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Kaur R, Singh S, Joshi N. Pervasive Endosymbiont Arsenophonus Plays a Key Role in the Transmission of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Vectored by Asia II-1 Genetic Group of Bemisia tabaci. Environ Entomol 2022; 51:564-577. [PMID: 35485184 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insects often coevolved with their mutualistic partners such as gut endosymbionts, which play a key in the physiology of host. Studies on such interactions between Bemisia tabaci and its primary and secondary endosymbionts have gained importance due to their indispensable roles in the biology of this insect. Present study reports the predominance of two secondary endosymbionts, Arsenophonus and Cardinium in the Asia II-1 genetic group of whitefly and elucidates their role in the transmission of its vectored Cotton leaf curl virus. Selective elimination of endosymbionts was optimized using serial concentration of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, tetracycline, and rifampicin administered to viruliferous whiteflies through sucrose diet. Primary endosymbiont, Portiera was unresponsive to all the antibiotics, however, rifampicin and tetracycline at 90 μg/ml selectively eliminated Arsenophonus from the whitefly. Elimination of Arsenophonus resulted in significant decrease in virus titer from viruliferous whitefly, further the CLCuV transmission efficiency of these whiteflies was significantly reduced compared to the control flies. Secondary endosymbiont, Cardinium could not be eliminated completely even with higher concentrations of antibiotics. Based on the findings, Arsenophonus plays a key role in the retention and transmission of CLCuV in the Asia II-1 genetic group of B. tabaci, while the role of Cardinium could not be established due to its unresponsiveness to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Satnam Singh
- Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Joshi
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Li WH, Li GY, Zhang J, Wang XJ, Zhang AW, Zhao JT, Wang LJ, Yang JF, Luo TZ, Shen KZ. Estimates of (co)variance components and phenotypic and genetic parameters of growth traits and wool traits in Alpine Merino sheep. J Anim Breed Genet 2022; 139:351-365. [PMID: 35170817 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The (co)variance components and corresponding phenotypic and genetic parameters for growth traits and wool traits of economic importance were estimated in the Alpine Merino sheep population maintained at Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station in northwestern China. Data from a maximum of 49,474 animals sired by 526 rams and born from 22,531 ewes over 20 years from 2000 to 2019 were used in this study. Birth type, age of dam, birth year, sex and/or management group, and age at measurement were initially fitted as fixed effects in an animal model with various random effects. Genetic groups were defined for all animals by the sire breed and breed genotype interacted with dam-strain flocks and were fitted as one of the random effects. Analyses were conducted using a residual maximum likelihood procedure (ASReml). Seven different animal models were fitted for all traits, and the most appropriate model with relevant random effects was selected through log-likelihood ratio testing. After identifying the appropriate model through single-trait analysis, bivariate analyses were used to obtain the phenotypic and genetic correlations among the traits. The estimates of additive direct heritability for birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), preweaning growth rate (prwADG), postweaning growth rate (powADG), yearling body weight (YWT), average fibre diameter (AFD), greasy fleece weight (GFW), clean fleece weight (CFW), yield (YLD), yearling wool staple length (YSL), coefficient of variation of average fibre diameter (FDcv) and wool visual fineness counts (VFC) were 0.30, 0.18, 0.18, 0.20, 0.29, 0.20, 0.19, 0.20, 0.35, 0.19, 0.16 and 0.13, respectively, with standard errors ranging from 0.02 to 0.05. The corresponding ratios of genetic group variance to additive genetic variance were significant and, respectively, 0.35, 0.80, 0.62, 0.26, 0.13, 1.06, 0.38, 0.64, 0.09, 0.12, 0.06 and 0.58. These results suggest for these traits that there is potential to exploit both the additive genetic variation and between genetic group variation although for most traits the between group variation was smaller than the variation within groups. Favourable genetic correlations were found among the growth traits, and between growth traits and fleece production traits, and among wool traits GFW, CFW, YSL and YLD. This study provides the required estimates of genetic parameters of both growth and wool traits of the new breed for the design of more effective breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Li
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
| | - Gui-Ying Li
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
| | - Xi-Jun Wang
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
| | - Ai-Wen Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
| | - Jin-Tao Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
| | - Li-Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
| | - Jian-Feng Yang
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
| | - Tian-Zhao Luo
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
| | - Kai-Zu Shen
- Gansu Provincial Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station, Sunan, China
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LaFrentz BR, García JC, Shelley JP. Multiplex PCR for genotyping Flavobacterium columnare. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1531-1542. [PMID: 31469439 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has identified four distinct genetic groups among isolates of Flavobacterium columnare through multilocus phylogenetic analyses; however, there are no quick methods to determine the genotype of an isolate. The objective of this research was to develop a multiplex PCR to rapidly genotype F. columnare to genetic group. Comparative bacterial genomics was used to identify regions in the genomes unique to each genetic group, and primers were designed to specifically amplify different sized amplicons for each genetic group. The optimized assay was demonstrated to be specific for each genetic group and F. columnare, and no specific amplicons were generated using gDNA from a panel of other Flavobacterium spp. and bacterial fish pathogens. The analytical sensitivity of the assay ranged from 209 to 883 genome equivalents depending on the genetic group. The multiplex PCR was evaluated by genotyping a panel of 22 unknown F. columnare isolates and performing DNA sequencing of the dnaK gene in parallel. The results demonstrated 100% accordance between multiplex PCR results and assignment to genetic group via phylogenetic analysis. The multiplex PCR provides a useful tool for assigning an unknown isolate to genetic group and may be used to determine which genetic groups of F. columnare are circulating and most predominant in different aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R LaFrentz
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Julio C García
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Auburn, AL, USA
| | - John P Shelley
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Auburn, AL, USA
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Hashmi TR, Devi SR, Ahmad A, Meshram NM, Prasad R. Genetic Status and Endosymbionts Diversity of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on Hosts Belonging to Family Malvaceae in India. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:207-218. [PMID: 30374735 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A study was instigated to examine the genetic status and distribution of known endosymbionts namely Portiera, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Arsenophonus in the populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from three host plants: cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), and China rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) belonging to the family Malvaceae. The presence of four secondary endosymbionts Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Arsenophonus was checked in Bemisia tabaci populations. Phylogenetic analyses grounded on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCO1) unveiled the presence of Asia 1, Asia II 1, and Asia II 7 genetic groups for Bemisia tabaci on abovementioned crops. Individuals were examined for symbiotic bacterial infection with specific primers amplifying the 16S rRNA gene for Portiera, Rickettsia, Cardinium, and Wolbachia, and the 23S rRNA gene for Arsenophonus. The results show that Portiera was present in all the Bemisia tabaci samples. However, variations were noted in the circulation frequencies of secondary endosymbionts among the Bemisia tabaci populations. A significant difference was noticed in the distribution frequency of Rickettsia between cotton and China rose or okra with their p values as 0.016 and 0.033 respectively. The uneven incidence of secondary endosymbionts ropes the assumption that each endosymbiotic bacterium not only has a role in the endurance but may contribute to the polyphagous nature of Bemisia tabaci. It also brings an uncomplicated evidence for progressive studies on control measures of this notorious insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Hashmi
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - S R Devi
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - A Ahmad
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - N M Meshram
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - R Prasad
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
It is well established that milk composition is affected by the breed and genotype of a cow. The present study investigated the relationship between the proportion of exotic genes and milk composition in Tanzanian crossbred dairy cows. Milk samples were collected from 209 animals kept under smallholder production systems in Rungwe and Lushoto districts of Tanzania. The milk samples were analyzed for the content of components including fat, protein, casein, lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF), and the total solids (TS) through infrared spectroscopy using Milko-Scan FT1 analyzer (Foss Electric, Denmark). Hair samples for DNA analysis were collected from individual cows and breed composition determined using 150,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Cows were grouped into four genetic classes based on the proportion of exotic genes present: 25-49, 50-74, 75-84, and >84%, to mimic a backcross to indigenous zebu breed, F1, F2, and F3 crosses, respectively. The breed types were defined based on international commercial dairy breeds as follows: RG (Norwegian Red X Friesian, Norwegian Red X Guernsey, and Norwegian Red X Jersey crosses); RH (Norwegian Red X Holstein crosses); RZ (Norwegian Red X Zebu and Norwegian Red X N'Dama crosses); and ZR (Zebu X GIR, Zebu X Norwegian Red, and Zebu X Holstein crosses). Results obtained indicate low variation in milk composition traits between genetic groups and breed types. For all the milk traits except milk total protein and casein content, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among genetic groups. Protein content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for genetic group 75-84% at 3.4 ± 0.08% compared to 3.18 ± 0.07% for genetic group >84%. Casein content was significantly lower for genetic group >84% (2.98 ± 0.05%) compared to 3.18 ± 0.09 and 3.16 ± 0.06% for genetic group 25-49 and 75-84%, respectively (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between breed types with respect to milk composition traits. These results suggest that selection of breed types to be used in smallholder systems need not pay much emphasis on milk quality differences as most admixed animals would have similar milk composition profiles. However, a larger sample size would be required to quantify any meaningful differences between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans K. Cheruiyot
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Rawlynce C. Bett
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua O. Amimo
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidalis D. N. Mujibi
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- USOMI Limited, Nairobi, Kenya
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Laguna JG, Cardoso MS, Lima JA, Reis RB, Carvalho AU, Saturnino HM, Teixeira SMR. Expression of hepatic genes related to energy metabolism during the transition period of Holstein and F 1 Holstein-Gir cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9861-9870. [PMID: 28964523 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of genes encoding enzymes and other factors involved with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the liver of 2 genetic groups of dairy cows during the transition period. We analyzed the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C), methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT), β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase-2 (BDH2), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 (CPT2), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), glucose transporter-2 (SLC2A2), and the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA). Blood concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate were also determined. Liver biopsies and blood samples were taken at d 15 prepartum and at d 6, 21, 36, 51, and 66 postpartum from Holsteins (n = 6) and F1 Holstein-Gir (n = 6) cows. Cows were kept under the same prepartum and postpartum management conditions. The results showed that the expression of G6PC, PEPCK-C, BDH2, ACC, CPT2, HMGCR, SLC2A2, and PPARA genes did not differ between genetic groups. Except for PEPCK-C, no interaction between genetic groups and the experimental period was observed. Within both groups of cows, G6PC and PEPCK-C gene expression decreased when comparing prepartum gene expression with 21 and 36 DIM, and increased in d 51 postpartum. MUT mRNA levels differed between the 2 genetic groups and displayed a significant increase after d 36 postpartum, whereas mRNA levels of HMGCR tended to increase when comparing d 21 and 36 to d 51 postpartum. Glucose concentrations also differed between genetic groups, being significantly higher in the plasma of F1 Holstein-Gir cows than in Holstein cows, but no differences were found within each group during the analysis period. β-Hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations did not differ between genetic groups, but displayed increased levels from prepartum to d 6 and 21 postpartum. Our results indicated that expression in the liver of genes involved with glucose and fatty acid metabolism were similar in both groups of cows and significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in the expression of MUT, a gene involved in propionate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Laguna
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - M S Cardoso
- Department of Parasitology, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - J A Lima
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - R B Reis
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - A U Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Surgery, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - H M Saturnino
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil.
| | - S M R Teixeira
- Biochemistry and Immunology Department, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Fathi M, Abdelsalam M, Al-Homidan I, Ebeid T, El-Zarei M, Abou-Emera O. Effect of probiotic supplementation and genotype on growth performance, carcass traits, hematological parameters and immunity of growing rabbits under hot environmental conditions. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1644-1650. [PMID: 28544086 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary inclusion of probiotics and genetic groups on rabbit performance under hot environmental conditions was studied. A total of 80 rabbits aged 8 weeks were distributed into a completely randomized design in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement, including four genetic groups and three concentrations of dietary probiotic (0, 200 and 400 g/t feed). The utilized probiotic contained 4 × 109 colony-forming units/g of Bacillus subtilis. Jabali local breed (J), imported Spanish V-line (V) and their crossbreds (¼J¾V and ¾J¼V) were included in the current study. Final weight and body weight gain were not significantly affected by dietary probiotic levels or genetic group. The feed conversion ratio was better for purebreds than that of crossbreds. A significant improvement in percentage of dressed carcass, mid and hind parts was recorded for rabbits fed a diet containing 400 g probiotic/t feed compared with those fed a basal diet or low probiotic level. Probiotic supplementation had a significant decrease in serum cholesterol. Rabbits given 400 g probiotic/t feed had higher hemoglobin, red blood cells and platelets. Adding 400 g probiotic/t feed to rabbit's diet significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved cell-mediated immunity compared to the other treatments 48 h post-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Fathi
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shoubra, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magdy Abdelsalam
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Al-Homidan
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Ebeid
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Zarei
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Osama Abou-Emera
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Ellango R, Singh ST, Rana VS, Gayatri Priya N, Raina H, Chaubey R, Naveen NC, Mahmood R, Ramamurthy VV, Asokan R, Rajagopal R. Distribution of Bemisia tabaci Genetic Groups in India. Environ Entomol 2015; 44:1258-1264. [PMID: 26314072 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a phloem-feeding, economically important pest of crops worldwide. In addition to direct damage, it also vectors a number of plant viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae. Its populations differ biologically with respect to insecticide resistance, virus transmission and host range. Therefore, understanding genetic variation among populations is important for management. We sequenced 850 bp of the mitochondrial COI (mtCOI) gene from B. tabaci populations surveyed across India. BLAST analysis of the mtCOI sequences generated in this study with sequences from the mtCOI dataset showed the presence of one invasive group, MEAM1, and eight other groups of B. tabaci in India. mtCOI sequence analyses showed the presence of Asia I, Asia I-India, Asia II-1, Asia II-5, Asia II-7, Asia II-8, and Asia II-11 genetic groups. We also found China-3 in a field in Birbhum district, West Bengal, India, suggesting a role of anthropogenic activities in the distribution of B. tabaci. Interestingly, more than one genetic group was found coexisting in the same field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ellango
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India-560089. Contributed Equally
| | - Shalini Thakur Singh
- Contributed Equally. Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007
| | | | - N Gayatri Priya
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007
| | - Harpreet Raina
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India-560089.Contributed Equally.Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007.Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012.Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga-577451, India
| | - Rahul Chaubey
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012
| | - N C Naveen
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga-577451, India
| | - V V Ramamurthy
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012
| | - R Asokan
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India-560089.Contributed Equally.Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007.Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012.Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga-577451, India.
| | - R Rajagopal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007.
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