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Calvo-Alvarez E, D'Alessandro S, Zanotta N, Basilico N, Parapini S, Signorini L, Perego F, Maina KK, Ferrante P, Modenese A, Pizzocri P, Ronsivalle A, Delbue S, Comar M. Multiplex array analysis of circulating cytokines and chemokines in COVID-19 patients during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Milan, Italy. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:49. [PMID: 39061002 PMCID: PMC11282750 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic inflammatory syndrome called "cytokine storm" has been described in COVID-19 pathogenesis, contributing to disease severity. The analysis of cytokine and chemokine levels in the blood of 21 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients throughout the phases of the pandemic has been studied to understand immune response dysregulation and identify potential disease biomarkers for new treatments. The present work reports the cytokine and chemokine levels in sera from a small cohort of individuals primarily infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Milan (Italy). RESULTS Among the 27 cytokines and chemokines investigated, a significant higher expression of Interleukin-9 (IL-9), IP-10 (CXCL10), MCP-1 (CCL2) and RANTES (CCL-5) in infected patients compared to uninfected subjects was observed. When the change in cytokine/chemokine levels was monitored over time, from the hospitalization day to discharge, only IL-6 and IP-10 showed a significant decrease. Consistent with these findings, a significant negative correlation was observed between IP-10 and anti-Spike IgG antibodies in infected individuals. In contrast, IL-17 was positively correlated with the production of IgG against SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS The cytokine storm and the modulation of cytokine levels by SARS-CoV-2 infection are hallmarks of COVID-19. The current global immunity profile largely stems from widespread vaccination campaigns and previous infection exposures. Consequently, the immunological features and dynamic cytokine profiles of non-vaccinated and primarily-infected subjects reported here provide novel insights into the inflammatory immune landscape in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and offer valuable knowledge for addressing future viral infections and the development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Calvo-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Carlo Pascal, 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Carlo Pascal, 36, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Nunzia Zanotta
- Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria, 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Carlo Pascal, 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Carlo Pascal, 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Lucia Signorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Carlo Pascal, 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Federica Perego
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Carlo Pascal, 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Kevin Kamau Maina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Carlo Pascal, 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Carlo Pascal, 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Carlo Pascal, 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Department of Advanced Translational Microbiology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria, 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
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Choi HS, Choi AY, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, Cho SK. Review of COVID-19 Therapeutics by Mechanism: From Discovery to Approval. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39:e134. [PMID: 38622939 PMCID: PMC11018982 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The global research and pharmaceutical community rapidly mobilized to develop treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Existing treatments have been repurposed and new drugs have emerged. Here we summarize mechanisms and clinical trials of COVID-19 therapeutics approved or in development. Two reviewers, working independently, reviewed published data for approved COVID-19 vaccines and drugs, as well as developmental pipelines, using databases from the following organizations: United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Japanese Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), and ClinicalTrials.gov. In all, 387 drugs were found for initial review. After removing unrelated trials and drugs, 66 drugs were selected, including 17 approved drugs and 49 drugs under development. These drugs were classified into six categories: 1) drugs targeting the viral life cycle 2) Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Monoclonal Antibodies, 3) immunomodulators, 4) anti-coagulants, 5) COVID-19-induced neuropathy drugs, and 6) other therapeutics. Among the 49 drugs under development are the following: 6 drugs targeting the viral life cycle, 12 immunosuppression drugs, 2 immunostimulants, 2 HIF-PHD targeting drugs, 3 GM-CSF targeting drugs, 5 anti-coagulants, 2 COVID-19-induced neuropathy drugs, and 17 others. This review provides insight into mechanisms of action, properties, and indications for COVID-19 medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - A Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases, Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sung Kweon Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Fu S, Song X. The clinical and immunological features of alopecia areata following SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccines. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:273-282. [PMID: 38646688 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2344696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease induced by viral infection or vaccination. With the increased incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the incidence of AA has also increased. Recently the incidence was found to be 7.8% from a previously reported rate of 2.1%. The physical and psychological damage caused by AA could seriously affect patients' lives, while AA is a challenging dermatological disease owing to its complex pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED This paper presents a comprehensive review of the prevalence, pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets for AA after infection with SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. EXPERT OPINION The treatment of AA remains challenging because of the complexity of its pathogenesis. For patients with AA after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, the use of sex hormones and alternative regenerative therapies may be actively considered in addition to conventional treatments. For preexisting disease, therapeutic agents should be adjusted to the patient's specific condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Fu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Khafaei M, Asghari R, Zafari F, Sadeghi M. Impact of IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-17A rs2275913 gene polymorphisms on the COVID-19 prognosis and susceptibility in a sample of Iranian patients. Cytokine 2024; 174:156445. [PMID: 38056249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From asymptomatic to acute and life-threatening pulmonary infection, the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are highly variable. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A are key drivers of hyper inflammation status in COVID-19, and their elevated levels are hallmarks of the infection progression. To explore whether prognosis and susceptibility to COVID-19 are linked to IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-17A rs2275913, these single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed in a sample of Iranian COVID-19 patients. METHODS This study enrolled two hundred and eighty COVID-19 patients (140 non-severe and 140 severe). Genotyping for IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-17A rs2275913 was performed using tetra primer-amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (tetra-ARMS-PCR). IL-6 and IL-17A circulating levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, mortality predictors of COVID-19 were investigated. RESULTS The rs1800795 GG genotype (78/140 (55.7 %)) and G allele (205/280 (73.2 %)) were significantly associated with a positive risk of COVID-19 severe infection (OR = 2.19, 95 %CI: 1.35-3.54, P =.006 and OR = 1.79, 95 %CI: 1.25-2.56, P <.001, respectively). Also, rs1800795 GG genotype was significantly linked to disease mortality (OR = 1.95, 95 %CI: 1.06-3.61, P =.04). The rs2275913 GA genotype was protective against severe COVID-19 (OR = 0.5, 95 %CI: 0.31--0.80, P =.012). However, the present study did not reveal any significant link between rs2275913 genotypes with disease mortality. INR ≥ 1.2 (OR = 2.19, 95 %CI: 1.61-3.78, P =.007), D-dimer ≥ 565.5 ng/mL (OR = 3.12, 95 %CI: 1.27-5.68, P =.019), respiratory rate ≥ 29 (OR = 1.19, 95 %CI: 1.12-1.28, P =.001), IL-6 serum concentration ≥ 28.5 pg/mL (OR = 1.97, 95 %CI: 1.942-2.06, P =.013), and IL-6 rs1800795 GG genotype (OR = 1.95, 95 %CI: 1.06-3.61, P =.04) were predictive of COVID-19 mortality. CONCLUSION The rs1800795 GG genotype and G allele were associated with disease severity, and INR, D-dimer, respiratory rate, IL-6 serum concentration, and IL-6 rs1800795 GG genotype were predictive of COVID-19 mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Khafaei
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Asghari
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariba Zafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Morteza Sadeghi
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cremers S, Tucker GT, Aronson JK, Ritter JM, Cohen AF. The British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology: The first 50 years. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:4-11. [PMID: 38153173 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology celebrates its 50th anniversary of publication in 2023. Here four previous Editors-in-Chief and the current Editor reflect on the Journal's history and the changes that have occurred during that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Cremers
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Tucker
- School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeffrey K Aronson
- Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK
| | - James M Ritter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research Facility, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam F Cohen
- Leiden University Medical Centre and Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Zhang T, Magazine N, McGee MC, Carossino M, Veggiani G, Kousoulas KG, August A, Huang W. Th2 and Th17-associated immunopathology following SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in Spike-vaccinated ACE2-humanized mice. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29408. [PMID: 38258331 PMCID: PMC10832989 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in protecting against COVID-19; however, concerns regarding vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory diseases (VAERD) following breakthrough infections have emerged. Spike protein subunit vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 induce VAERD in hamsters, where aluminum adjuvants promote a Th2-biased immune response, leading to increased type 2 pulmonary inflammation in animals with breakthrough infections. To gain a deeper understanding of the potential risks and the underlying mechanisms of VAERD, we immunized ACE2-humanized mice with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein adjuvanted with aluminum and CpG-ODN. Subsequently, we exposed them to increasing doses of SARS-CoV-2 to establish a breakthrough infection. The vaccine elicited robust neutralizing antibody responses, reduced viral titers, and enhanced host survival. However, following a breakthrough infection, vaccinated animals exhibited severe pulmonary immunopathology, characterized by a significant perivascular infiltration of eosinophils and CD4+ T cells, along with increased expression of Th2/Th17 cytokines. Intracellular flow cytometric analysis revealed a systemic Th17 inflammatory response, particularly pronounced in the lungs. Our data demonstrate that aluminum/CpG adjuvants induce strong antibody and Th1-associated immunity against COVID-19 but also prime a robust Th2/Th17 inflammatory response, which may contribute to the rapid onset of T cell-mediated pulmonary immunopathology following a breakthrough infection. These findings underscore the necessity for further research to unravel the complexities of VAERD in COVID-19 and to enhance vaccine formulations for broad protection and maximum safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Nicholas Magazine
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Michael C. McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Gianluca Veggiani
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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7
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Zhang T, Magazine N, McGee MC, Carossino M, Veggiani G, Kousoulas KG, August A, Huang W. Th2 and Th17-Associated Immunopathology Following SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection in Spike-Vaccinated ACE2-humanized Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.563016. [PMID: 37904941 PMCID: PMC10614945 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.563016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in protecting against COVID-19; however, concerns regarding vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory diseases (VAERD) following breakthrough infections have emerged. Spike protein subunit vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 induce VAERD in hamsters, where aluminum adjuvants promote a Th2-biased immune response, leading to increased type 2 pulmonary inflammation in animals with breakthrough infections. To gain a deeper understanding of the potential risks and the underlying mechanisms of VAERD, we immunized ACE2-humanized mice with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein adjuvanted with aluminum and CpG-ODN. Subsequently, we exposed them to increasing doses of SARS-CoV-2 to establish a breakthrough infection. The vaccine elicited robust neutralizing antibody responses, reduced viral titers, and enhanced host survival. However, following a breakthrough infection, vaccinated animals exhibited severe pulmonary immunopathology, characterized by a significant perivascular infiltration of eosinophils and CD4+ T cells, along with increased expression of Th2/Th17 cytokines. Intracellular flow cytometric analysis revealed a systemic Th17 inflammatory response, particularly pronounced in the lungs. Our data demonstrate that aluminum/CpG adjuvants induce strong antibody and Th1-associated immunity against COVID-19 but also prime a robust Th2/Th17 inflammatory response, which may contribute to the rapid onset of T cell-mediated pulmonary immunopathology following a breakthrough infection. These findings underscore the necessity for further research to unravel the complexities of VAERD in COVID-19 and to enhance vaccine formulations for broad protection and maximum safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Nicholas Magazine
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Michael C. McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Gianluca Veggiani
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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8
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Aghamohamadi N, Shahba F, Zarezadeh Mehrabadi A, Khorramdelazad H, Karimi M, Falak R, Emameh RZ. Age-dependent immune responses in COVID-19-mediated liver injury: focus on cytokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139692. [PMID: 37654571 PMCID: PMC10465349 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is potentially pathogenic and causes severe symptoms; in addition to respiratory syndromes, patients might experience other severe conditions such as digestive complications and liver complications injury. The abnormality in the liver is manifested by hepatobiliary dysfunction and enzymatic elevation, which is associated with morbidity and mortality. The direct cytopathic effect, immune dysfunction, cytokine storm, and adverse effects of therapeutic regimens have a crucial role in the severity of liver injury. According to aging and immune system alterations, cytokine patterns may also change in the elderly. Moreover, hyperproduction of cytokines in the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 can lead to multi-organ dysfunction. The mortality rate in elderly patients, particularly those with other comorbidities, is also higher than in adults. Although the pathogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver has been widely studied, the impact of age and immune-mediated responses at different ages remain unclear. This review discusses the association between immune system responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients of different ages and liver injury, focusing on cytokine alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Aghamohamadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shahba
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarezadeh Mehrabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Milad Karimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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9
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Xue Y, Mei H, Chen Y, Griffin JD, Liu Q, Weisberg E, Yang J. Repurposing clinically available drugs and therapies for pathogenic targets to combat SARS-CoV-2. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e254. [PMID: 37193304 PMCID: PMC10183156 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected a large portion of the global population, both physically and mentally. Current evidence suggests that the rapidly evolving coronavirus subvariants risk rendering vaccines and antibodies ineffective due to their potential to evade existing immunity, with enhanced transmission activity and higher reinfection rates that could lead to new outbreaks across the globe. The goal of viral management is to disrupt the viral life cycle as well as to relieve severe symptoms such as lung damage, cytokine storm, and organ failure. In the fight against viruses, the combination of viral genome sequencing, elucidation of the structure of viral proteins, and identifying proteins that are highly conserved across multiple coronaviruses has revealed many potential molecular targets. In addition, the time- and cost-effective repurposing of preexisting antiviral drugs or approved/clinical drugs for these targets offers considerable clinical advantages for COVID-19 patients. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various identified pathogenic targets and pathways as well as corresponding repurposed approved/clinical drugs and their potential against COVID-19. These findings provide new insight into the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies that could be applied to the control of disease symptoms emanating from evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Xue
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Husheng Mei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Yisa Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - James D. Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
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Nesterova IV, Atazhakhova MG, Teterin YV, Matushkina VA, Chudilova GA, Mitropanova MN. THE ROLE OF NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS (NETS)
IN THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF SEVERE COVID-19: POTENTIAL IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES REGULATING NET FORMATION AND ACTIVITY. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2023. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-tro-2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of neutrophil granulocytes (NG) in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is associated with the recruitment of NG into inflammatory foci, activation of their functions and enhanced formation of neutrophil extracellular networks (NETs). In this review, we analyzed a fairly large volume of scientific literature devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of NETs, their role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, participation in the occurrence of immunothrombosis, vasculitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm syndrome, multi-organ lesions. Convincing data are presented that clearly indicate the significant involvement of NETs in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and the associated severe complications resulting from the intensification of the inflammation process, which is key for the course of infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The presented role of NG and NETs, along with the role of other immune system cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines, is extremely important in understanding the development of an overactive immune response in severe COVID-19. The obtained scientific results, available today, allow identifying the possibilities of regulatory effects on hyperactivated NG, on the formation of NETs at various stages and on limiting the negative impact of already formed NETs on various tissues and organs. All of the above should help in the creation of new, specialized immunotherapy strategies designed to increase the chances of survival, reduce the severity of clinical manifestations in patients with COVID-19, as well as significantly reduce mortality rates. Currently, it is possible to use existing drugs and a number of new drugs are being developed, the action of which can regulate the amount of NG, positively affect the functions of NG and limit the intensity of NETs formation. Continuing research on the role of hyperactive NG and netosis, as well as understanding the mechanisms of regulation of the phenomenon of formation and restriction of NETs activity in severe COVID-19, apparently, are a priority, since in the future the new data obtained could become the basis for the development of targeted approaches not only to immunotherapy aimed at limiting education and blocking negative effects already formed NETs in severe COVID-19, but also to immunotherapy, which could be used in the complex treatment of other netopathies, first of all, autoimmune diseases, auto-inflammatory syndromes, severe purulent-inflammatory processes, including bacterial sepsis and hematogenous osteomyelitis.
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11
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Khalaf QA, Rasool KH, Naji EN. Evaluation of IL-6 and IL-17A gene polymorphisms in Iraqi patients infected with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hum Antibodies 2023; 31:35-44. [PMID: 37458031 DOI: 10.3233/hab-230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with COVID-19, diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) increases the risk of hospitalization and death. Patients who have IL-6 and IL-17A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are more likely to have severe COVID-19. This study aims to determine whether SNPs of the IL-6 gene at rs1800795 (G > C) and the IL-17A gene at rs2275913 (G > A) are associated with COVID-19 and T2DM in the Iraqi population. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-four people were divided into 4 groups as follows: six patients with severe COVID-19 and T2DM were placed in Group 1 as "G1", six patients with COVID-19 but no T2DM were placed in Group 2 as "G2", and six patients with T2DM were placed in Group 3 as "G3". There were also six healthy controls included in each group. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the target genes after genomic DNA from the blood samples was extracted. Sanger sequencing was used to find the SNPs in both the forward and reverse directions for each sample. RESULTS In the case of IL-6 SNP at rs1800795, the GG genotype was more common in "G3", the CC genotype was less common in all patient groups than in controls, and the GC allele was more common in "G2" than in the control group. In comparison to the controls, the three patient groups showed lower frequencies of the C allele and higher frequencies of the G allele. Regarding IL-17A gene polymorphism, the AA and GA genotypes were more prevalent in "G2" and "G3", respectively. The GG genotype and G allele frequency dropped in all patient groups compared to the control group, whereas the A allele frequency increased in all patient groups. CONCLUSIONS The IL-6 gene at rs1800795 (G/C) and the IL-17A gene at rs2275913 (G/A) loci were associated with COVID-19 and T2DM in Iraqi population.
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Bonifácio LP, Ramacciotti E, Agati LB, Vilar FC, Silva ACTD, Louzada Júnior P, Fonseca BALD, Souza HCCD, Oliveira CCCD, Aguiar VCR, Quadros CADA, Dusilek C, Itinose K, Risson R, Ferreira LRR, Lopes RD, Kallas EG, Bellissimo-Rodrigues F. Efficacy and safety of Ixekizumab vs. low-dose IL-2 vs. Colchicine vs. standard of care in the treatment of patients hospitalized with moderate-to-critical COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical trial (STRUCK: Survival Trial Using Cytokine Inhibitors). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:e0565. [PMID: 37075454 PMCID: PMC10109354 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0565-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring hospitalization continue to appear in vulnerable populations, highlighting the importance of novel treatments. The hyperinflammatory response underlies the severity of the disease, and targeting this pathway may be useful. Herein, we tested whether immunomodulation focusing on interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and IL-2, could improve the clinical outcomes of patients admitted with COVID-19. METHODS This multicenter, open-label, prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted in Brazil. Sixty hospitalized patients with moderate-to-critical COVID-19 received in addition to standard of care (SOC): IL-17 inhibitor (ixekizumab 80 mg SC/week) 1 dose every 4 weeks; low-dose IL-2 (1.5 million IU per day) for 7 days or until discharge; or indirect IL-6 inhibitor (colchicine) orally (0.5 mg) every 8 hours for 3 days, followed by 4 weeks at 0.5 mg 2x/day; or SOC alone. The primary outcome was accessed in the "per protocol" population as the proportion of patients with clinical improvement, defined as a decrease greater or equal to two points on the World Health Organization's (WHO) seven-category ordinal scale by day 28. RESULTS All treatments were safe, and the efficacy outcomes did not differ significantly from those of SOC. Interestingly, in the colchicine group, all participants had an improvement of greater or equal to two points on the WHO seven-category ordinal scale and no deaths or patient deterioration were observed. CONCLUSIONS Ixekizumab, colchicine, and IL-2 were demonstrated to be safe but ineffective for COVID-19 treatment. These results must be interpreted cautiously because of the limited sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Pimenta Bonifácio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Ramacciotti
- Science Valley Research Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Grupo Leforte, Hospital e Maternidade Christóvão da Gama, Santo André, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Louzada Júnior
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Valéria Cristina Resende Aguiar
- Science Valley Research Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Grupo Leforte, Hospital e Maternidade Christóvão da Gama, Santo André, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Renato Delascio Lopes
- Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Duke University Medical Center - Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Esper Georges Kallas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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13
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Practical Guide to New Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Dermatology Patients Being Treated With Common Immunomodulators. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:49-53. [PMID: 35963337 PMCID: PMC9364946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators are widely used in dermatology. Some of these drugs, however, can increase the risk of severe COVID-19. New antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to reduce progression to COVID-19 pneumonia in susceptible patients, but their availability is limited. On May 23, 2022, the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS) updated its priority eligibility criteria for SARS-CoV-2 antiviral therapy. In this practical guide, we review the indications for these new drugs and provide guidance on which patients with mild to moderate COVID might benefit from their use in dermatology.
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14
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[Translated article] Practical Guide to New Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Dermatology Patients Being Treated With Common Immunomodulators. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:T49-T53. [PMID: 36368577 PMCID: PMC9642030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators are widely used in dermatology. Some of these drugs, however, can increase the risk of severe COVID-19. New antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to reduce progression to COVID-19 pneumonia in susceptible patients, but their availability is limited. On May 23, 2022, the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS) updated its priority eligibility criteria for SARS-CoV-2 antiviral therapy. In this practical guide, we review the indications for these new drugs and provide guidance on which patients with mild to moderate COVID might benefit from their use in dermatology.
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15
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Mareev VY, Orlova YA, Plisuk AG, Pavlikova EP, Akopyan ZA, Matskeplishvili ST, Malahov PS, Krasnova TN, Seredenina EM, Potapenko AV, Agapov МA, Asratyan DA, Dyachuk LI, Samokhodskaya LM, Mershina EM, Sinitsyn VE, Mareev YV, Shatokhina EA, Begrambekova YL, Kamalov AA. Proactive anti-inflammatory therapy in the advanced stages of a new coronavirus infection. Main results of the inpatient phase of the COLORIT study (Colchicin vs. Ruxolitinib and secukinumab in an open, prospective, randomized trial in patients with novel coronavirus infection COVID-19). KARDIOLOGIIA 2022; 62:11-22. [PMID: 36636972 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2022.12.n2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate clinical efficacy of the proactive anti-inflammatory therapy in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 with pneumonia and a risk of "cytokine storm".Material and methods The COLORIT study was a comparative study with randomization into 4 groups: colchicine (n=21) 1 mg for the first 3 days followed by 0.5 mg/day through day 12 or discharge from the hospital; secukinumab 300 mg/day, s.c., as a single dose (n=20); ruxolitinib 5 mg, twice a day (n=10); and a control group with no anti-inflammatory therapy (n=22). The effect was evaluated after 12±2 days of inpatient treatment or upon discharge, what comes first. For ethical reasons, completely randomized recruitment to the control group was not possible. Thus, for data analysis, 17 patients who did not receive any anti-inflammatory therapy for various reasons not related with inclusion into the study were added to the control group of 5 randomized patients. Inclusion criteria: presence of coronavirus pneumonia (positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA or specific clinical presentation of pneumonia; IDC-10 codes U07.1 and U07.2); C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration >60 mg/l or its threefold increase from baseline; at least 2 of 4 symptoms (fever >37.5 °C, persistent cough, shortness of breath with inspiratory rate >20 per min or blood saturation with oxygen <94 % by the 7th-9th day of disease. The study primary endpoint was changes in COVID Clinical Condition Scale (CCS-COVID) score. The secondary endpoints were the dynamics of CRP and changes in the area of lung lesion according to data of computed tomography (CT) of the lungs from the date of randomization to 12±2 days.Results All three drugs significantly reduced inflammation, improved the clinical course of the disease, and decreased the disease severity as evaluated by the CCS score: in the ruxolitinib group, by 5.5 (p=0.004); in the secukinumab group, by 4 (p=0.096); in the colchicine group, by 4 (p=0.017), and in the control group, by 2 (р=0.329). In all three groups, the CCS-COVID score was 2-3 by the end of observation period, which corresponded to a mild process, while in the control group, the score was 7 (р=0.005). Time-related changes in CRP were significant in all three anti-inflammatory treatment groups with no statistical difference between the groups. By the end of the study, changes in CT of the lungs were nonsignificant.Conclusion In severe СOVID-19 with a risk of "cytokine storm", the proactive therapy with ruxolitinib, colchicine, and secukinumab significantly reduces the inflammation severity, prevents the disease progression, and results in clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yu Mareev
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - Yа A Orlova
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - A G Plisuk
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - E P Pavlikova
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - Z A Akopyan
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - S T Matskeplishvili
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - P S Malahov
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - T N Krasnova
- School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - E M Seredenina
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - A V Potapenko
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - М A Agapov
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - D A Asratyan
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - L I Dyachuk
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - L M Samokhodskaya
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - E M Mershina
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - V E Sinitsyn
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - Yu V Mareev
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; National Medical Research Center of Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow
| | - E A Shatokhina
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - Yu L Begrambekova
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
| | - A A Kamalov
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow; School of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
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16
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Liu M, Wang H, Liu L, Cui S, Huo X, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, Wang B, Zhang G, Wang N. Risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and mortality in psoriasis patients treated with interleukin-17 inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1046352. [PMID: 36389759 PMCID: PMC9648142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1046352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have brought great disaster to mankind, and there is currently no globally recognized specific drug or treatment. Severe COVID-19 may trigger a cytokine storm, manifested by increased levels of cytokines including interleukin-17 (IL-17), so a new strategy to treat COVID-19 may be to use existing IL-17 inhibitors, which have demonstrated efficacy, safety and tolerability in the treatment of psoriasis. However, the use of IL-17 inhibitors in patients with psoriasis during the COVID-19 pandemic remains controversial due to reports that IL-17 inhibitors may increase the risk of respiratory tract infections. OBJECTIVES The systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of IL-17 inhibitors on the risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality in patients with psoriasis. METHODS Databases (including Embase, PubMed, SCI-Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, and the Cochrane Library) were searched up to August 23, 2022, for studies exploring differences in COVID-19 outcomes between psoriasis patients using IL-17 inhibitors and those using non-biologics. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in a double-blind manner. The risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and heterogeneities were determined by the Q test and I 2 statistic. And the numbers needed to treat (NNTs) were calculated to assess the clinical value of IL-17 inhibitors in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and treating COVID-19. RESULTS Nine observational studies involving 7,106 participants were included. The pooled effect showed no significant differences in the rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection (P = 0.94; I 2 = 19.5%), COVID-19 hospitalization (P = 0.64; I 2 = 0.0%), and COVID-19 mortality (P = 0.32; I 2 = 0.0%) in psoriasis patients using IL-17 inhibitors compared with using non-biologics. Subgroup analyses grouped by age and COVID-19 cases, respectively, revealed consistent results as above. Meanwhile, the pooled NNTs showed no significant differences between the two groups in the clinical value of preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and treating COVID-19. CONCLUSION The use of IL-17 inhibitors in patients with psoriasis does not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or worsen the course of COVID-19. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022335195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meitong Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Saijin Cui
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangran Huo
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhuoyun Xiao
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaning Zhao
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Candidate Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Skin Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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17
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Ruggiero A, Megna M, Fabbrocini G, Fornaro L, Villani A. Drug safety evaluation of ixekizumab for psoriasis: a review of the current knowledge. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022; 21:1249-1257. [PMID: 36250261 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2134855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since Anti-IL-17s availability, concerns about their safety have been raised due to the inhibition of physiological activities that IL-17A plays in the immune response against infections. Ixekizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody specifically targeting IL-17A approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to evaluate the safety profile of ixekizumab in moderate to severe psoriasis patients. A compressive literature review included article since March 2022. EXPERT OPINION in our analysis, most of the reported AEs were mild or moderate and rarely required treatment discontinuation. Among the class specific AEs to consider during ixekizumab treatment, there are the risk of Candida spp infections and the risk of IBD, which both were reported more frequently than if compared with placebo or other biologics (etanercept, ustekinumab, guselkumab). However, the reported candidiasis resulted mild-to moderate, and easily managed. The risk of IBD (both exacerbation and de novo diagnosis) represents a class effect of IL-17 inhibitors, which should be well evaluated before considering starting ixekizumab treatment. the most common AEs were represented by nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and injection-site reactions. The analysed studies confirmed the favourable safety profile of ixekizumab even in more recently published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Ruggiero
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Megna
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Fornaro
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Villani
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Khoshmirsafa M, Assarehzadegan MA, Fallahpour M, Azimi M, Faraji F, Riahi T, Minaeian S, Fassahat D, Divsalar F, Abbasi MA. Expression Pattern of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines and Key Differential Transcription Factors in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Iranian Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients with Different Disease Severity. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:474-482. [PMID: 35997599 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)1β, IL2, IL6, IL8, and IL17, and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL4, IL10, IFNα, and IFNβ, as well as relevant key transcription factors (TFs), including GATA3, PU1, NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3), BCL6 (B cell lymphoma 6 protein), FOXP3 (forkhead box P3), RORγt, and T-bet (T-box expressed in T cell) in Iranian patients with moderate and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fifty-six patients with COVID-19, and 25 healthy controls (HCs) age and sex matched were investigated. Based on the interim guidance of COVID-19 from the World Health Organization, the patients were classified into 33 moderate and 23 severe patients with COVID-19. The gene expression levels of cytokines and relevant TFs were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The gene expression levels of TFs RoRγ (RAR-related orphan nuclear receptor γ), NF-κB, and T-bet were significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 compared with HCs. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of cytokines, including IL2, IFNγ, IL6, TNFα, IL1β, IL8, and IL17, were significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 than HCs. However, there was a significant increase for IL6, TNFα, and IL17 in severe compared with moderate patients with COVID-19. Finally, The Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive correlation for IL6 and TNFα, IL6 and IL2, IL6, IFNγ, and IL2 and IFNγ. These data suggest that expression of IL6, TNFα, and IL17 as well as the synergic effect of elevated values of IL2 and IFNγ should be considered in the treatment and management of patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Assarehzadegan
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Fallahpour
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Rasool e Akram Hospital; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faraji
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taghi Riahi
- Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Fassahat
- Firoozabadi Clinical Research Development (FCRDU); Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Divsalar
- Firoozabadi Clinical Research Development (FCRDU); Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Abbasi
- Firoozabadi Clinical Research Development (FCRDU); Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Montazersaheb S, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Hejazi MS, Tarhriz V, Farjami A, Ghasemian Sorbeni F, Farahzadi R, Ghasemnejad T. COVID-19 infection: an overview on cytokine storm and related interventions. Virol J 2022; 19:92. [PMID: 35619180 PMCID: PMC9134144 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a significant threat to global health. This virus affects the respiratory tract and usually leads to pneumonia in most patients and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 15% of cases. ARDS is one of the leading causes of death in patients with COVID-19 and is mainly triggered by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, referred to as cytokine storm. Interleukins, such as interleukin-6 (1L-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) play a very significant role in lung damage in ARDS patients through the impairments of the respiratory epithelium. Cytokine storm is defined as acute overproduction and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory markers, both locally and systemically. The eradication of COVID-19 is currently practically impossible, and there is no specific treatment for critically ill patients with COVID-19; however, suppressing the inflammatory response may be a possible strategy. In light of this, we review the efficacy of specific inhibitors of IL6, IL1, IL-17, and TNF-α for treating COVID-19-related infections to manage COVID-19 and improve the survival rate for patients suffering from severe conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Farjami
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran.
| | - Tohid Ghasemnejad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran.
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Bahmani M, Chegini R, Ghanbari E, Sheykhsaran E, Shiri Aghbash P, Leylabadlo HE, Moradian E, Kazemzadeh Houjaghan AM, Bannazadeh Baghi H. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: Role of interleukin-6 and the inflammatory cascade. World J Virol 2022; 11:113-128. [PMID: 35665236 PMCID: PMC9150027 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus that represents a serious threat to human lives has emerged. There is still no definite treatment for severe cases of the disease caused by this virus, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). One of the most considered treatment strategies targets the exaggerated immune regulator, and interleukin (IL)-6 is a crucial pro-inflammatory mediator. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cases show an elevated level of IL-6 related to disease severity. IL-6 activity can be inhibited by the following: IL-6 itself, IL-6 signaling pathways such as Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), gp130, IL-6R, and downstream activated ILs, such as IL-17 and IL-6 cytokine. Currently, according to these studies and their results, IL-6 blockade with anti-IL-6 or its receptor antibodies such as tocilizumab in COVID-19 is beneficial in severe cases and may reduce the mortality rate. JAK-STAT inhibitors block the cytokine storm by inhibiting several crucial pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-6 and have shown various results in clinical trials. IL-6 induces IL-17 secretion, and IL-17 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes. Clinical trials of anti-IL-17 drugs are currently recruiting, and anti-gp130 antibody is preclinical. However, this agent has shown positive effects in inflammatory bowel disease clinical trials and could be tested for SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to review the role of IL-6 in the cytokine storm and studies regarding IL-6 and blockade of its inflammatory pathways in COVID-19 to determine if any of these agents are beneficial for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Bahmani
- Department of Virology, Student Research Committee, Tabriz Univer-sity of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran
| | - Rojin Chegini
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Liver Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745-33871, Iran
| | - Elham Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Science, Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67159-59167, Iran
| | - Elham Sheykhsaran
- Department of Microbiology, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran
| | - Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Moradian
- Department of Medical Science, Medical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665931, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Department of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran
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21
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Abbasifard M, Kazemi Arababadi M, Bahrehmand F, Bazmandegan G, Shabani Shahrbabaki Z, Kamiab Z. Gender affects IL-23 serum levels in the hospitalized COVID-19 infected patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 11:28-33. [PMID: 35601022 PMCID: PMC9123428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine storm is a main complication in the hospitalized patients, who are infected with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The pro-inflammatory cytokines are the main causes of the cytokine storm, however, the roles played by IL-17A, IL-23 and CCL3 are yet to be clarified completely. This prospective study was aimed to explore serum levels of these cytokines in the hospitalized patients infected by COVID-19. Serum levels of IL-17A, IL-23 and CCL3 were measured in 30 COVID-19 infected patients in parallel with 30 healthy controls using ELISA technique. Although serum levels of IL-17A, IL-23 and CCL3 did not alter in the patients in comparison to healthy controls, male patients had higher serum levels of IL-23 than women. Hypertension, type 2 diabetes, lung involvement and age did not affect serum levels of IL-17A, IL-23 and CCL3 in the patients. It appears that IL-17A, IL-23 and CCL3 do not participate in the pro-inflammatory responses in Iranian hospitalized COVID-19 infected patients. However, the gender can be considered as a risk factor for production of more IL-23, which needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Abbasifard
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bahrehmand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bazmandegan
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Family Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ziba Shabani Shahrbabaki
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kamiab
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Family Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
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22
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Chandra A, Johri A. A Peek into Pandora’s Box: COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020190. [PMID: 35203953 PMCID: PMC8870638 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since it was first reported in Wuhan, China, the coronavirus-induced disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has become an enigma of sorts with ever expanding reports of direct and indirect effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on almost all the vital organ systems. Along with inciting acute pulmonary complications, the virus attacks the cardiac, renal, hepatic, and gastrointestinal systems as well as the central nervous system (CNS). The person-to-person variability in susceptibility of individuals to disease severity still remains a puzzle, although the comorbidities and the age/gender of a person are believed to play a key role. SARS-CoV-2 needs angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for its infectivity, and the association between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 leads to a decline in ACE2 activity and its neuroprotective effects. Acute respiratory distress may also induce hypoxia, leading to increased oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Infection of the neurons along with peripheral leukocytes’ activation results in proinflammatory cytokine release, rendering the brain more susceptible to neurodegenerative changes. Due to the advancement in molecular biology techniques and vaccine development programs, the world now has hope to relatively quickly study and combat the deadly virus. On the other side, however, the virus seems to be still evolving with new variants being discovered periodically. In keeping up with the pace of this virus, there has been an avalanche of studies. This review provides an update on the recent progress in adjudicating the CNS-related mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential to incite or accelerate neurodegeneration in surviving patients. Current as well as emerging therapeutic opportunities and biomarker development are highlighted.
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23
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Wang Y, Wang X, Li Y, Xue Z, Shao R, Li L, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Yang J. Xuanfei Baidu Decoction reduces acute lung injury by regulating infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages via PD-1/IL17A pathway. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106083. [PMID: 35033647 PMCID: PMC8757644 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic hyper-inflammatory response has been revealed as the major cause of the severity and death of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD) as one of the "three medicines and three prescriptions" for the clinically effective treatment of COVID-19 in China, shows unique advantages in the control of symptomatic transition from moderate to severe disease states. However, the roles of XFBD to against hyper-inflammatory response and its mechanism remain unclear. Here, we established acute lung injury (ALI) model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), presenting a hyperinflammatory process to explore the pharmacodynamic effect and molecular mechanism of XFBD on ALI. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that XFBD inhibited the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α and iNOS activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. In vivo, we confirmed that XFBD improved pulmonary injury via down-regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α and IL1-β as well as macrophages and neutrophils infiltration in LPS-induced ALI mice. Mechanically, we revealed that XFBD treated LPS-induced acute lung injury through PD-1/IL17A pathway which regulates the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. Additionally, one major compound from XFBD, i.e. glycyrrhizic acid, shows a high binding affinity with IL17A. In conclusion, we demonstrated the therapeutic effects of XFBD, which provides the immune foundations of XFBD and fatherly support its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhifeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Rui Shao
- State Key Laboratory of component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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24
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Carter M, Casey S, O'Keeffe GW, Gibson L, Gallagher L, Murray DM. Maternal Immune Activation and Interleukin 17A in the Pathogenesis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Why It Matters in the COVID-19 Era. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823096. [PMID: 35250672 PMCID: PMC8891512 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the commonest neurodevelopmental disability. It is a highly complex disorder with an increasing prevalence and an unclear etiology. Consensus indicates that ASD arises as a genetically modulated, and environmentally influenced condition. Although pathogenic rare genetic variants are detected in around 20% of cases of ASD, no single factor is responsible for the vast majority of ASD cases or that explains their characteristic clinical heterogeneity. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that ASD susceptibility involves an interplay between genetic factors and environmental exposures. One such environmental exposure which has received significant attention in this regard is maternal immune activation (MIA) resulting from bacterial or viral infection during pregnancy. Reproducible rodent models of ASD are well-established whereby induction of MIA in pregnant dams, leads to offspring displaying neuroanatomical, functional, and behavioral changes analogous to those seen in ASD. Blockade of specific inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17A during gestation remediates many of these observed behavioral effects, suggesting a causative or contributory role. Here, we review the growing body of animal and human-based evidence indicating that interleukin-17A may mediate the observed effects of MIA on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring. This is particularly important given the current corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy is a potent stimulator of the maternal immune response, however the long-term effects of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on neurodevelopmental outcomes is unclear. This underscores the importance of monitoring neurodevelopmental outcomes in children exposed to SARS-CoV-2-induced MIA during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carter
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie Casey
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise Gibson
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Murray
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Rizzetto G, Diotallevi F, Radi G, Molinelli E, Simonetti O, Butini L, Costantini A, Offidani AM. Humoral and cellular immunity after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in psoriatic patients on biological or immunosuppressive therapy: a real-life experience. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2022. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2022.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Zou Y, Meng Z. Literature Overview of the IL-17 Inhibition from Psoriasis to COVID-19. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5611-5618. [PMID: 34754211 PMCID: PMC8570377 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s329252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a serious problem for drug anti-viral efficacy in combatting the cytokine storm triggered by SARS-CoV-2. From dermato-epidemiological studies conducted on psoriatic and other rheumatological patients, IL-17 inhibitors seem to attenuate or even prevent the cytokine storm and thus ICU referral. Furthermore, both in-vivo and in-vitro experiments suggest that IL-17 plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection progression. Due to this evidence, we decided to summarize the literature findings on IL-17 inhibitors and COVID-19, maintaining psoriasis as the referral disease to better understand the extent of drug effects on the immune system. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/sbxhPoQS7do
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zou
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zudong Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, People's Republic of China
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27
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Chowdhury UN, Faruqe MO, Mehedy M, Ahmad S, Islam MB, Shoombuatong W, Azad A, Moni MA. Effects of Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination during COVID-19 infection. Comput Biol Med 2021; 138:104891. [PMID: 34624759 PMCID: PMC8479467 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as the novel coronavirus. In most countries, the containment of this virus spread is not controlled, which is driving the pandemic towards a more difficult phase. In this study, we investigated the impact of the Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination on the severity and mortality of COVID-19 by performing transcriptomic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 infected and BCG vaccinated samples in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). A set of common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and seeded into their functional enrichment analyses via Gene Ontology (GO)-based functional terms and pre-annotated molecular pathways databases, and their Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis. We further analysed the regulatory elements, possible comorbidities and putative drug candidates for COVID-19 patients who have not been BCG-vaccinated. Differential expression analyses of both BCG-vaccinated and COVID-19 infected samples identified 62 shared DEGs indicating their discordant expression pattern in their respected conditions compared to control. Next, PPI analysis of those DEGs revealed 10 hub genes, namely ITGB2, CXCL8, CXCL1, CCR2, IFNG, CCL4, PTGS2, ADORA3, TLR5 and CD33. Functional enrichment analyses found significantly enriched pathways/GO terms including cytokine activities, lysosome, IL-17 signalling pathway, TNF-signalling pathways. Moreover, a set of identified TFs, miRNAs and potential drug molecules were further investigated to assess their biological involvements in COVID-19 and their therapeutic possibilities. Findings showed significant genetic interactions between BCG vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting an interesting prospect of the BCG vaccine in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope it may potentially trigger further research on this critical phenomenon to combat COVID-19 spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpala Nanda Chowdhury
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Omar Faruqe
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedy
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shamim Ahmad
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - M. Babul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Watshara Shoombuatong
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - A.K.M. Azad
- Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, Swinburne University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia,Corresponding author
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28
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Li Y, Tang XX. Abnormal Airway Mucus Secretion Induced by Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701443. [PMID: 34650550 PMCID: PMC8505958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway mucus barrier is a primary defensive layer at the airway surface. Mucins are the major structural components of airway mucus that protect the respiratory tract. Respiratory viruses invade human airways and often induce abnormal mucin overproduction and airway mucus secretion, leading to airway obstruction and disease. The mechanism underlying the virus-induced abnormal airway mucus secretion has not been fully studied so far. Understanding the mechanisms by which viruses induce airway mucus hypersecretion may open new avenues to treatment. In this article, we elaborate the clinical and experimental evidence that respiratory viruses cause abnormal airway mucus secretion, review the underlying mechanisms, and also discuss the current research advance as well as potential strategies to treat the abnormal airway mucus secretion caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Rostami S, Yeganeh PM, Tahmasebi S, Ahmadi M. Recent advances in antibody-based immunotherapy strategies for COVID-19. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1389-1412. [PMID: 34160093 PMCID: PMC8427040 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a new acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the 2019-nCOV disease (COVID-19), has caused a pandemic and a global health crisis. Rapid human-to-human transmission, even from asymptomatic individuals, has led to the quick spread of the virus worldwide, causing a wide range of clinical manifestations from cold-like symptoms to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan injury, and even death. Therefore, using rapid and accurate diagnostic methods to identify the virus and subsequently select appropriate and effective treatments can help improvement of patients and control the pandemic. So far, various treatment regimens along with prophylactic vaccines have been developed to manage COVID-19-infected patients. Among these, antibody-based therapies, including neutralizing antibodies (against different parts of the virus), polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, plasma therapy, and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) have shown promising outcomes in accelerating and improving the treatment process of patients, avoiding the viral spreading widely, and managing the pandemic. In the current review paper, different types and applications of therapeutic antibodies in the COVID-19 treatment are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
- Immunotherapy Research and Technology GroupZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
| | - Samaneh Rostami
- Department of immunology, School of medicineZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
| | - Pegah M. Yeganeh
- Department of immunology, School of medicineZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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30
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Scalia G, Raia M, Gelzo M, Cacciapuoti S, De Rosa A, Pinchera B, Scotto R, Giaccone A, Mormile M, Fabbrocini G, Gentile I, Parrella R, Castaldo G. Cytometric analysis of patients with COVID-19: what is changed in the second wave? J Transl Med 2021; 19:403. [PMID: 34556132 PMCID: PMC8460184 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a 1st wave in Europe from March to May 2020 and a 2nd wave since September 2020. We previously studied 35 hospitalized COVID-19 patients of the 1st wave demonstrating a cytokine storm and the exhaustion of most lymphocyte subpopulations. Herein, we describe the results obtained from COVID-19 patients of the 2nd wave. Methods We analyzed interleukin (IL)-6 by human-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a large set of lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry in 274 COVID-19 patients hospitalized from September 2020 to May 2021. Results Patients of 2nd wave compared with those of 1st wave showed lower serum IL-6 levels and a higher number of B and most T lymphocyte subpopulations in advanced stages, in relation with the age and the gender. On the other hand, we observed in 2nd wave patients: (i) a reduction of most lymphocyte subpopulations at mild and moderate stages; (ii) a reduction of natural killer cells and T regulatory cells together with a higher number of activated T helper (TH) 17 lymphocytes in all stages, which were mainly related to steroid and azithromycin therapies before hospitalization. Conclusions COVID-19 had a less severe impact in patients of the 2nd wave in advanced stages, while the impact appeared more severe in patients of mild and moderate stages, as compared with 1st wave patients. This finding suggests that in COVID-19 patients with milder expression at diagnosis, steroid and azithromycin therapies appear to worsen the immune response against the virus. Furthermore, the cytometric profile may help to drive targeted therapies by monoclonal antibodies to modulate specific IL/lymphocyte inhibition or activation in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Scalia
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Raia
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Gelzo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Cacciapuoti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annunziata De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive e Emergenze Infettive, Divisione di malattie infettive respiratorie, Ospedale Cotugno, AORN dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Pinchera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Scotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Giaccone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Mormile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Gentile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Parrella
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive e Emergenze Infettive, Divisione di malattie infettive respiratorie, Ospedale Cotugno, AORN dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Jahaj E, Vassiliou AG, Keskinidou C, Gallos P, Vrettou CS, Tsipilis S, Mastora Z, Orfanos SE, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A. Evaluating the Role of the Interleukin-23/17 Axis in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. J Pers Med 2021; 11:891. [PMID: 34575667 PMCID: PMC8466794 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have hypothesized a potential role of the interleukin (IL)-23/17 axis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, to date, levels of IL-23 and 17 have not been compared between critically ill COVID-19 patients and critically ill non-COVID-19 patients. IL-23 and 17 were measured on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) in critically ill COVID-19 (N = 38) and critically ill non-COVID-19 (N = 34) patients with an equal critical illness severity. Critically ill non-COVID-19 patients did not have sepsis or septic shock on ICU admission. None of the enrolled patients had previously received corticosteroids. In our study, circulating IL-17 levels were higher in the COVID-19 patients. More specifically, critically ill COVID-19 patients had levels of 0.78 (0.05-1.8) pg/mL compared to 0.11 (0.05-0.9) pg/mL in the critically ill non-COVID-19 patients (p = 0.04). In contrast, IL-23 levels were comparable between groups. A group of patients hospitalized in the specialized COVID-19 clinic (N = 16) was also used to evaluate IL-17 and IL-23 levels with respect to COVID-19 severity. Non-critically ill COVID-19 patients had undetectable levels of both cytokines. Our results support the notion of inhibiting IL-17 in critical COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Jahaj
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Alice G. Vassiliou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Chrysi Keskinidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Parisis Gallos
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 185 34 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Charikleia S. Vrettou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Stamatios Tsipilis
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Zafeiria Mastora
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Stylianos E. Orfanos
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Ioanna Dimopoulou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
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32
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Yaneske E, Zampieri G, Bertoldi L, Benvenuto G, Angione C. Genome-scale metabolic modelling of SARS-CoV-2 in cancer cells reveals an increased shift to glycolytic energy production. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2350-2365. [PMID: 34409594 PMCID: PMC8427129 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is considered a high‐risk condition for severe illness resulting from COVID‐19. The interaction between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and human metabolism is key to elucidating the risk posed by COVID‐19 for cancer patients and identifying effective treatments, yet it is largely uncharacterised on a mechanistic level. We present a genome‐scale map of short‐term metabolic alterations triggered by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection of cancer cells. Through transcriptomic‐ and proteomic‐informed genome‐scale metabolic modelling, we characterise the role of RNA and fatty acid biosynthesis in conjunction with a rewiring in energy production pathways and enhanced cytokine secretion. These findings link together complementary aspects of viral invasion of cancer cells, while providing mechanistic insights that can inform the development of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Yaneske
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Guido Zampieri
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Angione
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Healthcare Innovation Centre, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Centre for Digital Innovation, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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33
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Maione F, Casillo GM, Raucci F, Salvatore C, Ambrosini G, Costa L, Scarpa R, Caso F, Bucci M. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A): A silent amplifier of COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111980. [PMID: 34364043 PMCID: PMC8318692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of COVID-19 is the cytokine storm that provokes primarily pneumonia followed by systemic inflammation. Emerging evidence has identified a potential link between elevated interleukin-17A (IL-17A) levels and disease severity and progression. Considering that per se, IL-17A can activate several inflammatory pathways, it is plausible to hypothesize an involvement of this cytokine in COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Thus, IL-17A could represent a marker of disease progression and/or a target to develop therapeutic strategies. This hypothesis paper aims to propose this "unique" cytokine as a silent amplifier of the COVID-19 immune response and (potentially) related therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Casillo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Raucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristian Salvatore
- New.Fa.DEm SRL, Viale Ferrovie Dello Stato, 1, 80014 Giugliano in Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ambrosini
- New.Fa.DEm SRL, Viale Ferrovie Dello Stato, 1, 80014 Giugliano in Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Costa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Scarpa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Caso
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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34
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Scott TM, Jensen S, Pickett BE. A signaling pathway-driven bioinformatics pipeline for predicting therapeutics against emerging infectious diseases. F1000Res 2021; 10:330. [PMID: 34868553 PMCID: PMC8607308 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52412.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a novel Betacoronavirus that was first reported in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. The virus has since caused a worldwide pandemic that highlights the need to quickly identify potential prophylactic or therapeutic treatments that can reduce the signs, symptoms, and/or spread of disease when dealing with a novel infectious agent. To combat this problem, we constructed a computational pipeline that uniquely combines existing tools to predict drugs and biologics that could be repurposed to combat an emerging pathogen. Methods: Our workflow analyzes RNA-sequencing data to determine differentially expressed genes, enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and dysregulated pathways in infected cells, which can then be used to identify US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that target human proteins within these pathways. We used this pipeline to perform a meta-analysis of RNA-seq data from cells infected with three Betacoronavirus species including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV; SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; MERS), and SARS-CoV-2, as well as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus to identify therapeutics that could be used to treat COVID-19. Results: This analysis identified twelve existing drugs, most of which already have FDA-approval, that are predicted to counter the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results were cross-referenced with interventional clinical trials and other studies in the literature to identify drugs on our list that had previously been identified or used as treatments for COIVD-19 including canakinumab, anakinra, tocilizumab, sarilumab, and baricitinib. Conclusions: While the results reported here are specific to Betacoronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, our bioinformatics pipeline can be used to quickly identify candidate therapeutics for future emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana M. Scott
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Sam Jensen
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Brett E. Pickett
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
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35
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Scott TM, Jensen S, Pickett BE. A signaling pathway-driven bioinformatics pipeline for predicting therapeutics against emerging infectious diseases. F1000Res 2021; 10:330. [PMID: 34868553 PMCID: PMC8607308 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52412.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a novel Betacoronavirus that was first reported in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. The virus has since caused a worldwide pandemic that highlights the need to quickly identify potential prophylactic or therapeutic treatments that can reduce the signs, symptoms, and/or spread of disease when dealing with a novel infectious agent. To combat this problem, we constructed a computational pipeline that uniquely combines existing tools to predict drugs and biologics that could be repurposed to combat an emerging pathogen. Methods: Our workflow analyzes RNA-sequencing data to determine differentially expressed genes, enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and dysregulated pathways in infected cells, which can then be used to identify US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that target human proteins within these pathways. We used this pipeline to perform a meta-analysis of RNA-seq data from cells infected with three Betacoronavirus species including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV; SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; MERS), and SARS-CoV-2, as well as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus to identify therapeutics that could be used to treat COVID-19. Results: This analysis identified twelve existing drugs, most of which already have FDA-approval, that are predicted to counter the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results were cross-referenced with interventional clinical trials and other studies in the literature to identify drugs on our list that had previously been identified or used as treatments for COIVD-19 including canakinumab, anakinra, tocilizumab, sarilumab, and baricitinib. Conclusions: While the results reported here are specific to Betacoronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, our bioinformatics pipeline can be used to quickly identify candidate therapeutics for future emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana M. Scott
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Sam Jensen
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Brett E. Pickett
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
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36
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Rinaldi F, Trink A, Giuliani G, Pinto D. Italian Survey for the Evaluation of the Effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on Alopecia Areata Recurrence. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:339-345. [PMID: 33580408 PMCID: PMC7880634 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inflammation storm involved in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and worsening and the psychological stress derived from current quarantine conditions can affect the course of many skin and scalp conditions. This study examined the possible effects of COVID-19 on alopecia areata (AA) relapse in patients suffering from these scalp conditions during the pandemic. METHODS The study was carried out in the form of an observational cross-sectional type using a questionnaire sent by mail to a cohort of patients affected by AA during the pandemic from March 2020 to October 2020. RESULTS During the pandemic, AA relapse was reported in 42.5% of the participants who also declared COVID-19 infection, confirmed by nasopharyngeal swab or hematological analysis. The relapse was reported about 2 months later COVID-19 infection (median of 2.14 months) and 74.0% of these participants continue to experience AA symptoms when the survey was proposed. Only 12.5% of participants reported AA relapse in the absence of COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS The present study reported a significant relapse in patients suffering from AA and infected by COVID-19. This phenomenon could be attributed to the inflammation storm typical of COVID-19 infection and the psychological stress derived from quarantine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rinaldi
- International Hair Research Foundation (IHRF), Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Trink
- International Hair Research Foundation (IHRF), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Pinto
- International Hair Research Foundation (IHRF), Milan, Italy
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Vatsalya V, Li F, Frimodig J, Gala KS, Srivastava S, Kong M, Ramchandani VA, Feng W, Zhang X, McClain CJ. Repurposing Treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome for Th-17 Cell Immune Storm Syndrome and Neurological Symptoms in COVID-19: Thiamine Efficacy and Safety, In-Vitro Evidence and Pharmacokinetic Profile. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:598128. [PMID: 33737877 PMCID: PMC7960760 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.598128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease identified in 2019 (COVID-19) can be complicated by the Th17 cell-mediated IL-17 proinflammatory response. We tested if thiamine can effectively lower the Th17 response in a clinical study [Proinflammatory state in alcohol use disorder patients termed as disease controls (DC)] and corroborated the results using an in vitro study. We developed an effective dose range and model for key pharmacokinetic measures with the potential of targeting the cytokine storm and neurological symptoms of COVID-19. Three-week 200 mg dose of thiamine was administered to sixteen DC patients. Eight healthy volunteers (HV) were also included in this investigation. A subsequent in vitro study was performed to validate the effectiveness of thiamine [100 mg/day equivalent (0.01 μg/ml)] treatment in lowering the Th17 proinflammatory response in a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) treated with ethanol. Based on recent publications, we compared the results of the IL-17 response from our clinical and in vitro study to those found in other proinflammatory disease conditions (metabolic conditions, septic shock, viral infections and COVID-19) and effective and safe dose ranges of thiamine. We developed a pharmacokinetic profile for thiamine dose range as a novel intervention strategy in COVID-19. DC group showed significantly elevated proinflammatory cytokines compared to HV. Thiamine-treated DC patients showed significant lowering in IL-17 and increase in the IL-22 levels. In humans, a range of 79-474 mg daily of thiamine was estimated to be effective and safe as an intervention for the COVID-19 cytokine storm. A literature review showed that several neurological symptoms of COVID-19 (∼45.5% of the severe cases) occur in other viral infections and neuroinflammatory states that may also respond to thiamine treatment. Thiamine, a very safe drug even at very high doses, could be repurposed for treating the Th17 mediated IL-17 immune storm, and the subsequent neurological symptoms observed in COVID-19. Further studies using thiamine as an intervention/prevention strategy in COVID-19 patients could identify its precise anti-inflammatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jane Frimodig
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Khushboo S. Gala
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Shweta Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Maiying Kong
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Vijay A. Ramchandani
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology COBRE, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology COBRE, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Center for Regulatory and Environmental Analytical Metabolomics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology COBRE, Louisville, KY, United States
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38
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Chiang CC, Korinek M, Cheng WJ, Hwang TL. Targeting Neutrophils to Treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Coronavirus Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:572009. [PMID: 33162887 PMCID: PMC7583590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.572009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes targeting neutrophils as a potential therapeutic strategy for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Neutrophil counts are significantly elevated in patients with COVID-19 and significantly correlated with disease severity. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio can serve as a clinical marker for predicting fatal complications related to ARDS in patients with COVID-19. Neutrophil-associated inflammation plays a critical pathogenic role in ARDS. The effector functions of neutrophils, acting as respiratory burst oxidants, granule proteases, and neutrophil extracellular traps, are linked to the pathogenesis of ARDS. Hence, neutrophils can not only be used as pathogenic markers but also as candidate drug targets for COVID-19 associated ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Puxin Fengze Chinese Medicine Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Michal Korinek
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Shibabaw T. Inflammatory Cytokine: IL-17A Signaling Pathway in Patients Present with COVID-19 and Current Treatment Strategy. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:673-680. [PMID: 33116747 PMCID: PMC7547786 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s278335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a globally communicable public health disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV-2). Eradication of COVID-19 appears practically impossible but, therefore, more effective pharmacotherapy is needed. The deteriorated clinical presentation of patients with COVID-19 is mainly associated with hypercytokinemia due to notoriously elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and is usually responsible for cytokine release syndrome. In the cytokine storm, up-regulation of T-helper 17 cell cytokine IL-17A, and maybe also IL-17F, is mostly responsible for the immunopathology of COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Herein, I meticulously review the exuberant polarization mechanism of naïve CD4+ T cells toward Th17 cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated immunopathological sequelae. I also, propose, for clinical benefit, targeting IL-17A signaling and the synergic inflammatory cytokine IL-6 to manage COVID-19 patients, particularly those presenting with cytokine storm syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Shibabaw
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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40
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Mareev VY, Orlova YA, Pavlikova EP, Akopyan ZA, Matskeplishvili ST, Plisyk AG, Seredenina EM, Potapenko AV, Malakhov PS, Samokhodskaya LM, Mershina ЕА, Sinitsyn VE, Asratyan DA, Zhdanova EA, Mareev YV, Begrambekova YL, Shatochina EA, Kamalov АА. [Proactive anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of advanced stages of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Case Series and Study Design: COLchicine versus ruxolitinib and secukinumab in open prospective randomIzed trial (COLORIT)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 60:4-21. [PMID: 33131470 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.9.n1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The article is devoted to the treatment of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the advanced stages of the disease. The types of response of the immune system to the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 with the start of the inflammation process are considered. The situation is analyzed in detail in which the growing autoimmune inflammation (up to the development of a "cytokine storm") affects not only the pulmonary parenchyma, but also the endothelium of the small vessels of the lungs. Simultaneous damage to the alveoli and microthrombosis of the pulmonary vessels are accompanied by a progressive impairment of gas exchange, the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, the treatment of which, even with the use of invasive ventilation, is ineffective and does not really change the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. In order to interrupt the pathological process at the earliest stages of the disease, the necessity of proactive anti-inflammatory therapy in combination with active anticoagulation treatment is substantiated. The results of the first randomized studies on the use of inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (interleukin-6 (tocilizumab), interleukin-17 (secukinumab), Janus kinase blockers, through which the signal is transmitted to cells (ruxolitinib)), which have potential in the early treatment of COVID- 19. The use of a well-known anti-inflammatory drug colchicine (which is used for gout treatment) in patients with COVID-19 is considered. The design of the original COLORIT comparative study on the use of colchicine, ruxolitinib and secukinumab in the treatment of COVID-19 is presented. Clinical series presented, illustrated early anti-inflammatory therapy together with anticoagulants in patients with COVID-19 and the dangers associated with refusing to initiate such therapy on time.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yu Mareev
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Ya A Orlova
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - E P Pavlikova
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Z A Akopyan
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - S T Matskeplishvili
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Plisyk
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - E M Seredenina
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - A V Potapenko
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - P S Malakhov
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - L M Samokhodskaya
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Е А Mershina
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - V E Sinitsyn
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - D A Asratyan
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Zhdanova
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Yu V Mareev
- National Medical Research Centre for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - Yu L Begrambekova
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - E A Shatochina
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - А А Kamalov
- Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
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