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Al-Saiady M, Al-Shaheen T, El-Waziry A, Mohammed AENA. Effects of extruded flaxseed and Salmate ® inclusion in the diet on milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation and degradation, and kinetic flow of digesta and fluid in lactating dairy cows in the subtropics. Vet World 2024; 17:540-549. [PMID: 38680160 PMCID: PMC11045532 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.540-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Dietary supplements play pivotal roles in promoting productive and reproductive performance in ruminant animals. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of extruded flaxseed and Salmate® (Ballard Group, Inc, OH, USA) inclusion in diets on milk yield and composition, ruminal degradation and fermentation, and flow of fluids and digesta in lactating cattle. Materials and Methods Six rumen-fistulated Holstein lactating cows were distributed to a 6 × 6 design of Latin square (L.S.). The groups were assorted into a control group fed a basal control diet and two treated groups fed diets containing extruded flaxseed (7.0%) or Salmate® (25 g/head/day). The basal control, extruded flaxseed, and Salmate® diets were formulated as isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Each L.S. period of the group comprised 21 days, including 10 days for adaptation to the diet and 11 days for data sampling and recording. Results Feed intake did not differ among the control, extruded flaxseed, and Salmate® groups. Milk yield (kg) and protein and fat composition (%) were improved on feeding the extruded flaxseed diet compared with the Salmate® and control diets. Extruded flaxseed or Salmate® diet had no effect on the values of ruminal pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids except isobutyrate, which decreased in the Salmate® group. Degradable efficiency and ruminal digestibility were significantly decreased with the inclusion of extruded flaxseed and/or Salmate® in the diets. The extruded flaxseed and Salmate® groups had a greater digesta passage rate than the control group. The extruded flaxseed and control groups had a greater liquid passage rate than the Salmate® group. Conclusion The inclusion of extruded flaxseed in the diet improved (p < 0.05) milk yield, milk composition, and milk Omega-6: Omega-3 ratio with no changes in ruminal fermentation, notable negative effects on degradable efficiency and ruminal digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Saiady
- Department of ARASCO Research and Development, P.O. Box 53845, Riyadh, 11593, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Al-Shaheen
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed El-Waziry
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Shatby, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21454, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Amin AB, Zhang L, Zhang J, Mao S. Metagenomic and Metabolomic Insights Into the Mechanism Underlying the Disparity in Milk Yield of Holstein Cows. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:844968. [PMID: 35668764 PMCID: PMC9163737 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the metabolic mechanism underlying the disparity in the milk yield of Holstein cows. Eighteen lactating Holstein cows in their second parity and 56 (±14.81 SD) days in milking (DIM) were selected from 94 cows. Based on the milk yield of the cows, they were divided into two groups of nine cows each, the high milk yield group (HP) (44.57 ± 2.11 kg/day) and the low milk yield group (LP) (26.71 ± 0.70 kg/day). The experimental cows were fed the same diet and kept under the same management system for more than 60 days. Rumen metagenomics revealed that two Archaea genera, one Bacteria genus, eight Eukaryota genera, and two Virus genera differ between the HP and LP groups. The analysis of metabolites in the rumen fluid, milk, and serum showed that several metabolites differed between the HP and LP groups. Correlation analysis between the predominant microbiota and milk yield-associated metabolites (MP-metabolites) revealed that four Bacteria and two Eukaryota genera have a positive relationship with MP-metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis of the differential metabolites revealed that five pathways were enriched in all the samples (two pathways in the milk, two pathways in the serum, and one pathway in the rumen fluid). Further investigation revealed that the low milk yield observed in the LP group might be due to an upregulation in dopamine levels in the rumen fluid and milk, which could inhibit the release of prolactin or suppress the action of oxytocin in the udder resulting in reduced milk yield. On the other hand, the high milk yield in the HP group is attributed to an upregulation in citrulline, and N-acetylornithine, which could be used as substrates for energy metabolism in the citric acid cycle and ultimately gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmumini B Amin
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Animal Science, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
| | - Lei Zhang
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - JiYou Zhang
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Melendez P, McDaniel K, Chacon C, Poock S, Bartolome J, Pinedo P. Association between blood β-hydroxybutyrate at 7 days postpartum and milk yield, disease occurrence and fertility in grazing dairy cattle with seasonal calving: a case study. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Ketosis in grazing cattle has been sparsely studied. A large commercial grazing dairy in southern Chile, representative of a significant proportion of the systems in the country, was used in this case study.
Aims
The study had three objectives: (i) to establish a cut-off for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration for subclinical ketosis (SCK), and use this to measure the proportion of cows with SCK at 7 days postpartum in spring- and autumn-calving cows; (ii) to describe the relationship of SCK and other periparturient diseases and fertility; and (iii) to compare milk yield of healthy cows and those affected by SCK in a dairy herd with autumn and spring parturitions under grazing conditions in southern Chile.
Methods
During 2016, 234 cows with autumn parturitions and 632 cows with spring parturitions (n = 866) were assessed for blood BHB at 7 days postpartum. A receiver operating characteristic analysis for a BHB cut-off value was completed. Models were developed for disease occurrence, culling risk, conception risk and pregnancy rate, considering SCK as the main explanatory variable.
Key results
In total, 810 cows were used for the final analysis. The frequency of cows with SCK, based on the cut-off value obtained (BHB ≥1.1 mmol/L), was 22.2% at 7 days postpartum. The risk of SCK was higher (P < 0.0001) in cows calving in spring (27.0%) than in autumn (10.3%), and in multiparous (24.6%) than primiparous cows (15.1%). The seasonal difference in proportion of cows with SCK was parity-dependent, because the frequency of SCK in multiparous cows was higher (P < 0.0005) in spring (32.0%) than autumn (10.1%), whereas SCK in primiparous cows showed no significant (P = 0.41) difference between spring (15.4%) and autumn (12.5%). Milk production up to 100 days-in-milk was greater (P = 0.002) in cows with SCK (3394 kg) than without SCK (3015 kg). Disease occurrence was higher (P < 0.0001) in cows with SCK and in multiparous cows (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in conception risk at first service (P = 0.62) or in overall pregnancy rate (P = 0.90) between cows with and without SCK.
Conclusions
Multiparous cows calving in spring had the highest risk of SCK (BHB ≥1.1 mmol/L). SCK was associated with higher milk yield and greater occurrence of other diseases, but not with reproductive performance.
Implications
Grazing herds have challenges with SCK that may require different management strategies depending on the calving season and the parity of the animals.
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Sofyan A, Uyeno Y, Shinkai T, Hirako M, Kushibiki S, Kanamori H, Mori S, Katayose Y, Mitsumori M. Metagenomic profiles of the rumen microbiota during the transition period in low-yield and high-yield dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1362-1376. [PMID: 31407448 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated potential relationships between rumen microbiota and milk production in dairy cows during the transition period. Twelve dairy cows were divided into a low-yield (LY) or high-yield (HY) group based on their milk yield. Rumen samples were taken from dairy cows at 3 weeks before parturition, and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after parturition. 16S rDNA-based metagenomic analysis showed that diversities of rumen microbiota in both groups were similar and the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was lower in the postpartum than prepartum period in both groups. The abundance of Bacteroidetes and ratio of Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes was higher in the HY than the LY group. OTUs assigned to Prevotella bryantii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Succinivibrio sp. were abundant in the HY group. These OTUs were significantly related to the propionate molar proportion of rumen fluids in the HY group. OTUs assigned to Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium sp. and Saccharofermentans were dominant in the LY group. Predictive functional profiling revealed that abundance of gene families involved in amino acid and vitamin metabolism was higher in the HY than the LY group. These results suggest that the community structure and fermentation products of rumen microbiota could be associated with milk production of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sofyan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Research Unit for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yutaka Uyeno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takumi Shinkai
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirako
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shiro Kushibiki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- Advanced Genomics Breeding Section, Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satomi Mori
- Advanced Genomics Breeding Section, Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuichi Katayose
- Advanced Genomics Breeding Section, Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Mitsumori
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
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Tong J, Zhang H, Yang D, Zhang Y, Xiong B, Jiang L. Illumina sequencing analysis of the ruminal microbiota in high-yield and low-yield lactating dairy cows. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198225. [PMID: 30423588 PMCID: PMC6234037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, differences in the ruminal bacterial community between high-yield and low-yield lactating dairy cows under the same dietary conditions were investigated. Sixteen lactating dairy cows with similar parity and days in milk were divided into high-yield (HY) and low-yield (LY) groups based on their milk yield. On day 21, rumen content samples were collected, and their microbiota compositions were determined using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene by the Illumina MiSeq platform. During the study period, dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were measured daily, and milk composition was assessed 3 times per week. The results showed that the milk of the LY group tended to have higher fat (P = 0.08), protein (P = 0.01) and total solid contents (P = 0.04) than that of the HY group, while the HY group had higher ruminal propionate (P = 0.08) proportion and volatile fatty acid (VFA) (P = 0.02) concentrations. Principal coordinate analysis indicated significant differences in ruminal bacterial community compositions and structures between the HY group and LY group. The abundances of Ruminococcus 2, Lachnospiraceae and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes were significantly higher in the HY group than in the LY group. In addition, Bacteroides, Ruminococcus 2 and Candidatus-Saccharimonas were positively correlated with ruminal propionate proportion (r>0.4, P<0.05). These findings enhance the understanding of bacterial synthesis within the rumen and reveal an important mechanism underlying differences in milk production in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Delian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
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Laguna JG, Cardoso MS, Lima JA, Reis RB, Carvalho AU, Saturnino HM, Teixeira SMR. Expression of hepatic genes related to energy metabolism during the transition period of Holstein and F 1 Holstein-Gir cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9861-9870. [PMID: 28964523 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of genes encoding enzymes and other factors involved with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the liver of 2 genetic groups of dairy cows during the transition period. We analyzed the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C), methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT), β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase-2 (BDH2), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 (CPT2), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), glucose transporter-2 (SLC2A2), and the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA). Blood concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate were also determined. Liver biopsies and blood samples were taken at d 15 prepartum and at d 6, 21, 36, 51, and 66 postpartum from Holsteins (n = 6) and F1 Holstein-Gir (n = 6) cows. Cows were kept under the same prepartum and postpartum management conditions. The results showed that the expression of G6PC, PEPCK-C, BDH2, ACC, CPT2, HMGCR, SLC2A2, and PPARA genes did not differ between genetic groups. Except for PEPCK-C, no interaction between genetic groups and the experimental period was observed. Within both groups of cows, G6PC and PEPCK-C gene expression decreased when comparing prepartum gene expression with 21 and 36 DIM, and increased in d 51 postpartum. MUT mRNA levels differed between the 2 genetic groups and displayed a significant increase after d 36 postpartum, whereas mRNA levels of HMGCR tended to increase when comparing d 21 and 36 to d 51 postpartum. Glucose concentrations also differed between genetic groups, being significantly higher in the plasma of F1 Holstein-Gir cows than in Holstein cows, but no differences were found within each group during the analysis period. β-Hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations did not differ between genetic groups, but displayed increased levels from prepartum to d 6 and 21 postpartum. Our results indicated that expression in the liver of genes involved with glucose and fatty acid metabolism were similar in both groups of cows and significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in the expression of MUT, a gene involved in propionate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Laguna
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - M S Cardoso
- Department of Parasitology, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - J A Lima
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - R B Reis
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - A U Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Surgery, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - H M Saturnino
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil.
| | - S M R Teixeira
- Biochemistry and Immunology Department, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
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