results showed that protein restriction increased caecal bacterial diversity and richness as well as the abundance of Ruminococcus 2, Faecalibacterium and Lachnospiraceae_uncultured, but reduced the abundance and the gene copies of Lactobacillus in the treatment group compared with the control group on day 14. Protein restriction also decreased the concentrations of isovaleric acid and total branched-chain fatty acids. During the succedent protein realimentation stage, the abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 and the concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acids were increased in the treatment group on day 28. Furthermore, the ammonia concentration was reduced, while the gene mRNA levels of caecal barrier function were increased in the treatment group both on days 14 and 28. In conclusion, dietary protein restriction and realimentation could change caecal microbial composition and metabolites, and eventually influence caecal barrier function. The present study may provide a new insight into protein restriction and realimentation in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huairong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Effects of feeding growing-finishing pigs with low crude protein diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and nutrient digestibility in different areas of China. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tian M, Heng J, Song H, Shi K, Lin X, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Regulate Food Intake Partly through Intestinal and Hypothalamic Amino Acid Receptors in Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6809-6818. [PMID: 31134808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to increase feed intake are of great importance for producing more meat in swine production. Intestinal and hypothalamic amino acid receptors are found to largely participate in feed intake regulation. The purpose of the current research is to study the function of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation in the regulation of feed intake through sensors that can detect amino acids in piglets. Twenty-four piglets were assigned one of four treatments and fed one of the experimental diets for either a short period (Expt. 1) or a long period (Expt. 2): a normal protein diet (NP, 20.04% CP), a reduced-protein diet (RP, 17.05% CP), or a reduced-protein test diet supplemented with one of two doses of BCAAs (BCAA1, supplemented with 0.13% l-isoleucine, 0.09% l-leucine, and 0.23% l-valine; BCAA2, supplemented with the 150% standardized ileal digestibility BCAA requirement, as recommended by the National Research Council (2012)). In Expt. 1, no differences were observed in the feed intake among piglets fed different diets ( P > 0.05). In Expt. 2, compared with the RP group, the feed intake of piglets was significantly increased after sufficient BCAAs were supplemented in the BCAA1 group, which was associated with decreased cholecystokinin secretion ( P < 0.05), down-regulated expression of type-1 taste receptors 1/3 (T1R1/T1R3) in the intestine, as well as increased expression of pro-opiomelanocortin, activated general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in the hypothalamus ( P < 0.05). However, the feed intake was decreased for unknown reasons when the piglets were fed a BCAA over-supplemented diet. Our study confirmed that a BCAA-deficient diet inhibited feed intake through two potential ways: regulating the amino acid T1R1/T1R3 receptor in the intestine or activating GCN2/eIF2α pathways in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Jinghui Heng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Hanqing Song
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Kui Shi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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Hu C, Li F, Duan Y, Kong X, Yan Y, Deng J, Tan C, Wu G, Yin Y. Leucine alone or in combination with glutamic acid, but not with arginine, increases biceps femoris muscle and alters muscle AA transport and concentrations in fattening pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:791-800. [PMID: 30815917 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight Duroc × Large White × Landrace pigs with an average initial body weight of 77.09 ± 1.37 kg were used to investigate the effects of combination of leucine (Leu) with arginine (Arg) or glutamic acid (Glu) on muscle growth, free amino acid profiles, expression levels of amino acid transporters and growth-related genes in skeletal muscle. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups (12 pigs/group, castrated male:female = 1:1). The pigs in the control group were fed a basal diet (13% Crude Protein), and those in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.00% Leu (L group), 1.00% Leu + 1.00% Arg (LA group) or 1.00% Leu + 1.00% Glu (LG group). The experiment lasted for 60 days. Results showed an increase (p < 0.05) in biceps femoris (BF) muscle weight in the L group and LG group relative to the basal diet group. In longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, Lys, taurine and total essential amino acid concentration increased in the LG group relative to the basal diet group (p < 0.05). In LG group, Glu and carnosine concentrations increased (p < 0.05) in the BF muscle, when compared to the basal diet group. The Leu and Lys concentrations of BF muscle were lower in the LA group than that in the L group (p < 0.05). A positive association was found between BF muscle weight and Leu concentration (p < 0.05). The LG group presented higher (p < 0.05) mRNA levels of ASCT2, LAT1, PAT2, SANT2 and TAT1 in LD muscle than those in the basal diet group. The mRNA levels of PAT2 and MyoD in BF muscle were upregulated (p < 0.05) in the LG group, compared with those in the basal diet group. In conclusion, Leu alone or in combination with Glu is benefit for biceps femoris muscle growth in fattening pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Hunan Provincial Key, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Hunan Provincial Key, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yingli Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengquan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Hunan Provincial Key, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Effects of dietary leucine and phenylalanine on gastrointestinal development and small intestinal enzyme activities in milk-fed holstein dairy calves. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181733. [PMID: 30563927 PMCID: PMC6350069 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of leucine and phenylalanine on the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the intestinal digestive enzyme activity in male Holstein dairy calves. Twenty calves with a body weight of 38 ± 3 kg at 1 day of age were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a leucine group (1.435 g·l−1), a phenylalanine group (0.725 g·l−1), and a mixed amino acid group (1.435 g·l−1 leucine plus 0.725 g·l−1 phenylalanine). The supplementation of leucine decreased the short-circuit current (Isc) of the rumen and duodenum (P<0.01); phenylalanine did not show any influence on the Isc of rumen and duodenum (P>0.05), and also counteracted the Isc reduction caused by leucine. Leucine increased the trypsin activity at the 20% relative site of the small intestine (P<0.05). There was no difference in the activity of α-amylase and of lactase in the small intestinal chyme among four treatments (P>0.05). The trypsin activity in the anterior segment of the small intestine was higher than other segments, whereas the α-amylase activity in the posterior segment of the small intestine was higher than other segments. Leucine can reduce Isc of the rumen and duodenum, improve the development of the gastrointestinal tract, and enhance trypsin activity; phenylalanine could inhibit the effect of leucine in promoting intestinal development.
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Luo Y, Zhang X, Zhu Z, Jiao N, Qiu K, Yin J. Surplus dietary isoleucine intake enhanced monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis and fat accumulation in skeletal muscle of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:88. [PMID: 30598820 PMCID: PMC6302484 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isoleucine (Ile) has been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis and adipogenesis. However, the impact of surplus dietary Ile intake on muscle lipogenesis remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation of extra-Ile on lipogenesis, fatty acid profile and lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle in finishing pigs. Methods Forty-eight barrows with initial body weight of 77.0 ± 0.1 kg were allotted to one of two groups and fed diets containing 0.39%, 0.53% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Ile with six replicates per treatment and four pigs per replicate for 30 d. Results Dietary Ile intake significantly improved the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentration in the skeletal muscle (P < 0.05), and decreased the drip loss and shear force (P < 0.05) without influencing the growth performance of pigs (P > 0.05). Moreover, the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) proteins that monitor lipid metabolism were decreased in skeletal muscle of pigs offered extra-Ile diet (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of adipose-specific genes adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1 (ADD1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) were upregulated and the activity of SCD was increased as well (P < 0.05). Conclusions Surplus dietary Ile intake could increase IMF accumulation and MUFA synthesis in skeletal muscle through depressing the phosphorylation of AMPKα-ACC and stimulating the expression and activity of SCD, and increasing the capability of lipogenesis in skeletal muscle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0306-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Luo
- 1State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- 1State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhengpeng Zhu
- Technology Research and Development Department, New Hope Liuhe Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Ning Jiao
- 1State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Kai Qiu
- 1State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- 1State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Chen J, Su W, Kang B, Jiang Q, Zhao Y, Fu C, Yao K. Supplementation with α-ketoglutarate to a low-protein diet enhances amino acid synthesis in tissues and improves protein metabolism in the skeletal muscle of growing pigs. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1525-1537. [PMID: 30167964 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Ketoglutarate (AKG) is a crucial intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and can be used for the production of ATP and amino acids in animal tissues. However, the effect of AKG on the expression patterns of genes involved in muscle protein metabolism is largely unknown, and the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we used young pigs to investigate the effects of a low crude protein (CP) diet and a low CP diet supplemented with AKG on protein accretion in their skeletal muscle. A total of 27 growing pigs with an initial body weight of 11.96 ± 0.18 kg were assigned randomly to one of the three diets: control (normal recommended 20% CP, NP), low CP (17% CP, LP), or low CP supplemented with 1% AKG (ALP). The pigs were fed their respective diets for 35 days. Free amino acid (AA) profile and hormone levels in the serum, and the expression of genes implicated in protein metabolism in skeletal muscle were examined. Results showed that compared with the control group or LP group, low-protein diets supplemented with AKG enhanced serum and intramuscular free AA concentrations, the mRNA abundances of AA transporters, and serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and decreased serum urea concentration and the mRNA levels for genes related to muscle protein degradation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that addition of AKG to a low-protein diet promotes amino acid synthesis in tissues and improves protein metabolism in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Wenxuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Baoju Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Kang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
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Wu L, Zhang X, Tang Z, Li Y, Li T, Xu Q, Zhen J, Huang F, Yang J, Chen C, Wu Z, Li M, Sun J, Chen J, An R, Zhao S, Jiang Q, Zhu W, Yin Y, Sun Z. Low-Protein Diets Decrease Porcine Nitrogen Excretion but with Restrictive Effects on Amino Acid Utilization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8262-8271. [PMID: 29984998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) intake effectively decreases nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs but at the expense of poor growth when dietary CP content is reduced by ≥3%. In this study, we investigated the main disadvantages of low-protein diets supplemented with lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan in pigs. First, changes in the nitrogen balance in response to differences in dietary CP content (18%, 15%, and 13.5%) were investigated in barrows (40 kg). Then, barrows (40 kg) surgically fitted with catheters in the mesenteric vein, portal vein, hepatic vein, and carotid artery were used to investigate changes in amino acid (AA) metabolism in the portal-drained viscera and liver in response to differences in dietary CP content. The results showed that low-protein diets reduced fecal and urinary nitrogen excretion ( P < 0.05) meanwhile resulted in significant decreases in nitrogen retention ( P < 0.05). Moreover, a reduction in the dietary CP content from 18% to 13.5% resulted in decreases in the net portal fluxes of NH3, glycine, and alanine as well as in the urea production in the liver ( P < 0.05), whereas their values as a percentage of nitrogen intake did not decline ( P > 0.05). The net portal fluxes of nonessential AA (NEAA) were reduced in the low-protein diet groups ( P < 0.05), while essential AA consumption in the liver increased ( P < 0.05). Thus, low-protein diets result in reductions in both nitrogen excretion and retention, and NEAA deficiency may be a major disadvantage of low-protein diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuting Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Xiangxin Zhang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , P. R. China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha 410125 , P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Jifu Zhen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Mao Li
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Jiajing Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Jinchao Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Rui An
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
| | - Shengjun Zhao
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering , Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan 430023 , P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Huanan Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha 410125 , P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , P. R. China
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37
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang G, Cai S, Zeng X, Qiao S. Advances in low-protein diets for swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:60. [PMID: 30034802 PMCID: PMC6052556 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the great advantages of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with free amino acids (AA) supplementation for sustainable swine industry, including saving protein ingredients, reducing nitrogen excretion, feed costs and the risk of gut disorders without impairing growth performance compared to traditional diets. However, a tendency toward increased fatness is a matter of concern when pigs are fed low-protein (LP) diets. In response, the use of the net energy system and balanced AA for formulation of LP diets has been proposed as a solution. Moreover, the extent to which dietary CP can be reduced is complicated. Meanwhile, the requirements for the first five limiting AA (lysine, threonine, sulfur-containing AA, tryptophan, and valine) that growing-finishing pigs fed LP diets were higher than pigs fed traditional diets, because the need for nitrogen for endogenous synthesis of non-essential AA to support protein synthesis may be increased when dietary CP is lowered. Overall, to address these concerns and give a better understanding of this nutritional strategy, this paper reviews recent advances in the study of LP diets for swine and provides some insights into future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junyan Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Gang Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shuang Cai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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38
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Latimer S, Li Y, Nguyen TTH, Soubeyrand E, Fatihi A, Elowsky CG, Block A, Pichersky E, Basset GJ. Metabolic reconstructions identify plant 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase that is crucial for branched-chain amino acid catabolism in mitochondria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:358-370. [PMID: 29742810 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The proteinogenic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential nutrients for mammals. In plants, BCAAs double as alternative energy sources when carbohydrates become limiting, the catabolism of BCAAs providing electrons to the respiratory chain and intermediates to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Yet, the actual architecture of the degradation pathways of BCAAs is not well understood. In this study, gene network modeling in Arabidopsis and rice, and plant-prokaryote comparative genomics detected candidates for 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (4.2.1.18), one of the missing plant enzymes of leucine catabolism. Alignments of these protein candidates sampled from various spermatophytes revealed non-homologous N-terminal extensions that are lacking in their bacterial counterparts, and green fluorescent protein-fusion experiments demonstrated that the Arabidopsis protein, product of gene At4g16800, is targeted to mitochondria. Recombinant At4g16800 catalyzed the dehydration of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA into 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, and displayed kinetic features similar to those of its prokaryotic homolog. When at4g16800 knockout plants were subjected to dark-induced carbon starvation, their rosette leaves displayed accelerated senescence as compared with control plants, and this phenotype was paralleled by a marked increase in the accumulation of free and total leucine, isoleucine and valine. The seeds of the at4g16800 mutant showed a similar accumulation of free BCAAs. These data suggest that 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase is not solely involved in the degradation of leucine, but is also a significant contributor to that of isoleucine and valine. Furthermore, evidence is shown that unlike the situation observed in Trypanosomatidae, leucine catabolism does not contribute to the formation of the terpenoid precursor mevalonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Latimer
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Yubing Li
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Thuong T H Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Eric Soubeyrand
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Abdelhak Fatihi
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Christian G Elowsky
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Anna Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, ARS, USDA, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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Wang CX, Chen F, Zhang WF, Zhang SH, Shi K, Song HQ, Wang YJ, Kim SW, Guan WT. Leucine Promotes the Growth of Fetal Pigs by Increasing Protein Synthesis through the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Longissimus Dorsi Muscle at Late Gestation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3840-3849. [PMID: 29584425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leucine (Leu) plays an important role in protein synthesis and metabolism. The present study tested whether Leu supplementation in the diet for sows during late pregnancy could improve piglet birth weight, and it also investigated the possible underlying mechanism. Two hundred sows at day 70 of pregnancy were selected and assigned to four groups fed with following four diets until farrowing, respectively: corn and soybean meal-based diet group (CON), CON + 0.40% Leu, CON + 0.80% Leu, and CON + 1.20% Leu. We found that supplementing with 0.80% Leu significantly increased mean piglet birth weight ( P < 0.05). Supplementation with 0.40, 0.80, and 1.20% Leu increased the plasma concentration of Leu, while decreasing the plasma concentrations of valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile) in both farrowing sows and newborn piglets ( P < 0.05). The protein expressions of amino acid transporters (including LAT1, SNAT1, SNAT2, 4F2hc, and rBAT) in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, longissimus dorsi muscle of newborn piglets, and placenta of sows showed a difference among the CON group and Leu supplemented groups. Expressions of p-mTOR, p-4E-BP1, and p-S6K1 in longissimus dorsi muscle were also enhanced in each of the supplemental Leu groups compared to CON ( P < 0.05). Collectively, these results indicated that 0.40-0.80% Leu supplementation during late gestation enhanced birth weight of fetal pigs by increasing protein synthesis through modulation of the plasma amino acids profile, amino acid transporters expression, and mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Xian Wang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Wen-Fei Zhang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Shi-Hai Zhang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Kui Shi
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Han-Qing Song
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Yi-Jiang Wang
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Wu-Tai Guan
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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40
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An R, Tang Z, Li Y, Li T, Xu Q, Zhen J, Huang F, Yang J, Chen C, Wu Z, Li M, Sun J, Zhang X, Chen J, Wu L, Zhao S, Qingyan J, Zhu W, Yin Y, Sun Z. Activation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase by Sodium Dichloroacetate Shifts Metabolic Consumption from Amino Acids to Glucose in IPEC-J2 Cells and Intestinal Bacteria in Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3793-3800. [PMID: 29471628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extensive metabolism of amino acids (AA) as fuel is an important reason for the low use efficiency of protein in pigs. In this study, we investigated whether regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)/pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 (PDHA1) pathway affected AA consumption by porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells and intestinal bacteria in pigs. The effects of knockdown of PDHA1 and PDK1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) on nutrient consumption by IPEC-J2 cells were evaluated. IPEC-J2 cells were then cultured with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) to quantify AA and glucose consumption and nutrient oxidative metabolism. The results showed that knockdown of PDHA1 using siRNA decreased glucose consumption but increased total AA (TAA) and glutamate (Glu) consumption by IPEC-J2 cells ( P < 0.05). Opposite effects were observed using siRNA targeting PDK1 ( P < 0.05). Additionally, culturing IPEC-J2 cells in the presence of 5 mM DCA markedly increased the phosphorylation of PDHA1 and PDH phosphatase 1, but inhibited PDK1 phosphorylation ( P < 0.05). DCA treatment also reduced TAA and Glu consumption and increased glucose depletion ( P < 0.05). These results indicated that PDH was the regulatory target for shifting from AA metabolism to glucose metabolism and that culturing cells with DCA decreased the consumption of AAs by increasing the depletion of glucose through PDH activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui An
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha 410125 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jifu Zhen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feiru Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoliang Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Li
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxin Zhang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchao Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liuting Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Zhao
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering , Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan 430023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Qingyan
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Huanan Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha 410125 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , People's Republic of China
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41
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Zhang S, Zeng X, Ren M, Mao X, Qiao S. Novel metabolic and physiological functions of branched chain amino acids: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:10. [PMID: 28127425 PMCID: PMC5260006 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are not only elementary components for building muscle tissue but also participate in increasing protein synthesis in animals and humans. BCAA (isoleucine, leucine and valine) regulate many key signaling pathways, the most classic of which is the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. This signaling pathway connects many diverse physiological and metabolic roles. Recent years have witnessed many striking developments in determining the novel functions of BCAA including: (1) Insufficient or excessive levels of BCAA in the diet enhances lipolysis. (2) BCAA, especially isoleucine, play a major role in enhancing glucose consumption and utilization by up-regulating intestinal and muscular glucose transporters. (3) Supplementation of leucine in the diet enhances meat quality in finishing pigs. (4) BCAA are beneficial for mammary health, milk quality and embryo growth. (5) BCAA enhance intestinal development, intestinal amino acid transportation and mucin production. (6) BCAA participate in up-regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, abnormally elevated BCAA levels in the blood (decreased BCAA catabolism) are a good biomarker for the early detection of obesity, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. This review will provide some insights into these novel metabolic and physiological functions of BCAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Man Ren
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science & Technology University, No. 9 Donghua Road, Fengyang, 233100 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-ResistanceNutrition,Ministry of Education, Sichuan AgriculturalUniversity, Ya'an, Sichuan China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
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42
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Duan Y, Guo Q, Wen C, Wang W, Li Y, Tan B, Li F, Yin Y. Free Amino Acid Profile and Expression of Genes Implicated in Protein Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle of Growing Pigs Fed Low-Protein Diets Supplemented with Branched-Chain Amino Acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9390-9400. [PMID: 27960294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the expression patterns of genes involved in protein metabolism as affected by diets would be useful for further clarifying the importance of the balance among the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which include leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val). Therefore, we used growing pigs to explore the effects of different dietary BCAA ratios on muscle protein metabolism. The Leu:Ile:Val ratio was 1:0.51:0.63 (20% crude protein, CP), 1:1:1 (17% CP), 1:0.75:0.75 (17% CP), 1:0.51:0.63 (17% CP), and 1:0.25:0.25 (17% CP), respectively. Results showed that compared with the control group, low-protein diets with the BCAA ratio ranging from 1:0.75:0.75 to 1:0.25:0.25 elevated muscle free amino acid (AA) concentrations and AA transporter expression, significantly activated the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway, and decreased serum urea nitrogen content and the mRNA expression of genes related to muscle protein degradation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that maintaining the dietary Leu:Ile:Val ratio within 1:0.25:0.25-1:0.75:0.75 in low-protein diets (17% CP) would facilitate the absorption and utilization of free AA and result in improved protein metabolism and muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chaoyue Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410018, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410018, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS; Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410018, China
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