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Beirow K, Schmidt C, Jürgen B, Schlüter R, Schweder T, Bednarski PJ. Investigation of TGF-α-overexpressing mouse hepatocytes (TAMH) cultured as spheroids for use in hepatotoxicity screening of drug candidates. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:272-286. [PMID: 37655636 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The immortalized mouse liver cell line TAMH has been described as a valuable tool for studying hepatotoxic mechanisms, but until now, it has only been reported to grow as a monolayer in culture. However, culturing hepatocytes as three-dimensional (3D) spheroids has been shown to result in improved liver-specific functions (e.g., metabolic capacity) by better mimicking the in vivo environment. This approach may lead to more reliable detection of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in the early phase of drug discovery, preventing post-marketing drug withdrawals. Here, we investigated the cultivation of TAMH as 3D spheroids, characterizing them with optical and transmission electron microscopy as well as analyzing their gene expression at mRNA level (especially drug-metabolizing enzymes) compared to TAMH monolayer. In addition, comparisons were made with spheroids grown from the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2, another current spheroid model. The results indicate that TAMH spheroids express hepatic structures and show elevated levels of some of the key phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes, in contrast to TAMH monolayer. The in vitro hepatotoxic potencies of the drugs acetaminophen and flupirtine maleate were found to be very similar between TAMH spheroidal and the monolayer cultures. Both the advantages and disadvantages of TAMH spheroids as an in vitro hepatotoxicity model compared to monolayer model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Beirow
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Britta Jürgen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Schweder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patrick J Bednarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Wurm KW, Bartz FM, Schulig L, Bodtke A, Bednarski PJ, Link A. Replacing the oxidation-sensitive triaminoaryl chemotype of problematic K V 7 channel openers: Exploration of a nicotinamide scaffold. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200473. [PMID: 36395379 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
KV 7 channel openers have proven their therapeutic value in the treatment of pain as well as epilepsy and, moreover, they hold the potential to expand into additional indications with unmet medical needs. However, the clinically validated but meanwhile discontinued KV 7 channel openers flupirtine and retigabine bear an oxidation-sensitive triaminoraryl scaffold, which is suspected of causing adverse drug reactions via the formation of quinoid oxidation products. Here, we report the design and synthesis of nicotinamide analogs and related compounds that remediate the liability in the chemical structure of flupirtine and retigabine. Optimization of a nicotinamide lead structure yielded analogs with excellent KV 7.2/3 opening activity, as evidenced by EC50 values approaching the single-digit nanomolar range. On the other hand, weighted KV 7.2/3 opening activity data including inactive compounds allowed for the establishment of structure-activity relationships and a plausible binding mode hypothesis verified by docking and molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad W Wurm
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frieda-Marie Bartz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Bodtke
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patrick J Bednarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Link
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Wurm KW, Bartz FM, Schulig L, Bodtke A, Bednarski PJ, Link A. Carba Analogues of Flupirtine and Retigabine with Improved Oxidation Resistance and Reduced Risk of Quinoid Metabolite Formation. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200262. [PMID: 35687532 PMCID: PMC9541272 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The KV7 potassium channel openers flupirtine and retigabine have been valuable options in the therapy of pain and epilepsy. However, as a result of adverse reactions, both drugs are currently no longer in therapeutic use. The flupirtine‐induced liver injury and the retigabine linked tissue discolouration do not appear related at first glance; nevertheless, both events can be attributed to the triaminoaryl scaffold, which is affected by oxidation leading to elusive reactive quinone diimine or azaquinone diimine metabolites. Since the mechanism of action, i. e. KV7 channel opening, seems not to be involved in toxicity, this study aimed to further develop safer replacements for flupirtine and retigabine. In a ligand‐based design strategy, replacing amino substituents of the triaminoaryl core with alkyl substituents led to carba analogues with improved oxidation resistance and negligible risk of quinoid metabolite formation. In addition to these improved safety features, some of the novel analogues exhibited significantly improved KV7.2/3 channel opening activity, indicated by an up to 13‐fold increase in potency and an efficacy of up to 176 % compared to flupirtine, thus being attractive candidates for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad W Wurm
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Frieda-Marie Bartz
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Lukas Schulig
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Anja Bodtke
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Patrick J Bednarski
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Link
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, F.-L.-Jahn-Str. 17, 17487, Greifswald, GERMANY
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Wurm K, Bartz FM, Schulig L, Bodtke A, Bednarski PJ, Link A. Modifications of the Triaminoaryl Metabophore of Flupirtine and Retigabine Aimed at Avoiding Quinone Diimine Formation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7989-8012. [PMID: 35284765 PMCID: PMC8908504 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The potassium channel opening drugs flupirtine and retigabine have been withdrawn from the market due to occasional drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and tissue discoloration, respectively. While the mechanism underlying DILI after prolonged flupirtine use is not entirely understood, evidence indicates that both drugs are metabolized in an initial step to reactive ortho- and/or para-azaquinone diimines or ortho- and/or para-quinone diimines, respectively. Aiming to develop safer alternatives for the treatment of pain and epilepsy, we have attempted to separate activity from toxicity by employing a drug design strategy of avoiding the detrimental oxidation of the central aromatic ring by shifting oxidation toward the formation of benign metabolites. In the present investigation, an alternative retrometabolic design strategy was followed. The nitrogen atom, which could be involved in the formation of both ortho- or para-quinone diimines of the lead structures, was shifted away from the central ring, yielding a substitution pattern with nitrogen substituents in the meta position only. Evaluation of KV7.2/3 opening activity of the 11 new specially designed derivatives revealed surprisingly steep structure-activity relationship data with inactive compounds and an activity cliff that led to the identification of an apparent "magic methyl" effect in the case of N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-6-[(4-fluorobenzyl)amino]-2-methoxy-4-methylnicotinamide. This flupirtine analogue showed potent KV7.2/3 opening activity, being six times as active as flupirtine itself, and by design is devoid of the potential for azaquinone diimine formation.
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Wrzosek A, Gałecka S, Żochowska M, Olszewska A, Kulawiak B. Alternative Targets for Modulators of Mitochondrial Potassium Channels. Molecules 2022; 27:299. [PMID: 35011530 PMCID: PMC8746388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial potassium channels control potassium influx into the mitochondrial matrix and thus regulate mitochondrial membrane potential, volume, respiration, and synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been found that pharmacological activation of mitochondrial potassium channels during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury activates cytoprotective mechanisms resulting in increased cell survival. In cancer cells, the inhibition of these channels leads to increased cell death. Therefore, mitochondrial potassium channels are intriguing targets for the development of new pharmacological strategies. In most cases, however, the substances that modulate the mitochondrial potassium channels have a few alternative targets in the cell. This may result in unexpected or unwanted effects induced by these compounds. In our review, we briefly present the various classes of mitochondrial potassium (mitoK) channels and describe the chemical compounds that modulate their activity. We also describe examples of the multidirectional activity of the activators and inhibitors of mitochondrial potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Wrzosek
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
| | - Shur Gałecka
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
| | - Monika Żochowska
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
| | - Anna Olszewska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1a Debinki, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Bogusz Kulawiak
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
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Lawson K, Singh A, Kantsedikas I, Jenner CA, Austen DK. Flupirtine as a Potential Treatment for Fibromyalgia. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 000:000-000. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Electron transfer plays a vital role in drug metabolism and underlying toxicity mechanisms. Currently, pharmaceutical research relies on pharmacokinetics (PK) and absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) measurements to understand and predict drug reactions in the body. Metabolic stability (and toxicity) prediction in the early phases of the drug discovery and development process is key in identifying a suitable lead compound for optimisation. Voltammetric methods have the potential to overcome the significant barrier of new drug failure rates, by giving insight into phase I metabolism events which can have a direct bearing on the stability and toxicity of the parent drug being dosed. Herein, we report for the first time a data-mining investigation into the voltammetric behaviour of reported drug molecules and their correlation with metabolic stability (indirectly measured via t½), as a potential predictor of drug stability/toxicity in vivo. We observed an inverse relationship between oxidation potential and drug stability. Furthermore, we selected and prepared short- (<10 min) and longer-circulation (>2 h) drug molecules to prospectively survey the relationship between oxidation potential and stability.
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Wang J, Bwayi M, Florke Gee RR, Chen T. PXR-mediated idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: mechanistic insights and targeting approaches. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:711-722. [PMID: 32500752 PMCID: PMC7429329 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1779701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human liver is the center for drug metabolism and detoxification and is, therefore, constantly exposed to toxic chemicals. The loss of liver function as a result of this exposure is referred to as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is the primary regulator of the hepatic drug-clearance system, which plays a critical role in mediating idiosyncratic DILI. AREAS COVERED This review is focused on common mechanisms of PXR-mediated DILI and on in vitro and in vivo models developed to predict and assess DILI. It also provides an update on the development of PXR antagonists that may manage PXR-mediated DILI. EXPERT OPINION DILI can be caused by many factors, and PXR is clearly linked to DILI. Although emerging data illustrate how PXR mediates DILI and how PXR activity can be modulated, many questions concerning the development of effective PXR modulators remain. Future research should be focused on determining the mechanisms regulating PXR functions in different cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Monicah Bwayi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Abstract
Cumulative research over several decades has implicated the involvement of reactive metabolites in many idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs). Consequently, "avoidance" strategies have been inserted into drug discovery paradigms, which include the exclusion of structural alerts and possible termination of reactive metabolite-positive compounds. Several noteworthy examples where reactive metabolite-related liabilities have been resolved through structure-metabolism studies are presented herein. Considerable progress has also been made in addressing the limitations of the avoidance strategy and further refining the process of managing reactive metabolite issues in drug development. These efforts primarily stemmed from the observation that numerous drugs, which contain structural alerts and/or form reactive metabolites, are devoid of ADRs. The Perspective also dwells into an analysis of the structural alert/reactive metabolite concept with a discussion of risk mitigation tactics to support the progression of reactive metabolite-positive drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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10
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Abstract
The highly structurally similar drugs flupirtine and retigabine have been regarded as safe and effective for many years but lately they turned out to exert intolerable side effects. While the twin molecules share the mode of action, both stabilize the open state of voltage-gated potassium channels, the form and severity of adverse effects is different. The analgesic flupirtine caused drug-induced liver injury in rare but fatal cases, whereas prolonged use of the antiepileptic retigabine led to blue tissue discoloration. Because the adverse effects seem unrelated to the mode of action, it is likely, that both drugs that occupied important therapeutic niches, could be replaced. Reasons for the clinically relevant toxicity will be clarified and future substitutes for these drugs presented in this review.
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Surur AS, Beirow K, Bock C, Schulig L, Kindermann MK, Bodtke A, Siegmund W, Bednarski PJ, Link A. Flupirtine Analogues: Explorative Synthesis and Influence of Chemical Structure on K V7.2/K V7.3 Channel Opening Activity. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:41-44. [PMID: 30652063 PMCID: PMC6331712 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal voltage‐gated potassium channels KV7.2/KV7.3 are sensitive to small‐molecule drugs such as flupirtine, even though physiological response occurs in the absence of ligands. Clinically, prolonged use of flupirtine as a pain medication is associated with rare cases of drug‐induced liver injury. Thus, safety concerns prevent a broader use of this non‐opioid and non‐steroidal analgesic in therapeutic areas with unmet medical needs such as hyperactive bladder or neonatal seizures. With the goal of studying influences of chemical structure on activity and toxicity of flupirtine, we explored modifications of the benzylamino bridge and the substitution pattern in both rings of flupirtine. Among twelve derivatives, four novel thioether derivatives showed the desired activity in cellular assays and may serve as leads for safer KV channel openers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdrrahman S Surur
- Institute of Pharmacy University of Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Kristin Beirow
- Institute of Pharmacy University of Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Christian Bock
- Institute of Pharmacy University of Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Institute of Pharmacy University of Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Markus K Kindermann
- Institute of Pharmacy University of Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Anja Bodtke
- Institute of Pharmacy University of Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | | | - Patrick J Bednarski
- Institute of Pharmacy University of Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Andreas Link
- Institute of Pharmacy University of Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17489 Greifswald Germany
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Lawson K. Flupirtine Is an Effective Analgesic: Is the Associated Rare Liver Injury a Limiting Factor to Its Use? Anesth Analg 2018; 127:e24-e25. [PMID: 29771716 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lawson
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom,
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13
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Konishi K, Fukami T, Ogiso T, Nakajima M. In vitro approach to elucidate the relevance of carboxylesterase 2 and N-acetyltransferase 2 to flupirtine-induced liver injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:242-251. [PMID: 30028988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of flupirtine, an analgesic, has been restricted in European countries because it causes liver injury in rare cases. Flupirtine is primarily metabolized to D-13223, an acetylamino form. In the process of D-13223 formation, it has been hypothesized that a reactive metabolite is formed which may be involved in flupirtine hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential reactive metabolite and the responsible enzymes in the human liver to get a clue to the mechanism of hepatotoxicity. Using recombinant enzymes, we found that D-13223 was formed from flupirtine via hydrolysis by carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) and subsequent acetylation by N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 2. A conjugate of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a nucleophile, was detected by incubation of flupirtine with CES2, and the conjugate formation in human liver microsomes was inhibited by CES2 inhibitors, indicating that a reactive metabolite, which may be a quinone diimine, was produced in the process of CES2-mediated hydrolysis of flupirtine. The formation of the NAC conjugate in liver S9 samples from NAT2 slow acetylators was significantly higher than that from NAT2 rapid/intermediate acetylators, indicating that NAT2 could function as a detoxification enzyme for flupirtine. CES2-overexpressing HepG2 cells showed remarkable lactate dehydrogenase leakage under flupirtine treatment, while no cytotoxicity was observed in control cells, suggesting that the reactive metabolite formed by CES2-mediated hydrolysis of flupirtine would be a trigger of hepatotoxicity. NAT2 slow acetylators with high CES2 activity could be highly susceptible to flupirtine-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Konishi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takuo Ogiso
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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14
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Puljak L. Randomized controlled trial about pain medication flupirtine ignores recent pharmacovigilance warnings. J Pain Res 2018; 11:177-180. [PMID: 29560967 PMCID: PMC5769781 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s154447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Puljak
- Laboratory for Pain Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.,Department for Development, Research and Health Technology Assessment, Agency for Quality and Accreditation in Health Care and Social Welfare, Zagreb, Croatia
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Borlak J, van Bömmel F, Berg T. N-acetylcysteine and prednisolone treatment improved serum biochemistries in suspected flupirtine cases of severe idiosyncratic liver injury. Liver Int 2018; 38:365-376. [PMID: 28782153 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The analgesic flupirtine has been linked to cases of severe idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (sFILI). We therefore examined whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glucocorticoid therapy is effective in the management of sFILI. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study efficacy of NAC-infusion and oral prednisolone treatments on liver-function-tests (LFTs) and clinical outcome of 21 sFILI cases was evaluated by comparing it to an external cohort of 30 sFILI cases not receiving the antidote. LFTs were also assayed in human hepatocyte cultures treated with flupirtine for 96 hours. Additionally, modulation of glutathione stores in cultures of human hepatocytes treated with 80 drugs was investigated. RESULTS Upon admission, patients presented Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin elevations of up to 90-, 35- and 30-fold of upper limits of normal (ULN) respectively. The average INR was 2.2, and 50% of patients had a high Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score of ≥25 and included 5 cases of 28-32. The combined NAC/prednisolone treatment was well tolerated and led to significant ALT, AST and INR improvements within 2 weeks. However, the hyperbilirubinaemia resolved slowly. Two patients with late start of NAC/prednisolone treatment developed hepatic encephalopathy and required liver transplantation; the remaining patients recovered without long-term sequela. Based on serum biochemistries sFILI cases resolved more rapidly (P < .01) when compared to untreated sFILI patients and included a case with fatal outcome. Additionally, in vitro studies revealed glutathione depletion as a common culprit for drugs with liver liabilities. CONCLUSIONS Based on these initial findings a prospective randomized clinical trial (RCT) is needed to confirm safety and efficacy of NAC/prednisolone treatment in sFILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian van Bömmel
- Section of Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Berg
- Section of Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Peta V, Tse C, Perazzo H, Munteanu M, Ngo Y, Ngo A, Ramanujam N, Verglas L, Mallet M, Ratziu V, Thabut D, Rudler M, Thibault V, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Hainque B, Imbert-Bismut F, Merz M, Kullak-Ublick G, Andrade R, van Boemmel F, Schott E, Poynard T. Serum apolipoprotein A1 and haptoglobin, in patients with suspected drug-induced liver injury (DILI) as biomarkers of recovery. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189436. [PMID: 29287080 PMCID: PMC5747433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a clear need for better biomarkers of drug-induced-liver-injury (DILI). AIMS We aimed to evaluate the possible prognostic value of ActiTest and FibroTest proteins apoliprotein-A1, haptoglobin and alpha-2-macroglobulin, in patients with DILI. METHODS We analyzed cases and controls included in the IMI-SAFE-T-DILI European project, from which serum samples had been stored in a dedicated biobank. The analyses of ActiTest and FibroTest had been prospectively scheduled. The primary objective was to analyze the performance (AUROC) of ActiTest components as predictors of recovery outcome defined as an ALT <2x the upper limit of normal (ULN), and BILI <2x ULN. RESULTS After adjudication, 154 patients were considered to have DILI and 22 were considered to have acute liver injury without DILI. A multivariate regression analysis (ActiTest-DILI patent pending) combining the ActiTest components without BILI and ALT (used as references), apolipoprotein-A1, haptoglobin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and GGT, age and gender, resulted in a significant prediction of recovery with 67.0% accuracy (77/115) and an AUROC of 0.724 (P<0.001 vs. no prediction 0.500). Repeated apolipoprotein-A1 and haptoglobin remained significantly higher in the DILI cases that recovered (n = 65) versus those that did not (n = 16), at inclusion, at 4-8 weeks and at 8-12 weeks. The same results were observed after stratification on APAP cases and non-APAP cases. CONCLUSIONS We identified that apolipoprotein-A1 and haptoglobin had significant predictive values for the prediction of recovery at 12 weeks in DILI, enabling the construction of a new prognostic panel, the DILI-ActiTest, which needs to be independently validated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal Tse
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Perazzo
- Department of Hepatology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mona Munteanu
- Department of Research, Biopredictive, Paris, France
| | - Yen Ngo
- Department of Research, Biopredictive, Paris, France
| | - An Ngo
- Department of Research, Biopredictive, Paris, France
| | - Nittia Ramanujam
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lea Verglas
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Mallet
- Department of Hepatology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vlad Ratziu
- Department of Hepatology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 938, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Department of Hepatology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 938, Paris, France
| | - Marika Rudler
- Department of Hepatology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Thibault
- Department of Virology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Hainque
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Imbert-Bismut
- Department of Biochemistry, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michael Merz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Mechanistic Safety, Novartis Global Drug Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerd Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Mechanistic Safety, Novartis Global Drug Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raul Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Florian van Boemmel
- Clinic for Hepatology and Rheumatology, Hepatology Section, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eckart Schott
- Clinic for Hepatology and Rheumatology, Hepatology Section, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thierry Poynard
- Department of Hepatology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 938, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Huo H, Zhao Z, Hu W, Sun Y, Tang Y. Bioequivalence study of two formulations of flupirtine maleate capsules in healthy male Chinese volunteers under fasting and fed conditions. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:3441-3448. [PMID: 29238169 PMCID: PMC5716300 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s149913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study developed a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to simultaneously determine the concentrations of flupirtine and its major active metabolite D-13223 in human plasma in order to assess the bioequivalence (BE) of two flupirtine maleate capsules among healthy male Chinese volunteers under fasting and fed conditions. Materials and methods There were two single-center, randomized, single-dose, open-label, laboratory-blinded, two-period, cross-over studies which included 24 healthy male Chinese volunteers under fasting and fed conditions, respectively. Plasma samples were collected prior to and up to 48 h after dosing. The concentrations of flupirtine and its major active metabolite D-13223 in plasma samples were determined by a validated method, that is, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry detector. Pharmacokinetic metrics of area from time zero to the last measurable concentration (AUC0−t), area under the plasma concentration–time curve from administration to infinite time (AUC0−∞), and Cmax were used for BE assessment. Results Forty-eight healthy volunteers who met the criteria were enrolled and completed the study. According to the observation of vital signs and laboratory measurement, no volunteers had any adverse reactions. Under fasting condition, the geometric mean ratios (90% CI) of the test/reference drug for flupirtine were 103.0% (98.1%–108.2%) for AUC0−t, 102.9% (98.2%–107.9%) for AUC0−∞, and 97.0% (85.9%–109.5%) for Cmax. Under fed condition, the geometric mean ratios (90% CI) of the test/reference drug for flupirtine were 101.7% (98.4%–105.1%) for AUC0−t, 101.6% (98.5%–104.8%) for AUC0−∞, and 103.5% (94.7%–113.0%) for Cmax. The difference between test and reference formulations, Tmax, was not statistically significant. The 90% CIs of the test/reference AUC ratio and Cmax ratio of D-13223 were also within the acceptance range for BE both under fasting and fed conditions. Conclusion The two formulations of flupirtine maleate capsule were bioequivalent (the test and the reference products) under fasting and fed conditions, and thus both can be used interchangeably in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Technical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Drug Clinical Trail Management Agency, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Huo
- Technical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Drug Clinical Trail Management Agency, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhibo Zhao
- Technical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Drug Clinical Trail Management Agency, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenli Hu
- Technical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Drug Clinical Trail Management Agency, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yujia Sun
- Technical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Drug Clinical Trail Management Agency, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunbiao Tang
- Technical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Drug Clinical Trail Management Agency, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, China
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18
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Kinarivala N, Patel R, Boustany RM, Al-Ahmad A, Trippier PC. Discovery of Aromatic Carbamates that Confer Neuroprotective Activity by Enhancing Autophagy and Inducing the Anti-Apoptotic Protein B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). J Med Chem 2017; 60:9739-9756. [PMID: 29110485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases share certain pathophysiological hallmarks that represent common targets for drug discovery. In particular, dysfunction of proteostasis and the resultant apoptotic death of neurons represent common pathways for pharmacological intervention. A library of aromatic carbamate derivatives based on the clinically available drug flupirtine was synthesized to determine a structure-activity relationship for neuroprotective activity. Several derivatives were identified that possess greater protective effect in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, protecting up to 80% of neurons against etoposide-induced apoptosis at concentrations as low as 100 nM. The developed aromatic carbamates possess physicochemical properties desirable for CNS therapeutics. The primary known mechanisms of action of the parent scaffold are not responsible for the observed neuroprotective activity. Herein, we demonstrate that neuroprotective aromatic carbamates function to increase the Bcl-2/Bax ratio to an antiapoptotic state and activate autophagy through induction of beclin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Kinarivala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Ronak Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States.,Center for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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19
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Keiser M, Kaltheuner L, Wildberg C, Müller J, Grube M, Partecke LI, Heidecke CD, Oswald S. The Organic Anion–Transporting Peptide 2B1 Is Localized in the Basolateral Membrane of the Human Jejunum and Caco-2 Monolayers. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2657-2663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sampath D, Valdez R, White AM, Raol YH. Anticonvulsant effect of flupirtine in an animal model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:126-135. [PMID: 28587899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research studies suggest that neonatal seizures, which are most commonly associated with hypoxic-ischemic injury, may contribute to brain injury and adverse neurologic outcome. Unfortunately, neonatal seizures are often resistant to treatment with current anticonvulsants. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of flupirtine, administered at clinically relevant time-points, for the treatment of neonatal seizures in an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic injury that closely replicates features of the human syndrome. We also compared the efficacy of flupirtine to that of phenobarbital, the current first-line drug for neonatal seizures. Flupirtine is a KCNQ potassium channel opener. KCNQ channels play an important role in controlling brain excitability during early development. In this study, hypoxic-ischemic injury was induced in neonatal rats, and synchronized video-EEG records were acquired at various time-points during the experiment to identify seizures. The results revealed that flupirtine, administered either 5 min after the first electroclinical seizure, or following completion of 2 h of hypoxia, i.e., during the immediate reperfusion period, reduced the number of rats with electroclinical seizures, and also the frequency and total duration of electroclinical seizures. Further, daily dosing of flupirtine decreased the seizure burden over 3 days following HI-induction, and modified the natural evolution of acute seizures. Moreover, compared to a therapeutic dose of phenobarbital, which was modestly effective against electroclinical seizures, flupirtine showed greater efficacy. Our results indicate that flupirtine is an extremely effective treatment for neonatal seizures in rats and provide evidence for a trial of this medication in newborn humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayalan Sampath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew M White
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yogendra H Raol
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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21
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Karlgren M, Simoff I, Backlund M, Wegler C, Keiser M, Handin N, Müller J, Lundquist P, Jareborg AC, Oswald S, Artursson P. A CRISPR-Cas9 Generated MDCK Cell Line Expressing Human MDR1 Without Endogenous Canine MDR1 (cABCB1): An Improved Tool for Drug Efflux Studies. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2909-2913. [PMID: 28450237 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells stably transfected with transport proteins are commonly used models for drug transport studies. However, endogenous expression of especially canine MDR1 (cMDR1) confounds the interpretation of such studies. Here we have established an MDCK cell line stably overexpressing the human MDR1 transporter (hMDR1; P-glycoprotein), and used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to knockout the endogenous cMDR1. Genomic screening revealed the generation of a clonal cell line homozygous for a 4-nucleotide deletion in the canine ABCB1 gene leading to a frameshift and a premature stop codon. Knockout of cMDR1 expression was verified by quantitative protein analysis and functional studies showing retained activity of the human MDR1 transporter. Application of this cell line allowed unbiased reclassification of drugs previously defined as both substrates and non-substrates in different studies using commonly used MDCK-MDR1 clones. Our new MDCK-hMDR1 cell line, together with a previously developed control cell line, both with identical deletions in the canine ABCB1 gene and lack of cMDR1 expression represent excellent in vitro tools for use in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ivailo Simoff
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Backlund
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Cardiovascular Metabolic Diseases DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Markus Keiser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niklas Handin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janett Müller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Anne-Christine Jareborg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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HLA-DRB1*16: 01-DQB1*05: 02 is a novel genetic risk factor for flupirtine-induced liver injury. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 26:218-24. [PMID: 26959717 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flupirtine is a nonopioid analgesic with regulatory approval in a number of European countries. Because of the risk of serious liver injury, its use is now limited to short-term pain management. We aimed to identify genetic risk factors for flupirtine-related drug-induced liver injury (DILI) as these are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six flupirtine-related DILI patients from Germany were included in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving a further 614 European cases of DILI because of other drugs and 10,588 population controls. DILI was diagnosed by causality assessment and expert review. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes were imputed from the GWAS data, with direct HLA typing performed on selected cases to validate HLA predictions. Four replication cases that were unavailable for the GWAS were genotyped by direct HLA typing, yielding an overall total of 10 flupirtine DILI cases. RESULTS In the six flupirtine DILI cases included in the GWAS, we found a significant enrichment of the DRB1*16:01-DQB1*05:02 haplotype compared with the controls (minor allele frequency cases 0.25 and minor allele frequency controls 0.013; P=1.4 × 10(-5)). We estimated an odds ratio for haplotype carriers of 18.7 (95% confidence interval 2.5-140.5, P=0.002) using population-specific HLA control data. The result was replicated in four additional cases, also with a haplotype frequency of 0.25. In the combined cohort (six GWAS plus four replication cases), the haplotype was also significant (odds ratio 18.7, 95% confidence interval 4.31-81.42, P=6.7 × 10(-5)). CONCLUSION We identified a novel HLA class II association for DILI, confirming the important contribution of HLA genotype towards the risk of DILI generally.
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23
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Misaka S, Knop J, Singer K, Hoier E, Keiser M, Müller F, Glaeser H, König J, Fromm MF. The Nonmetabolized β-Blocker Nadolol Is a Substrate of OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, MATE2-K, and P-Glycoprotein, but Not of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:512-9. [PMID: 26702643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nadolol is a nonmetabolized β-adrenoceptor antagonist and is a substrate of OATP1A2, but not of OATP2B1. However, other drug transporters involved in translocation of nadolol have not been characterized in detail. We therefore investigated nadolol as a potential substrate of the hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OCT1 and of the renal transporters OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K expressed in HEK cells. Moreover, the importance of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) for nadolol transport was studied using double transfected MDCK-OCT1-P-gp cells. Nadolol was not transported by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. In contrast, a significantly higher nadolol accumulation (at 1 and 10 μM) was found in OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K cells compared to control cells (P < 0.01). Km values for OCT2-, MATE1-, and MATE2-K-mediated nadolol uptake were 122, 531, and 372 μM, respectively. Cimetidine (100 μM, P < 0.01) and trimethoprim (100 μM, P < 0.001) significantly inhibited OCT1-, OCT2-, MATE1-, and MATE2-K-mediated nadolol transport. The P-gp inhibitor zosuquidar significantly reduced basal to apical nadolol transport in monolayers of MDCK-OCT1-P-gp cells. In summary, nadolol is a substrate of the cation transporters OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, MATE2-K, and of P-gp. These data will aid future in vivo studies on potential transporter-mediated drug-drug or drug-food interactions with involvement of nadolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingen Misaka
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University , Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jana Knop
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Singer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Hoier
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Keiser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Glaeser
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
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