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Qu J, Dang S, Sun YY, Zhang T, Jiang H, Lu HZ. METTL21C mediates autophagy and formation of slow-twitch muscle fibers in mice after exercise. Genes Genet Syst 2024; 99:n/a. [PMID: 38417894 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.23-00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis is essential for muscle repair and regeneration after skeletal muscle exercise. This study investigated the role of methyltransferase-like 21C (METTL21C) in skeletal muscle of mice after exercise and the potential mechanism. First, muscle samples were collected at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after exercise, and liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, blood lactic acid and triglyceride were assessed. Moreover, the expression levels of autophagy markers and METTL21C in skeletal muscle were analyzed. The results showed that the expression levels of METTL21C and MYH7 in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice in the exercise group were significantly higher after exercise than those in the control group, which suggested that long-term exercise promoted the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibers in mouse skeletal muscle. Likewise, the autophagy capacity was enhanced with the prolongation of exercise in muscles. The findings were confirmed in mouse C2C12 cells. We discovered that knockdown of Mettl21c reduced the expression of MYH7 and the autophagy level in mouse myoblasts. These findings indicate that METTL21C promotes skeletal muscle homeostasis after exercise by enhancing autophagy, and also contributes to myogenic differentiation and the formation of slow muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- Institute of Physical Education, Shaanxi University of Technology
| | - Shuai Dang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology
- Department of Medical, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sun
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology
| | - Hai Jiang
- Institute of Physical Education, Shaanxi University of Technology
| | - Hong-Zhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology
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Cheng J, Wang L, Wang S, Chen R, Zhang T, Ma H, Lu H, Yuan G. Transcriptomic analysis of thigh muscle of Lueyang black-bone chicken in free-range and caged feeding. Anim Biotechnol 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34965837 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1993235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lueyang black-bone chicken is free-range in hilly areas and has unique genetic characteristics and excellent muscle quality. However, the molecular mechanisms of breeding mode influence growth and meat quality in Lueyang black-bone chicken are still unclear. Here we analyzed the meat quality and transcriptome data of thigh muscle by comparing free-range and caged modes at the age of 60 and 120 days in Lueyang black-boned chicken. The results demonstrated that the free-range mode could improve the pH value, tenderness, and reducing the hardness of the thigh muscle. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content of the thigh muscle was markedly higher in the caged chickens compared with free-range animals at the age of 60 days. Functional pathway analysis illustrated that tight junction signaling was associated with the formation of slow-twitch fibers in free-range chickens at age of 120 days. All research data proved that the free-range mode could improve muscle quality by promoting the formation of slow-twitch fibers and IMF in thigh muscle in Lueyang black-bone chicken. Based on the animal benefit and healthy, the free-range feeding should be considered during the breeding process of broiler chicken. The results provide good knowledge of the functional molecular mechanisms associated with muscle quality in Lueyang black-bone chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cheng
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Haidong Ma
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- Shaanxi Baiweiyuan Network Technology Co., Ltd, Hanzhong, China
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Spooner HC, Derrick SA, Maj M, Manjarín R, Hernandez GV, Tailor DS, Bastani PS, Fanter RK, Fiorotto ML, Burrin DG, La Frano MR, Sikalidis AK, Blank JM. High-Fructose, High-Fat Diet Alters Muscle Composition and Fuel Utilization in a Juvenile Iberian Pig Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124195. [PMID: 34959747 PMCID: PMC8705774 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious metabolic condition affecting millions of people worldwide. A “Western-style diet” has been shown to induce pediatric NAFLD with the potential disruption of skeletal muscle composition and metabolism. To determine the in vivo effect of a “Western-style diet” on pediatric skeletal muscle fiber type and fuel utilization, 28 juvenile Iberian pigs were fed either a control diet (CON) or a high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFF), with or without probiotic supplementation, for 10 weeks. The HFF diets increased the total triacylglycerol content of muscle tissue but decreased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and the number of type I (slow oxidative) muscle fibers. HFF diets induced autophagy as assessed by LC3I and LC3II, and inflammation, as assessed by IL-1α. No differences in body composition were observed, and there was no change in insulin sensitivity, but HFF diets increased several plasma acylcarnitines and decreased expression of lipid oxidation regulators PGC1α and CPT1, suggesting disruption of skeletal muscle metabolism. Our results show that an HFF diet fed to juvenile Iberian pigs produces a less oxidative skeletal muscle phenotype, similar to a detraining effect, and reduces the capacity to use lipid as fuel, even in the absence of insulin resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. Spooner
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Stefani A. Derrick
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.A.D.); (M.R.L.F.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Department of Animal Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (R.M.); (G.V.H.)
| | - Gabriella V. Hernandez
- Department of Animal Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (R.M.); (G.V.H.)
| | - Deepali S. Tailor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Parisa S. Bastani
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Rob K. Fanter
- College of Agriculture Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
- Cal Poly Metabolomics Service Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Marta L. Fiorotto
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.L.F.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.L.F.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Michael R. La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.A.D.); (M.R.L.F.); (A.K.S.)
- Cal Poly Metabolomics Service Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Angelos K. Sikalidis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.A.D.); (M.R.L.F.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Jason M. Blank
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-805-756-5629
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Cheng Y, Song M, Zhu Q, Azad MAK, Gao Q, Kong X. Dietary Betaine Addition Alters Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, and Nitrogen Metabolism of Bama Mini-Pigs. Front Nutr 2021; 8:728477. [PMID: 34513907 PMCID: PMC8429818 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.728477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaine is widely used as feed additives in animal husbandry as it can cause many benefits such as improving antioxidant ability, growth performance, and carcass traits. However, there are limited studies about the effects of betaine on the Bama mini-pigs. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary betaine on carcass traits, meat quality, and nitrogen metabolism of pigs. Twenty-six pregnant Bama mini-pigs and then 104 weaned piglets were assigned for experimental treatments. The plasma and muscle samples were collected at 65-, 95-, and 125-d-old pigs, respectively. The results showed that betaine addition in the sow-offspring diets increased the lean meat rate in the 65-d-old pigs, whereas carcass weight, carcass yield, and loin-eye area were increased in the 95-d-old pigs, and carcass weight and backfat thickness in the 125-d-old pigs. Dietary betaine addition in the sow-offspring diets increased the contents of plasma Asp of 65-d-old, Met of 95- and 125-d-old, and Sar of 125-d-old pigs. Moreover, betaine addition increased the contents of Met, His, Ile, and Phe in Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, whereas those contents were decreased in biceps femoris and psoas major muscles at different stages. Betaine addition in the sow and piglets' diets regulated the muscle fiber-type and myogenic regulatory gene expressions. In summary, betaine addition in the sow and sow-offspring diets could improve the carcass traits and meat quality by altering the plasma biochemical parameters, amino acid composition, and gene expressions of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Cheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijng, China
| | - Mingtong Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijng, China
| | - Md Abul Kalam Azad
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijng, China
| | - Qiankun Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijng, China.,Research Center of Mini-Pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Hu L, Peng X, Han F, Wu F, Chen D, Wu D, Feyera T, Zhang K, Che L. Effects of Birth Weight and Postnatal Nutritional Restriction on Skeletal Muscle Development, Myofiber Maturation, and Metabolic Status of Early-Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E156. [PMID: 31963382 PMCID: PMC7022288 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Piglets with light weaning weight commonly have a slow post-weaning growth rate due to impaired skeletal muscle development. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of birth weight and nutrient intake on skeletal muscle development, myofiber maturation, and metabolic status of early-weaned piglets. Twelve pairs of normal birth weight and intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) piglets (seven days old) were randomly assigned to receive adequate nutrient intake or restricted nutrient intake for 21 days. Serum and muscle samples were collected for further analysis. The results indicated that muscle weight, cross-sectional areas, and muscular glycogen were lower (p < 0.05) in both IUGR and restricted fed piglets. Nutrient restriction decreased the contents of RNA, the RNA to DNA ratio, and the percentages of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIx (p < 0.05), whereas increased the activity of β-hydroxy-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HAD), the ratio of HAD to citrate synthase, as well as the percentages of MyHC I (p < 0.05). In addition, nutrient restriction significantly decreased muscular glycogen, mRNA levels of fatty acid transport protein 1, cationic amino acid transporter 1, and glucose transporter 4 in IUGR piglets compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). The results of the present study showed that IUGR impaired skeletal muscle growth and disturbed the hormone and mRNA expression of genes related to energy metabolism, which led to a more severe energy deficit when receiving postnatal nutritional restriction. Postnatal nutritional restriction resulted in delayed myofiber maturation of the piglets, which may be associated with the transformation of MyHC isoform and the change of metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xie Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Fali Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Takele Feyera
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Keying Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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Guo X, Wu Y, Wang Y, Jia J, Li M, Hei W, He Z, Zhao Y, Cai C, Gao P, Li B, Cao G. MyHCs developmental expression patterns and its effect on muscle fibre characteristics in pig. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1756823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiqi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingmin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Hei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunbo Cai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bugao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Browe BM, Vice EN, Park TJ. Naked Mole‐Rats: Blind, Naked, and Feeling No Pain. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 303:77-88. [PMID: 30365235 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte M. Browe
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience 840 West Taylor St, Chicago Illinois
| | - Emily N. Vice
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience 840 West Taylor St, Chicago Illinois
| | - Thomas J. Park
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience 840 West Taylor St, Chicago Illinois
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Xing XX, Xuan MF, Jin L, Guo Q, Luo ZB, Wang JX, Luo QR, Zhang GL, Cui CD, Cui ZY, Kang JD, Yin XJ. Fiber-type distribution and expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in newborn heterozygous myostatin-knockout pigs. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1811-1819. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ishida A, Ashihara A, Nakashima K, Katsumata M. Expression of cationic amino acid transporters in pig skeletal muscles during postnatal development. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1805-1814. [PMID: 28803359 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) protein family transports lysine and arginine in cellular amino acid pools. We hypothesized that CAT expression changes in pig skeletal muscles during rapid pig postnatal development. We aimed to investigate the tissue distribution and changes in the ontogenic expression of CATs in pig skeletal muscles during postnatal development. Six piglets at 1, 12, 26, 45, and 75 days old were selected from six litters, and their longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF), and rhomboideus (RH) muscles, and their stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, liver, kidney, heart, and cerebrum were collected. CAT-1 was expressed in all the 12 tissues investigated. CAT-2 (CAT-2A isoform) expression was highest in the skeletal muscle and liver and lowest in the jejunum, ileum, kidney, and heart. CAT-3 was expressed mainly in the colon and detected in the jejunum, ileum, and cerebrum. The CAT-1 expression was higher in the skeletal muscle of day 1 pigs than in that of older pigs (P < 0.05). The CAT-2 mRNA level was lowest at day 1, but increased with postnatal development (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in CAT-1 expression among the LD, BF, and RH during postnatal development (P > 0.05); however, there was a change in CAT-2 expression. The CAT-2 expression was highest in the LD of 12-, 26-, 45-, and 75-day-old pigs, followed by the BF and RH (P < 0.05). These results suggest that CAT-1 and CAT-2 play different roles in pig skeletal muscles during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Ishida
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan.
| | - Akane Ashihara
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakashima
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Masaya Katsumata
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan.,School of Veterinary Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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