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O'Neill AK, Petzel CE, Connolly JH, Vaughan JL, Rotne R. Assessing colostral and serum immunoglobulin G in alpacas using Brix refractometry and total serum protein. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1563-1572. [PMID: 38396169 PMCID: PMC11147829 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The adequate transfer of passive immunity is a critical factor in neonatal development and survivability. Although well documented in the dairy and equine industries, the recognition of inadequate immunoglobulin transfer on-farm and its impact on the ability of alpaca cria to thrive is largely unknown. Colostrum samples were collected from female alpaca within 24 h of parturition by the owners and whole blood collected from cria by the investigators between 1 and 7 days of age. Direct IgG concentration of milk and serum was determined using radial immunodiffusion assay (RID) and was indirectly estimated using optical and digital Brix refractometry for total solids and clinical refractometry for total serum protein. There was a strong correlation between optical and digital Brix refractometry, and colostral IgG concentration determined by RID. There was a moderate correlation between serum IgG concentration determined by RID and total serum protein in crias. Optical and digital Brix refractometry for colostral IgG estimation and total serum protein for serum IgG estimation are reliable, accurate and easy-to-use tools that can be used on-farm by trained, competent technicians to assess a failure of passive transfer in alpacas. A pilot study at one property only was performed, due to COVID-19 travel restriction interference. Further research is required to determine the reference intervals for these tools to be practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber K O'Neill
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Christopher E Petzel
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Joanne H Connolly
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Jane L Vaughan
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Randi Rotne
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.
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2
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Turini L, Francesca B, Matilde V, Francesca B, Valentina M, Micaela S. Immunity transfer in mule foals fed with good IgG quality colostrum. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25560. [PMID: 38327457 PMCID: PMC10847646 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
While the passive transfer of immunity in horse and donkey foals has been extensively studied, there is limited information for mule foals. Immunoglobulin type G (IgG) and serum total protein concentration (TP) were assessed at different sampling times to evaluate the correlation between serum radial immunodiffusion (SRID) with electrophoresis, refractometry, and dry chemistry analyzer (Biuret), and to estimate serum IgG concentrations using serum TP in mule foals. We analyzed a total of 30 samples collected at birth, and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of life from 6 mule foals by SRID, electrophoresis TP, biuret TP, and refractometry TP. The SRID IgG concentration significantly increased from birth until T6 (p < 0.001). Serum TP analyzed with refractometry revealed differences between T0 and T12, T24 and T48 (p < 0.05), while a significant difference was observed with the biuret method between T0 and all the other sampling times (p < 0.001). A strong correlation was found between IgG SRID and biuret TP (r = 0.69, p < 0.001), and a good correlation existed between IgG SRID, refractometry TP, and electrophoresis TP (r = 0.44, p < 0.01 and r = 0.39, p < 0.05, respectively). All methods can be used to estimate the passive transfer of immunity in mule foals. TP refractometry and biuret TP values can be used to determine serum IgG concentrations in the blood of mule foals on their first day of life through the application of a specific equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Turini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bindi Francesca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vernaccini Matilde
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bonelli Francesca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Meucci Valentina
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sgorbini Micaela
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Aghakhani M, Shahraki ADF, Tabatabaei SN, Toghyani M, Moosavi‐Zadeh E, Rafiee H. 24-Hour postnatal total serum protein concentration affects the health and growth performance of female Holstein dairy calves. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2230-2237. [PMID: 37459751 PMCID: PMC10508483 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total serum protein (TSP) within the first few days of life in the neonatal calf has predictive value for subsequent growth and production in calves before and after weaning. INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of TSP concentration 24-h after birth (24-h) on the performance and health of Holstein dairy calves. METHODS A total of 152 female calves were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected at 24-h, and TSP concentration was measured with a refractometer. Calves based on TSP concentration at 24-h were allocated into three groups: 1 - TSP ≤6.5 g/dL, 2 - TSP between 6.6 and 6.9 g/dL and 3 - TSP ≥7 g/dL. The weighing was done at birth and at days 30 and 60. Starter feed intake was recorded from day 3 to weaning, and body structures were measured at birth and weaning day. RESULTS Calves with TSP >6.5 g/dL had greater body weight at days 30 and 60 than calves with TSP ≤6.5 g/dL. Average daily gain during 1-30 and 1-60 days of life increased as TSP increased. Furthermore, starter feed intake during the first 60 days of life was greater in calves with TSP ≥7 g/dL than calves with TSP <7 g/dL. The TSP concentration influenced structural growth, and >6.5 g/dL calves had greater heart girth, hip width and body length than ≤6.5 g/dL calves. Moreover, odds ratio for pneumonia decreased as TSP increased, whereas diarrhoea was unaffected. CONCLUSION The TSP at 24-h is an important contributing factor for the variation in growth performance and health of preweaning calves, and strategies to improve calf immunity and increase TSP lead to better animal health during preweaning period. IMPLICATIONS These results indicated that TSP ≥6.5 g/dL possibly was associated with greater performance, and this concentration could be considered a baseline for future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aghakhani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahanIran
| | | | | | - Majid Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahanIran
| | - Erfaneh Moosavi‐Zadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahanIran
| | - Hassan Rafiee
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agriculture and Natural resources Research and Education CenterAgriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)IsfahanIran
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Van TD, Hue DT, Bottema CDK, Weird GM, Skirving R, Petrovski KR. Meta-Analysis on the Prevalence of Failed Transfer of Passive Immunity in Calves from Pasture-Based Dairy Farms in Australasia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1792. [PMID: 37889692 PMCID: PMC10251967 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring and minimizing the prevalence of failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in dairy replacement calves within the first week of life is crucial for calf health and farm profitability. In this study, a systematic literature search and meta-analysis were conducted on papers reporting the prevalence of FTPI in calves from pasture-based dairy farms in Australia and New Zealand. Two search methods, a "traditional method" and a "search engine method", were conducted to identify published studies on FTPI in Australia and New Zealand. Data from a total of 13,430 calves from eight studies in Australasia were included in the analysis for FTPI within 8 days of birth. The meta-analysis revealed that the average prevalence of FTPI was 33% across the two countries, with the lowest FTPI (9%) in Western Australia and the highest FTPI (59%) in New Zealand. Using farm data from three studies, the average prevalence of FTPI at the farm level in Australasia was 38%, with the lowest prevalence found in a farm in South Australia (6%). In conclusion, the meta-analysis confirmed the need for good management of cows and newborn calves after birth in pasture-based systems to reduce FTPI in calves. Collecting newborn calves from pasture at least twice per day after birth and providing colostrum of sufficient quantity and quality as soon as possible were the best practices for preventing FTPI in Australasian dairy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien D. Van
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (T.D.V.)
| | - Do T. Hue
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (T.D.V.)
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Cynthia D. K. Bottema
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (T.D.V.)
| | - Gebremeskel Mamu Weird
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (T.D.V.)
| | - Rebel Skirving
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (T.D.V.)
- Gambier Vets Pty. Ltd., Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia
| | - Kiro R. Petrovski
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (T.D.V.)
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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Lotito D, Pacifico E, Matuozzo S, Musco N, Iommelli P, Zicarelli F, Tudisco R, Infascelli F, Lombardi P. Colostrum Composition, Characteristics and Management for Buffalo Calves: A Review. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050358. [PMID: 37235441 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the composition, characteristics, and management of dairy buffalo calves were examined and compared with bovines. The neonatal period is critical for buffalo calves and is characterized by a high mortality rate (more than 40%). The early intake of high-quality colostrum (IgG > 50 mg/mL) is the one way to improve the immune system of calves (serum IgG > 10 mg/mL after 12 h), thus increasing their chances of survival. Mainly in intensive farms, the availability of high-quality colostrum is necessary; thus, good quality colostrum is often stored to provide newborn calves which cannot be fed by their mothers. Also, the manipulation of the immunological status of animals through vaccination has been depicted since the quality of colostrum tended to be influenced by vaccination against pathogens. Buffalo breeding is constantly expanding in Italy, mainly thanks to the Mozzarella cheese production that represents the excellence of the "Made in Italy" and is exported worldwide. Indeed, high calf mortality rates directly affect the profitability of the business. For these reasons, the aim of this review was to examine specific research on buffalo colostrum that, compared with other species, are scarce. Improving the knowledge of buffalo colostrum, in terms of characteristics and management, is critical to guarantee buffalo newborns' health in order to reduce their mortality rate. Importantly, considering the knowledge on cattle valid also for buffalo is a widespread, and often erroneous, habit in several fields, including colostrum feeding. Therefore, the two species were compared in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Lotito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pacifico
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Matuozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nadia Musco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Piera Iommelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio Zicarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaella Tudisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Federico Infascelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Napoli, Italy
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Correa A, Silva-del-Río N, Branco-Lopes R, Ferreira F, Valldecabres A. Dynamics of serum immunoglobulin G and total protein concentrations in dairy calves during the first 2 weeks of life. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:416-420. [PMID: 36465513 PMCID: PMC9709606 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to describe the dynamics of serum IgG (determined with radial immunodiffusion) and total protein (TP; determined with refractometry) concentrations during the first 16 d of life. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the transfer of passive immunity (TPI) classification at d 1 of life as a conditional factor for the aforementioned dynamics, and to describe over time changes on calves' TPI classification. At a commercial raising operation, 36 calves (19 Holstein, 17 Jersey) were sampled immediately after arrival (d 1) and at d 4, 8, 12 and 16 of life, for serum IgG and TP concentration, and hematocrit determination (HCT). Transfer of passive immunity was categorized based on serum IgG (IgG-Poor: IgG <18 g/L; IgG-Good: IgG 18 to <25 g/L; IgG-Excellent: IgG ≥25 g/L) and TP concentrations (TP-Poor: <5.8 g/dL; TP-Good: 5.8 to <6.2 g/dL; TP-Excellent: ≥6.2 g/dL). Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate serum IgG and TP changes over time, considering the effects of time after birth, breed, HCT, and TPI classification at d 1 of life. At d 1, median serum IgG and TP concentrations were 29.9 g/L and 6.3 g/dL, respectively (interquartile ranges: 21.3-42.3 g/L and 5.6-6.7 g/dL, respectively). Dynamics of serum IgG and TP concentrations were conditional to TPI at d 1 of life. Serum IgG concentration declined over time for IgG-Excellent and IgG-Good calves (18.1 and 4.6 g/L, respectively), but remained constant for IgG-Poor calves. Serum TP concentration declined over time in the 3 TPI groups but it was more marked for TP-Excellent (27%) and TP-Good (19%) than for TP-Poor (14%) calves. At d 1, 83.3% of the calves were classified as IgG-Excellent or IgG-Good, whereas 77.8, 55.6, 41.7, and 58.3% of calves were classified within these categories at d 4, 8, 12, and 16 of life, respectively. Similarly, at d 1, 66.7% of calves were classified as TP-Excellent or TP-Good, whereas 47.2, 36.1, 25.0, and 2.8% were classified within these categories at d 4, 8, 12, and 16 of life, respectively. In summary, our results indicate that serum IgG and TP concentrations decline over 16 d of life, and the decline is associated with TPI classification at d 1 of life. Further studies are needed to determine the biological implications of serum IgG and TP decline after d 1 of life, and to elucidate the factors determining the different dynamics. Our results suggest that current thresholds for TPI classification should be interpreted carefully when the age of calves is unknown or outside the age range used to define those thresholds (>24 h to 7 d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Correa
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - Noelia Silva-del-Río
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA 93274
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Rubia Branco-Lopes
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - Fernanda Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA 93274
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Ainhoa Valldecabres
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis 95616
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 C996
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Lopez AJ, Heinrichs AJ. Invited review: The importance of colostrum in the newborn dairy calf. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2733-2749. [PMID: 35094859 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is critical that bovine maternal colostrum is fed to newborn calves during their first hours of life. Colostrum is the secretion a cow produces after mammary involution that is rich in various nutrients. In addition to the nutritive value for newborn calves, immunoglobulins are of interest due to their role in developing the naïve immune system of calves at birth. The process by which a calf acquires immunity via absorption of immunoglobulins is defined as passive immunity. When calves consume an adequate amount of immunoglobulins, they are classified as having successful passive immunity (SPI). In contrast, if they are deprived of adequate colostrum, they are considered to have had a failure of transfer of passive immunity (FPI). Transfer of passive immunity is assessed by measuring serum IgG concentrations at 24 to 48 h of age. The major factors that influence whether a calf has SPI or FPI are colostrum IgG concentration, quantity fed, and age of calf at colostrum feeding. Monitoring apparent efficiency of immunoglobulin absorption in calves is often recommended to evaluate overall colostrum management practices. Serum IgG analyses can be determined with direct (radial immunodiffusion) or indirect (refractometry) methods and used to assess SPI or FPI prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A J Heinrichs
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Malik MI, Rashid MA, Raboisson D. Heat treatment of colostrum at 60°C decreases colostrum immunoglobulins but increases serum immunoglobulins and serum total protein: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3453-3467. [PMID: 35094858 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calves are born hypogammaglobulinemic; thus, the newborn calf's immune defense relies on the ingestion and absorption of colostrum, which provides energy, immunoglobulins, immune cells, and cytokines to the newborn calf. A heat treatment applied to colostrum for 60 min at 60°C has been found to be effective at reducing the total bacterial count while preserving the colostrum IgG levels. The objective of this work was to perform a meta-analysis on the association between the characteristics of heat-treated colostrum and the concentration of colostrum IgG, serum IgG concentration, and serum total protein (STP). A meta-analysis was carried out based on existing peer-reviewed literature. Publications comparing colostrum IgG, serum IgG, and STP for heat-treated or raw frozen colostrum were included. The different heating temperatures applied to the colostrum were divided into 2 subgroups: high temperature (HT; > 60°C) and low temperature (LT; ≤ 60°C). Twelve studies, including 21 trials, met the inclusion criteria for colostrum IgG concentration. The results indicated decreases in colostrum IgG by 20.6 g/L [95% confidence interval (CI) = 11.8-29.4] for HT and 5.38 g/L (95% CI = 2.9-7.8) for LT when colostrum was heat-treated compared with raw or frozen colostrum. Heterogeneity was high to moderate (I2 = 82% for HT and 65% for LT). The heat treatment of colostrum was also associated with a nonsignificant decrease in serum IgG by 3.40 g/L for HT (95% CI = 7.54-0.74) but a significant increase in serum IgG by 2.65 g/L for LT (95% CI = 1.51-3.79). The regression model indicated that heterogeneity was not explained by any moderators. The heat treatment of colostrum was also associated with a significant increase in STP by 0.21 g/dL for LT (95% CI = 0.07-0.35). In conclusion, the present work demonstrated that the heat treatment of colostrum ≤60°C decreased colostrum IgG by 5.38 g/L for LT and increased serum IgG by 2.65 g/L and STP by 0.21 g/dL. When compared with the range of values observed in the field for serum IgG, the present results are of high interest for the cattle industry. Because immune colostrum benefits also include cytokines and immune cells, further work is required to evaluate the effect of colostrum heat treatment on these 2 immune components of colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad I Malik
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Rashid
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Didier Raboisson
- Université de Toulouse, École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), F-31076, Toulouse, France
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Swinbourne AM, Blagojevic N, Murdock NJ, Mills HB, Flinn T, McCarthy NL, Kelly JM, Kleemann DO, van Wettere WHEJ. Validation of hand-held refractometers for assessing Merino ewe colostrum and neonatal lamb serum. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an20630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ContextThe high incidence of lamb mortality in Merino sheep is a persistent issue for the industry. Poor-quality colostrum or inadequate colostrum consumption increases the risk of low energy intake and failed passive immunity transfer, resulting in lamb mortality. The rapid assessment of colostrum quality and intake would be a valuable tool for producers which house ewes for lambing.AimsThis experiment determined the relationship and accuracy of analysis techniques to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) and total protein (TP) concentrations within ewe colostrum and lamb serum and compared those results against digital hand-held refractometers.MethodsMerino ewe colostrum and lamb blood were sampled at 4 and 24 h post-partum during autumn (n=93 ewes) and spring (n=79 ewes) in 2018. Colostrum was analysed for total milk solids (%) and lamb serum was analysed for total blood serum protein (%), and both colostrum and lamb serum were analysed for IgG and TP using in-house laboratory analysis techniques. Correlation coefficients were performed to identify the relationship between the different assessment methods.Key resultsThere was a significant Pearson’s correlation (P<0.05) between 4 h total milk solids and TP (R=0.19), between total milk solids and IgG (R=0.19), and TP and IgG (R=0.38). For 24 h colostrum samples, the significant correlations (P<0.001) between TP and IgG (R=0.54) and total milk solids and IgG (R=0.56) were higher than the correlation between total milk solids and TP (R=0.24; P=0.006). Further, 4 h serum IgG (R=–0.14; P=0.026) and 24 h total blood serum protein (R=0.21; P=0.009) were correlated with lamb survival to 72 h.ConclusionsWhile the refractometer provided a crude measure of colostrum IgG and TP and was valuable in identifying lambs with low IgG transfer at 24 h, further research is required regarding analysis techniques to allow for reliable measures need to be refined.ImplicationsThe use of refractometers to assess colostrum quality and intake could benefit researchers or producers who practice indoor lambing.
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Current Diagnostic Methods for Assessing Transfer of Passive Immunity in Calves and Possible Improvements: A Literature Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102963. [PMID: 34679982 PMCID: PMC8532593 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The transfer of passive immunity (TPI) from cows to calves needs to be routinely assessed on farms and in field research. The gold standard method for assessing TPI is radial immunodiffusion (RID) because it directly assesses the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in calf serum samples. In addition to RID, there are several other methods available for the assessment of TPI which determine the concentration of IgG or other serum components. It is known that several components present in the colostrum are absorbed by the calves and aid passive immunity. We conducted a literature review of the methods scientifically reported by experts in the field. Abstract Several direct or indirect methods can be used to assess immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in calves, which evaluates the transfer of passive immunity (TPI). Radial immunodiffusion (RID) is the gold standard method to measure serum IgG in bovines. Previous studies have shown that colostrum provides several molecules in addition to immunoglobulins, which play an important role in the passive immunity of the calf. However, no studies have yet determined the level of interference of these components in the immunity, health and survival of calves. In this sense, the objective of this study is to review the methods of evaluation available for the laboratory and field diagnosis of TPI in calves and discuss the main aspects of each technique. Several methods available for TPI evaluation in calves may provide insights into the various components of colostrum involved in passive immunity.
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11
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Giammarco M, Chincarini M, Fusaro I, Manetta AC, Contri A, Gloria A, Lanzoni L, Mammi LME, Ferri N, Vignola G. Evaluation of Brix Refractometry to Estimate Immunoglobulin G Content in Buffalo Colostrum and Neonatal Calf Serum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092616. [PMID: 34573582 PMCID: PMC8464908 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protective effects of colostrum in relation to the incidence and severity of newborn ruminant diseases are well established. Neonatal calf depends on the timely supply of high-quality colostrum to prevent the failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins (Ig), which has been linked to increased risk of different diseases and mortality in early stages of life. Despite the relevance of Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) in world dairy production, the available knowledge regarding colostrum quality management remains scarce for this species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of a simple and rapid tool such as a digital Brix refractometer to estimate colostrum quality and for predicting the success of passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Buffalo calves. For this aim, correlation analysis was performed between Brix results and ELISA-IgG determination from colostrum and serum samples. A strong correlation was found between Brix measurements and IgG content in colostrum and serum samples. Moreover, cut point values for Brix measurements for colostrum and serum samples were determined. Brix refractometry was found to be an acceptable tool for on-farm estimations of colostrum quality and passive immunity transfer (PIT) in Buffalo calves. Abstract Brix refractometry has been widely demonstrated to be a useful tool for monitoring colostrum management program and passive immunity transfer (PIT) in Bovines, but its suitability has never been verified in Buffalo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of a simple and rapid tool such as a digital Brix refractometer to estimate colostrum quality and for evaluating the success of passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Buffalo calves. The optimal cut points levels for Brix Refractometry for distinguishing good- and poor-quality colostrum and for assessing the adequacy of passive immunity transfer in calves were determined. For this aim, 26 first-milking maternal colostrum (MC) were collected from first-calf heifers. Blood samples were obtained from their calves at birth (T0) and 72 hours after (T3). Colostrum and Serum IgG content were determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas total protein (TP, g/dL) and percentage Brix (%Brix) by means of a digital Brix refractometer. The mean colostrum IgG was 64.9 ± 29.3 mg/mL. The mean serum %Brix at T3 was 9.6 ± 0.9 %. The mean serum IgG content at T3 was 11.1 ± 2.0 mg/mL. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rp) was determined between Brix and ELISA measurements: colostrum %Brix showed a significant correlation with serum %Brix (rp = 0.82, p < 0.001); serum %Brix was highly correlated with serum TP (STP, g/dL) (rp = 0.98, p < 0.001) and serum IgG (mg/mL) (rp = 0.85, p < 0.001). A cut point of 18% Brix to estimate samples of MC ≥ 50 mg/mL from first-calf heifers was more appropriate for the buffalo. A cut point of 8.4% Brix resulted in the greatest percentage of calf serum samples being correctly classified. Based on our findings, a digital Brix refractometer could be a useful tool to monitor colostrum quality and to estimate PIT in Buffalo calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Giammarco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Matteo Chincarini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Chiara Manetta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Alberto Contri
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Alessia Gloria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Lydia Lanzoni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Ludovica Maria Eugenia Mammi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Vignola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
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Delhez P, Meurette E, Knapp E, Theron L, Daube G, Rao AS. Assessment of a Rapid Semi-Quantitative Immunochromatographic Test for the Evaluation of Transfer of Passive Immunity in Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1641. [PMID: 34205920 PMCID: PMC8228668 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calves are born agammaglobulinemic and they rely on transfer of passive immunity (TPI) through ingestion of colostrum from the dam. Ensuring the effectiveness of TPI through blood serum immunoglobulins (IgG) quantification is of critical importance for the prevention of calf diseases. The main objective of this study was to assess the performance of a novel on-farm immunochromatographic quick assay (SmartStripsTM, Bio-X Diagnostics, Rochefort, Belgium) compared to the ELISA reference method to directly measure serum IgG concentration and assess TPI status in beef and dairy calves. Additional comparison was made with the commonly used Brix refractometer. Jugular blood samples were collected from beef (n = 71) and dairy (n = 26) calves in Belgium within 7 days post-birth. Quantitative (Pearson correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman plots) and qualitative (diagnostic test characteristics, weighted kappa for classification into 4 categories of TPI) analyses were performed to evaluate the performances of the quick test and the refractometer compared to ELISA. The quick test showed a correlation of 0.83 and a classification agreement (weighted kappa) of 0.79 with the reference method (average values for two types of blood anticoagulants). Performances were better for low IgG concentrations and the assessment of poor TPI status and they outperformed those of the Brix refractometer. Results suggested that the immunochromatographic quick test can be considered as a suitable on-farm method for direct serum IgG measurement and the assessment of TPI status in calves, contributing to timely interventions in the management of calves with inadequate TPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Delhez
- RumeXperts, 4317 Faimes, Belgium; (P.D.); (E.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Elise Meurette
- RumeXperts, 4317 Faimes, Belgium; (P.D.); (E.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Emilie Knapp
- RumeXperts, 4317 Faimes, Belgium; (P.D.); (E.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Léonard Theron
- RumeXperts, 4317 Faimes, Belgium; (P.D.); (E.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Georges Daube
- Fundamental and Applied Research Center for Animal & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Microbiology, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Elsohaby I, Arango-Sabogal JC, McClure JT, Dufour S, Buczinski S, Keefe GP. Accuracy of direct and indirect methods for assessing bovine colostrum quality using a latent class model fit within a Bayesian framework. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4703-4714. [PMID: 33612236 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feeding high-quality colostrum is essential for calf health and future productivity. Therefore, accurate assessment of colostrum quality is a key component of dairy farm management plans. Direct and indirect methods are available for assessment of colostrum quality; however, the indirect methods are rapid, inexpensive, and can be performed under field settings. A hierarchical latent class model fit within a Bayesian framework was used to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, transmission infrared (TIR) spectroscopy, and digital Brix refractometer for the assessment of low-quality bovine colostrum in Atlantic Canada dairy herds. The secondary objective of the study was to describe the distribution of herd prevalence of low-quality colostrum. Colostrum quality of 591 samples from 42 commercial Holstein dairy herds in 4 Atlantic Canada provinces was assessed using RID, TIR spectroscopy, and digital Brix refractometer. The accuracy of all tests at different Brix value thresholds was estimated using Bayesian latent class models to obtain posterior estimates [medians and 95% Bayesian credibility intervals (95% BCI)] for each parameter. Using a threshold of <23% for digital Brix refractometer and <50 g/L for RID and TIR spectroscopy, median (95% BCI) Se estimates were 73.2 (68.4-77.7), 86.2 (80.6-91.0), and 91.9% (89.0-94.2), respectively. Median (95% BCI) Sp estimates were 85.2% (81.0-88.9) for digital Brix refractometer, 99.4% (97.0-100) for RID, and 90.7% (87.8-93.2) for TIR spectroscopy. Median (95% BCI) within-herd low-quality colostrum prevalence was estimated at 32.5% (27.9-37.4). In conclusion, using digital Brix refractometer at a Brix threshold of <23% could reduce feeding of low-quality colostrum to calves and improve colostrum and calf management practices in Atlantic Canada dairy herds. The TIR spectroscopy showed high Se in detection of low-quality colostrum. However, the RID assay, which is used as the reference test in several studies, showed limited Se for detection of low-quality colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt; Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3.
| | - J C Arango-Sabogal
- One Health and Veterinary Innovative Research and Development Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia 050034
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - S Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - S Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - G P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
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Turini L, Bonelli F, Nocera I, Meucci V, Conte G, Sgorbini M. Evaluation of Different Methods to Estimate the Transfer of Immunity in Donkey Foals Fed with Colostrum of Good IgG Quality: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020507. [PMID: 33672086 PMCID: PMC7919688 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Little is known about the passive transfer of immunity in donkey foals and about the different types of analysis that can be performed to assess it. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the correlation between IgG Serum Radial Immunodiffusion, Electrophoresis Gamma Globulins, Electrophoresis Total Protein and the Serum Total Protein analyzed by Refractometry and by Dry Chemistry Analyzer (Biuret) and to estimate serum IgG concentrations using Serum TP. IgG Serum Radial Immunodiffusion showed a good correlation with Electrophoresis Gamma Globulins and a high correlation with Total Protein Electrophoresis, Biuret and Refractometry. All the tests performed may be a useful to estimate the serum IgG in donkey foals’ blood in the first day of life using a specific equation. Abstract The aims of the present study were to evaluate the correlation between IgG Serum Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID), Electrophoresis Gamma Globulins (EGG), Electrophoresis Total Protein (ETP) and the serum total protein (TP) analyzed by refractometry and by a dry chemistry analyzer (Biuret) and to estimate serum IgG concentrations using serum TP. A total of 36 samples collected at four different times (birth, 6, 12, 24 h after birth) from nine Amiata donkey foals were evaluated with SRID, EGG, ETP, serum TP Biuret and refractometry. SRID IgG concentration increased significantly over time until T12. Serum TP analyzed with refractometry, electrophoresis and Biuret showed a statistically significant difference between T0 and T6 vs. T12 and T24. A good or strong correlation was found between different tests performed. Equations to quantify serum IgG were created and can be used for estimating the donkey foals’ serum IgG in the first day of life. Serum TP refractometry showed a high correlation with SRID IgG (0.91) which may be a particularly useful and economic instrument to estimate the transfer of immunity in donkey foals during the first day of life. Further studies evaluating a high number of animals are needed in order to set specific cut-off values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Turini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, 00178 Rome, Italy
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-347-102-2307
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Irene Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
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15
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Pisello L, Boccardo A, Forte C, Pravettoni D, D’Avino N, Passamonti F, Rueca F. Evaluation of digital and optical refractometers for assessing failure of transfer of passive immunity in Chianina beef–suckler calves reared in Umbria. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1884007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pisello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Boccardo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Forte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Davide Pravettoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta D’Avino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Rueca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Mugnier A, Pecceu K, Schelcher F, Corbiere F. A parallel evaluation of 5 indirect cost-effective methods for assessing failure of passive immunity transfer in neonatal calves. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:10-14. [PMID: 36340428 PMCID: PMC9623620 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2019-17931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 5 indirect methods that may be used in veterinary practices to assess the success of maternal immunoglobulins transfer in neonatal calves. Blood samples (n = 245) were collected from 2- to 6-d-old calves. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion. Serum total protein and albumin concentrations and γ-glutamyl transferase activity were determined by veterinary practitioners using their own biochemistry analyzer. Globulin concentration was calculated. Veterinary practitioners were also asked to assess serum total protein using a digital Brix refractometer (%Brix) and an optical refractometer (g/L). Test sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) were calculated using radial immunodiffusion as the reference standard, with failure of transfer of passive immunity defined as IgG <10.0 g/L. Receiver operating characteristics curves were created and optimal cutoff values for each of the 5 indirect measurement methods were selected based on the maximization of the Youden's J statistic. In this study, Globulin concentration yielded the highest accuracy to identify failure of transfer of passive immunity (Se = 89.4%; Sp = 89.3% at 34 g/L). For %Brix, the optimal combination of Se and Sp was at 8.4% Brix (Se = 86.5% and Sp = 83.8%). The use of an optical refractometer was associated with the lowest diagnostic accuracy (Se = 69.7% and Sp = 81.6% at 52 g/L). For γ-glutamyl transferase activity, the optimal cut-points were different for 2- to 3-d-old calves (Se = 87.5% and Sp = 87.8% at 393 IU/L) or 4- to 6-d-old calves (Se = 90.0% and Sp = 86.4% at 254 IU/L). Because it does not require any specialized laboratory equipment, digital Brix refractometer can be a valuable and inexpensive tool for on-farm use, to help producers and veterinary practitioners in their calf health management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Mugnier
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225 IHAP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Université de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - K. Pecceu
- MSD Santé Animale, 7 Rue Olivier de Serres, CS 17144, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - F. Schelcher
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225 IHAP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Université de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - F. Corbiere
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225 IHAP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Université de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Turini L, Conte G, Bonelli F, Sgorbini M, Madrigali A, Mele M. The relationship between colostrum quality, passive transfer of immunity and birth and weaning weight in neonatal calves. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Cuttance EL, Regnerus C, Laven RA. A review of diagnostic tests for diagnosing failure of transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:277-286. [PMID: 31401943 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1654945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to critically assess the test characteristics and practicality of published data on direct and indirect tests for diagnosing failure of transfer of passive immunity (FPT) in dairy calves in New Zealand, to provide recommendations for veterinary practitioners, and to examine the recommended sample size for assessing herd-level prevalence of FPT and the confidence in the results obtained. The definition of FPT is based on measurement of concentrations of IgG in serum of neonatal calves after colostrum intake. The gold standard method for measurement of concentrations of IgG is radial immunodiffusion. However its cost, requirements for laboratory equipment, and the time taken to obtain results have meant that alternative tests have been developed. The turbidimetric immunoassay and ELISA also directly measure concentrations of IgG. Indirect tests include measurement of concentrations of total proteins (TP) in the laboratory or using a refractometer, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity, and the zinc sulfate turbidity (ZST) test. Of the indirect tests, measurement of concentrations of TP in the laboratory or using a refractometer combine high specificity and sensitivity with a consistent association with concentrations of IgG in calves between 1-7 days of age. Using a refractometer is less accurate than direct measurement in a laboratory, but is still a suitable test if low cost and speed are important. Although GGT activity is strongly associated with concentrations of IgG in serum, the relationship varies with time after birth. Therefore the target thresholds change with time, increasing error compared to the measurement of concentrations of TP in serum. Similarly, factors other than total concentrations of IgG have a significant effect on the association with ZST test, complicating interpretation. Thus, when direct measurement of concentrations of IgG is not feasible, the recommendation is that concentrations of TP in serum should be used as the diagnostic test for diagnosis of FPT, providing calves are not dehydrated. Using a sample size of 12 calves is suitable for estimating whether the herd-level prevalence of FPT is <20% or >20%, if there are no calves or >5 calves diagnosed with FPT, respectively, but is limited in diagnostic confidence when 1-4 calves test positive. Diagnostic interpretation can be significantly improved if tests of FPT are used alongside information on the likely risk of FPT on the tested farm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Regnerus
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - R A Laven
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Elsohaby I, Mweu MM, Mahmmod YS, McClure JT, Keefe GP. Diagnostic performance of direct and indirect methods for assessing failure of transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves using latent class analysis. Prev Vet Med 2019; 164:72-77. [PMID: 30771896 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in newborn calves is an essential component of dairy farm management plan. Several methods (direct and indirect) are available for diagnosis of FTPI in dairy calves. However, the indirect methods offer an advantage over the direct methods in not requiring an experienced veterinarian, rapid, cost efficient and can be performed under field-setting. The objective of this study was to estimate the diagnostic performance of radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, transmission infrared (TIR) spectroscopy and digital Brix refractometer for diagnosis of FTPI in dairy calves using latent class models at four cut-off values of digital Brix refractometer. Holstein calves (n = 691) from 40 commercial dairy farms in the four Atlantic Canada provinces were blood-sampled and tested for detection of FTPI. Results showed that the number of calves with FTPI was 253 (36.6%) by RID, 194 (28.1%) by TIR and 204 (29.5%) by Brix refractometer at cut-off value of 8.2%. Estimates of SeRID was higher than SeTIR and SeBrix, at all Brix refractometer cut-offs, but with increase of Brix refractometer cut-off from 8.2 to 8.5%, SeRID and SeTIR were decreased from 96.0% (95% PCI: 88.0-99.0) and 79.0% (95% PCI: 70.0-85.0), to 92.0% (95% PCI: 77.0-99.0) and 74.0% (95% PCI: 61.0-82.0), respectively. SpRID and SpTIR were always higher than SpBrix at all tested cut-offs and were above 92.0%, and 96.0%, respectively. With increasing the cut-off of Brix refractometer from 8.2 to 8.5%, SeBrix estimate has remarkably increased from 79.0% (95% PCI: 70.0-96.0) to 95.0% (95% PCI: 87.0-100.0), respectively. Whilst, SpBrix was decreased from 95.0% (95% PCI: 91.0-98.0) at cut-off 8.2% to 84.0% (95% PCI: 78.0-94.0) at cut-off 8.5%. In conclusion, RID has a higher Se than TIR and Brix, if the latter is used with cut-offs of 8.2% or 8.3%. However, the higher the cut-off, the more comparable sensitivities of RID and digital Brix refractometer. The median estimate of SpTIR was always higher than SpRID and SpBrix at all tested cut-offs. However, the 95% confidence interval estimates of the three tests were overlapping across the tested cut-offs of digital Brix refractometer reflecting the inability to prefer a test over the other based on the Sp estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - Marshal M Mweu
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yasser S Mahmmod
- Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Greg P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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20
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Elsohaby I, McClure JT, Waite LA, Cameron M, Heider LC, Keefe GP. Using serum and plasma samples to assess failure of transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:567-577. [PMID: 30415862 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the differences in IgG and total protein (TP) content of serum and plasma samples collected from the same calves; (2) to evaluate the correlation between calf serum and plasma IgG levels, Brix scores, and TP concentrations; (3) to determine whether different cut-off values should be used for plasma and serum to assess failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in dairy calves; and (4) to evaluate the level of agreement between results obtained from using serum and plasma samples of the same calves to assess FTPI using optimal cut-off values. Blood samples (n = 217) were collected from Holstein calves at 3 to 10 d of age on 30 commercial dairy farms in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Canada. Paired serum and plasma samples were analyzed for IgG concentration by the reference radial immunodiffusion assay, transmission infrared (TIR) spectroscopy, digital and optical Brix refractometers, and optical TP refractometer. The IgG concentrations measured by RID and TIR spectroscopy in serum were similar to those in plasma. However, the Brix and TP refractometer readings were significantly higher in plasma than in serum. The prevalence of FTPI in serum and plasma samples based on a RID-IgG concentration <10 g/L was 43.3 and 46.5%, respectively. The RID-IgG concentration was correlated with TIR-IgG (r = 0.92 and 0.89), digital Brix (r = 0.80 and 0.80), optical Brix (r = 0.77 and 0.77), and optical TP (r = 0.75 and 0.77) refractometers in serum and plasma, respectively. The correlations between paired serum and plasma IgG content were 0.85 by TIR spectroscopy, 0.80 by digital Brix, 0.77 by optical Brix, and 0.79 by optical TP refractometer. The optimal cut-off values for TIR spectroscopy, digital Brix, optical Brix, and TP refractometers to assess FTPI using serum were 13.1 g/L, 8.7% Brix, 8.4% Brix and 5.1 g/dL, respectively; and the optimal cut-off values with plasma were 13.4 g/L, 9.4% Brix, 9.3% Brix and 5.8 g/dL, respectively. When using these optimal cut-off values, the level of agreement (88.1%) between results derived from testing serum and plasma by TIR spectroscopy was substantial, with a kappa (κ) value of 0.76. The results derived from testing serum and plasma by digital Brix refractometer showed substantial agreement (83.4%), with a κ value of 0.65, which is higher than the agreement and κ value (74.7% and 0.51) reported for the optical Brix refractometer. Substantial agreement (81.6%) between serum and plasma TP was also obtained when using the optical TP refractometer, with a κ value of 0.63. In conclusion, serum or plasma samples can be used interchangeably for measuring IgG concentrations and assessing FTPI in dairy calves. However, different cut-offs must be used to assess FTPI depending on the sample matrix. Furthermore, results obtained from serum samples showed higher agreement with the reference RID assay than those obtained from plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3; Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - L A Waite
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - M Cameron
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - L C Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - G P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
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21
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Todd CG, McGee M, Tiernan K, Crosson P, O'Riordan E, McClure J, Lorenz I, Earley B. An observational study on passive immunity in Irish suckler beef and dairy calves: Tests for failure of passive transfer of immunity and associations with health and performance. Prev Vet Med 2018; 159:182-195. [PMID: 30314781 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The study objectives were to: 1) evaluate the diagnostic performance of passive immunity tests for classification of failure of passive transfer (FPT) risk, based on their relationships with calf health and performance, and 2) describe the epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in suckler beef and dairy calves under Irish conditions. A total of 1392 suckler beef calves (n = 111 farms) and 2090 dairy calves (84 farms) were included in this observational study. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture. Serum samples were analysed for total IgG concentration using an ELISA assay, total protein concentration by clinical analyser (TP - CA), globulin concentration, zinc sulphate turbidity (ZST) units, total solids percentage by Brix refractometer (TS - BRIX), and total protein concentration by digital refractometer (TP - DR). Crude and cause-specific morbidity, all-cause mortality, and standardised 205-day body weight (BW) were determined. Generalised linear mixed models were used to evaluate associations between suckler beef and dairy calves for morbidity, mortality, growth and passive immunity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to determine optimal test cut-offs for classification of health and growth outcomes. Overall, 20% of suckler beef and 30% of dairy calves were treated for at least one disease event by 6 mo. of age. Suckler beef calves had greater odds of bovine respiratory disease (BRD; odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.8, 1.2-6.5, P = 0.01), navel infection (5.1, 1.9-13.2, P < 0.001), and joint infection/lameness (3.2, 1.3-7.8, P = 0.01) during the first 6 mo. of life than dairy calves. In addition, from birth to 6 mo. of age, suckler beef calves had greater rates of navel infection (incidence rate ratio (IRR), 95% CI: 3.3, 1.3-8.4, P = 0.01), but decreased rates of diarrhoea (0.9, 0.2-0.9, P = 0.03) compared to dairy calves. Optimal test cut-offs for classification of morbidity and mortality outcomes in suckler beef calves ranged from 8 to 9 mg/ml ELISA, 56 to 61 g/l TP - CA, 26 to 40 g/l globulin, 12 to 18 ZST units, 8.4% TS - BRIX, and 5.3 to 6.3 g/dl TP - DR. Optimal test cut-offs for classification of morbidity and growth outcomes in dairy calves ranged from 10 to 12 mg/ml ELISA, 57 to 60 g/l TP - CA, 29 to 34 g/l globulin, 19 ZST units, 7.8 to 8.4% TS - BRIX, and 5.7 to 5.9 g/dl TP - DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Todd
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - M McGee
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - K Tiernan
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Crosson
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - E O'Riordan
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - J McClure
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Bandon, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - I Lorenz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Co. Dublin, Ireland; Bavarian Animal Health Service, Poing, Germany
| | - B Earley
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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22
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Wilm J, Costa JH, Neave HW, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MA. Technical note: Serum total protein and immunoglobulin G concentrations in neonatal dairy calves over the first 10 days of age. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6430-6436. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Zakian A, Nouri M, Rasooli A, Ghorbanpour M, Constable PD, Mohammad-Sadegh M. Evaluation of 5 methods for diagnosing failure of passive transfer in 160 Holstein calves. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:275-283. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zakian
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Aria Rasooli
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
- Department of Animal Health Management; School of Veterinary Medicine; Shiraz University; Shiraz Iran
| | - Masoud Ghorbanpour
- Department of Pathobiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Peter D. Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - Majid Mohammad-Sadegh
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Islamic Azad University; Garmsar Iran
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Peek SF, Mcguirk SM, Sweeney RW, Cummings KJ. Infectious Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. REBHUN'S DISEASES OF DAIRY CATTLE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7152230 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39055-2.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Atkinson DJ, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM. Benchmarking passive transfer of immunity and growth in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3773-3782. [PMID: 28237586 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poor health and growth in young dairy calves can have lasting effects on their development and future production. This study benchmarked calf-rearing outcomes in a cohort of Canadian dairy farms, reported these findings back to producers and their veterinarians, and documented the results. A total of 18 Holstein dairy farms were recruited, all in British Columbia. Blood samples were collected from calves aged 1 to 7 d. We estimated serum total protein levels using digital refractometry, and failure of passive transfer (FPT) was defined as values below 5.2 g/dL. We estimated average daily gain (ADG) for preweaned heifers (1 to 70 d old) using heart-girth tape measurements, and analyzed early (≤35 d) and late (>35 d) growth separately. At first assessment, the average farm FPT rate was 16%. Overall, ADG was 0.68 kg/d, with early and late growth rates of 0.51 and 0.90 kg/d, respectively. Following delivery of the benchmark reports, all participants volunteered to undergo a second assessment. The majority (83%) made at least 1 change in their colostrum-management or milk-feeding practices, including increased colostrum at first feeding, reduced time to first colostrum, and increased initial and maximum daily milk allowances. The farms that made these changes experienced improved outcomes. On the 11 farms that made changes to improve colostrum feeding, the rate of FPT declined from 21 ± 10% before benchmarking to 11 ± 10% after making the changes. On the 10 farms that made changes to improve calf growth, ADG improved from 0.66 ± 0.09 kg/d before benchmarking to 0.72 ± 0.08 kg/d after making the management changes. Increases in ADG were greatest in the early milk-feeding period, averaging 0.13 kg/d higher than pre-benchmarking values for calves ≤35 d of age. Benchmarking specific outcomes associated with calf rearing can motivate producer engagement in calf care, leading to improved outcomes for calves on farms that apply relevant management changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Atkinson
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - M A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - D M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
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Elsohaby I, McClure JT, Cameron M, Heider LC, Keefe GP. Rapid assessment of bovine colostrum quality: How reliable are transmission infrared spectroscopy and digital and optical refractometers? J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:1427-1435. [PMID: 27988130 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the transmission infrared (IR) spectroscopic method and digital and optical Brix refractometers for measurement of colostral IgG concentration and assessment of colostrum quality of dairy cows. Colostrum samples (n = 258) were collected from Holstein cows on 30 commercial dairy farms in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Canada. Colostral IgG concentrations of 255 samples were measured by the reference radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay and IR spectroscopy. The Brix scores were determined on 240 of these samples using both the digital and optical Brix refractometers. Approximately half (48%) of the colostrum samples had RID IgG concentrations <50 g/L, which was the cut-point for poor quality. The correlation between RID and IR IgG concentrations was 0.88. The correlations between RID IgG concentration and Brix scores, as determined by the digital and optical refractometers, were 0.72 and 0.71, respectively. The optimal cutoff levels for distinguishing good- and poor-quality colostrum using IR spectroscopy, and digital and optical Brix refractometers were at 35 g/L and 23% Brix, respectively. The IR spectroscopy showed higher sensitivity (90%) and specificity (86%) than the digital (74 and 80%, respectively) and optical (73 and 80%, respectively) Brix refractometers for assessment of colostrum quality, as compared with RID. In conclusion, the transmission-IR spectroscopy is a rapid and accurate method for assessing colostrum quality, but is a laboratory-based method, whereas Brix refractometers were less accurate but could be used on-farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3; Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - M Cameron
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - L C Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - G P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
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27
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Cuttance EL, Mason WA, Denholm KS, Laven RA. Comparison of diagnostic tests for determining the prevalence of failure of passive transfer in New Zealand dairy calves. N Z Vet J 2016; 65:6-13. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1230525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- EL Cuttance
- VetEnt, 49 Benson Road, Te Awamutu, New Zealand
| | - WA Mason
- VetEnt, 49 Benson Road, Te Awamutu, New Zealand
| | - KS Denholm
- Cognosco, Anexa FVC, 25 Moorhouse St, Morrinsville, New Zealand
| | - RA Laven
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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28
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Boccardo A, Belloli A, Biffani S, Locatelli V, Dall'Ara P, Filipe J, Restelli I, Proverbio D, Pravettoni D. Intravenous immunoglobulin transfusion in colostrum-deprived dairy calves. Vet J 2016; 209:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Hernandez D, Nydam DV, Godden SM, Bristol LS, Kryzer A, Ranum J, Schaefer D. Brix refractometry in serum as a measure of failure of passive transfer compared to measured immunoglobulin G and total protein by refractometry in serum from dairy calves. Vet J 2015; 211:82-7. [PMID: 26993533 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of trials were conducted to evaluate Brix refractometry (Brix %) for the assessment of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in dairy calves compared to: (1) serum IgG (reference standard) when measured by radial immunodiffusion (RID) or a turbidometric immunoassay (TIA), and (2) serum total protein refractometry (STP). For the serum samples tested with TIA, STP, and Brix % (n = 310; Holstein calves), the median concentrations were 21.3 g/L IgG, 58 g/L STP, and 9.2%, respectively. For the serum samples tested with RID, STP and Brix % (n = 112; Jersey calves), the mean concentrations were 38 g/L IgG, 68 g/L STP, and 10.2%, respectively. For samples tested with only Brix % and STP (n = 265; Holstein calves), median STP and Brix % were 50 g/L STP and 8.5%, respectively. Correlations between Brix % and RID, and between Brix % and TIA were equal (r = 0.79, respectively). Brix % and STP were positively correlated (r = 0.99). Brix % estimated serum IgG concentrations determined by TIA and RID (r(2) = 0.63, 0.62, respectively). When FPT was defined as serum IgG < 10 g/L, Brix % ≤ 8.5% showed optimal sensitivity (100%) and specificity (89.2%) to predict FPT. At the same IgG cut-point, an STP value of ≤ 52 g/L showed a similar sensitivity (100%) and specificity (80.4%) to predict FPT. Brix refractometry predicted successful transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves, but further evaluation as a diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of FPT is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hernandez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S M Godden
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - L S Bristol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A Kryzer
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - J Ranum
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - D Schaefer
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996.
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Jackson AE. In this issue - January/February 2015. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:N19. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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