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Senwitz C, Butscher D, Holtmann L, Vogel M, Steudtner R, Drobot B, Stumpf T, Barkleit A, Heller A. Effect of Ba(II), Eu(III), and U(VI) on rat NRK-52E and human HEK-293 kidney cells in vitro. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171374. [PMID: 38432374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals pose a potential health risk to humans when they enter the organism. Renal excretion is one of the elimination pathways and, therefore, investigations with kidney cells are of particular interest. In the present study, the effects of Ba(II), Eu(III), and U(VI) on rat and human renal cells were investigated in vitro. A combination of microscopic, biochemical, analytical, and spectroscopic methods was used to assess cell viability, cell death mechanisms, and intracellular metal uptake of exposed cells as well as metal speciation in cell culture medium and inside cells. For Eu(III) and U(VI), cytotoxicity and intracellular uptake are positively correlated and depend on concentration and exposure time. An enhanced apoptosis occurs upon Eu(III) exposure whereas U(VI) exposure leads to enhanced apoptosis and (secondary) necrosis. In contrast to that, Ba(II) exhibits no cytotoxic effect at all and its intracellular uptake is time-independently very low. In general, both cell lines give similar results with rat cells being more sensitive than human cells. The dominant binding motifs of Eu(III) in cell culture medium as well as cell suspensions are (organo-) phosphate groups. Additionally, a protein complex is formed in medium at low Eu(III) concentration. In contrast, U(VI) forms a carbonate complex in cell culture medium as well as each one phosphate and carbonate complex in cell suspensions. Using chemical microscopy, Eu(III) was localized in granular, vesicular compartments near the nucleus and the intracellular Eu(III) species equals the one in cell suspensions. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the interactions of Ba(II), Eu(III), and U(VI) on a cellular and molecular level. Since Ba(II) and Eu(III) serve as inactive analogs of the radioactive Ra(II) and Am(III)/Cm(III), the results of this study are also of importance for the health risk assessment of these radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Senwitz
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Professorship of Radiochemistry/Radioecology, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, SG 4.6 Radiation Protection, Central Radionuclide Laboratory, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Butscher
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Linus Holtmann
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manja Vogel
- VKTA - Strahlenschutz, Analytik & Entsorgung Rossendorf e.V, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robin Steudtner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Drobot
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stumpf
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Professorship of Radiochemistry/Radioecology, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Astrid Barkleit
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Heller
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Professorship of Radiochemistry/Radioecology, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, SG 4.6 Radiation Protection, Central Radionuclide Laboratory, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Korotkov SM. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Is the General Reason for Apoptosis Induced by Different-Valence Heavy Metals in Cells and Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14459. [PMID: 37833908 PMCID: PMC10572412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the causes and consequences of apoptosis resulting from oxidative stress that occurs in mitochondria and cells exposed to the toxic effects of different-valence heavy metals (Ag+, Tl+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, As3+, Sb3+, Cr6+, and U6+). The problems of the relationship between the integration of these toxic metals into molecular mechanisms with the subsequent development of pathophysiological processes and the appearance of diseases caused by the accumulation of these metals in the body are also addressed in this review. Such apoptosis is characterized by a reduction in cell viability, the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and Bcl-2), and the activation of protein kinases (ERK, JNK, p53, and p38) by mitogens. Moreover, the oxidative stress manifests as the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, mitochondrial swelling, an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c release, a decline in the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmito), a decrease in ATP synthesis, and reduced glutathione and oxygen consumption as well as cytoplasm and matrix calcium overload due to Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The apoptosis and respiratory dysfunction induced by these metals are discussed regarding their interaction with cellular and mitochondrial thiol groups and Fe2+ metabolism disturbance. Similarities and differences in the toxic effects of Tl+ from those of other heavy metals under review are discussed. Similarities may be due to the increase in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration induced by Tl+ and these metals. One difference discussed is the failure to decrease Tl+ toxicity through metallothionein-dependent mechanisms. Another difference could be the decrease in reduced glutathione in the matrix due to the reversible oxidation of Tl+ to Tl3+ near the centers of ROS generation in the respiratory chain. The latter may explain why thallium toxicity to humans turned out to be higher than the toxicity of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Korotkov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Costa MI, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Gonçalves AC. Zinc: From Biological Functions to Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054822. [PMID: 36902254 PMCID: PMC10003636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trace element zinc (Zn) displays a wide range of biological functions. Zn ions control intercellular communication and intracellular events that maintain normal physiological processes. These effects are achieved through the modulation of several Zn-dependent proteins, including transcription factors and enzymes of key cell signaling pathways, namely those involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and antioxidant defenses. Efficient homeostatic systems carefully regulate intracellular Zn concentrations. However, perturbed Zn homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, depression, Wilson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other age-related diseases. This review focuses on Zn's roles in cell proliferation, survival/death, and DNA repair mechanisms, outlines some biological Zn targets, and addresses the therapeutic potential of Zn supplementation in some human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Costa
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal
- Hematology Service, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239-480-023
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The damage mechanism of uranium(VI) to HK-2 cells. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Depleted uranium causes renal mitochondrial dysfunction through the ETHE1/Nrf2 pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 372:110356. [PMID: 36681261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is the main organ affected by acute depleted uranium (DU) toxicity. The mechanism of nephrotoxicity induced by DU is complex and needs to be further explored. This study aimed to elucidate the function of mitochondrial dysfunction in nephrotoxicity generated by DU and confirm the latent mechanism. We verified that DU (2.5-10 mg/kg) caused mitochondrial dysfunction in male rat kidneys and decreased ATP content and the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, melatonin (20 mg/kg), as an antioxidant, alleviated DU-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in male rats, further reducing kidney damage caused by DU. These results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in DU nephrotoxicity. When ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 (ETHE1) was knocked down, DU-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were increased, and renal injury was aggravated. When exogenous ETHE1 protein was applied to renal cells, the opposite changes were observed. We also found that ETHE1 knockdown increased the expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a vital oxidative stress regulator, and its downstream molecules heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Nrf2 knockout also aggravated DU-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and kidney damage. In conclusion, DU causes oxidative stress and antioxidant defense imbalance in renal cells through the ETHE1/Nrf2 pathway, further causing mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately leading to nephrotoxicity.
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Cheng X, Chu J, Zhang L, Suo Z, Tang W. Intracellular and extracellular untargeted metabolomics reveal the effect of acute uranium exposure in HK-2 cells. Toxicology 2022; 473:153196. [PMID: 35525329 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Uranium exposure poses a serious threat to the health of occupational populations and the public. Although metabolomics is a promising research approach to study the toxicological mechanisms of uranium exposure, in vitro studies using human cells are scarce. Applying cultured cell metabolomics, we exhaustively analyzed the intracellular and extracellular differential metabolites upon uranium exposure and characterized the possible biological effects of uranium exposure on human kidney cells. Uranium exposure significantly induced disturbance in the amino acid biosynthesis and linoleic acid metabolism of the cells. Cells exposed to uranium produce excessive amounts of arachidonic acid, which has the potential to cause oxidative stress and damage cells. The results provide new evidence for an oxidative stress mechanism of uranium-induced renal cell injury. Cell metabolomics has proven to be a useful diagnostic tool to study the molecular mechanisms of uranium poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Center for Medical Radiation Biology, 903 Hospital, Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China
| | - Jian Chu
- Center for Medical Radiation Biology, 903 Hospital, Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China
| | - Liandong Zhang
- Center for Medical Radiation Biology, 903 Hospital, Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China
| | - Zhirong Suo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- Center for Medical Radiation Biology, 903 Hospital, Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China.
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Guéguen Y, Frerejacques M. Review of Knowledge of Uranium-Induced Kidney Toxicity for the Development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway to Renal Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084397. [PMID: 35457214 PMCID: PMC9030063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a conceptual construct of causally and sequentially linked events, which occur during exposure to stressors, with an adverse outcome relevant to risk assessment. The development of an AOP is a means of identifying knowledge gaps in order to prioritize research assessing the health risks associated with exposure to physical or chemical stressors. In this paper, a review of knowledge was proposed, examining experimental and epidemiological data, in order to identify relevant key events and potential key event relationships in an AOP for renal impairment, relevant to stressors such as uranium (U). Other stressors may promote similar pathways, and this review is a necessary step to compare and combine knowledge reported for nephrotoxicants. U metal ions are filtered through the glomerular membrane of the kidneys, then concentrate in the cortical and juxtaglomerular areas, and bind to the brush border membrane of the proximal convoluted tubules. U uptake by epithelial cells occurs through endocytosis and the sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter (NaPi-IIa). The identified key events start with the inhibition of the mitochondria electron transfer chain and the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, due to cytochrome b5/cytochrome c disruption. In the nucleus, U directly interacts with negatively charged DNA phosphate, thereby inducing an adduct formation, and possibly DNA strand breaks or cross-links. U also compromises DNA repair by inhibiting zing finger proteins. Thereafter, U triggers the Nrf2, NF-κB, or endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. The resulting cellular key events include oxidative stress, DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations, apoptosis, and pro-inflammatory effects. Finally, the main adverse outcome is tubular damage of the S2 and S3 segments of the kidneys, leading to tubular cell death, and then kidney failure. The attribution of renal carcinogenesis due to U is controversial, and specific experimental or epidemiological studies must be conducted. A tentative construction of an AOP for uranium-induced kidney toxicity and failure was proposed.
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8
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Hu Q, Zheng J, Xu XN, Gu C, Li W. Uranium induces kidney cells apoptosis via reactive oxygen species generation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in culture. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:899-909. [PMID: 35044038 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) induces generation of excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is generally considered as a possible mediator of U-triggered kidney tubular cells injury and nephrotoxicity. Our goal is designed to elucidate that the precise molecular mechanism in ROS downstream is association with U-induced NRK-52E cells apoptosis. The results show that U intoxication in NRK-52E cells reduced cell activity and triggered apoptosis, as demonstrated by flow cytometry and apoptotic marker cleaved Caspase-3 expression. U exposure triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is involvement of apoptosis determined by marker molecules including GRP78, PERK, IRE1, ATF6, CHOP, cleaved Caspase-12, and Caspase-3. Administration of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively blocked U-triggered ROS generation, ER stress, and apoptosis. U contamination evidently decreased the expression of phosphorylation PI3K, AKT, and mTOR and ratios of their respective phosphorylation to the corresponding total proteins. Application of a PI3K activator IGF-1 significantly abolished these adverse effects of U intoxication on PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and subsequently abrogated U-triggered apoptosis. NAC also effectively reversed down-regulation of phosphorylated PI3K induced by U exposure. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that U treatment induces NRK-52E cells apoptosis through ROS production, ER stress, and down-regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Targeting ROS formation-, ER stress-, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-mediated apoptosis could be a novel approach for attenuating U-triggered nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoni Hu
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jifang Zheng
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment Regulation, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiao Na Xu
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chaohao Gu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment Regulation, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Wanting Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment Regulation, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Li W, Yu L, Fu B, Chu J, Chen C, Li X, Ma J, Tang W. Protective effects of Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides and aqueous extract on uranium-induced toxicity in human kidney (HK-2) cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:68-79. [PMID: 35033528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current detoxification options of uranium, a toxic radioactive heavy metal, have obvious side effects. Polygonatum kingianum (PK), a natural product with the function of antioxidant, may be effective in detoxification and prevention of uranium-induced nephrotoxicity. Here, we studied the protective effects of PK polysaccharides (PKP) and aqueous extract (PKAE) on uranium-induced toxicity in human kidney (HK-2) cells. First, the physicochemical properties of PKP and PKAE were characterized. Assays on cultured cells demonstrated that pretreatment with PKP and PKAE significantly increased metabolic activity, relieved morphological impairments, and alleviated apoptosis. The impairments caused by uranium exposure were ameliorated (mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP level increased while reactive oxygen species decreased). Molecular mechanistic studies revealed that PKP and PKAE alleviated uranium-induced cytotoxicity by regulating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and the GSK-3β/Fyn/Nrf2 pathway. Collectively, our data support the preventive and therapeutic applications of PKP and PKAE for uranium poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Libing Yu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Bo Fu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jian Chu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Xijian Li
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Jiahua Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China.
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El-Garawani I, Allam HK, Shehata YA, Fadel K, El Kattan A. Genotoxicity linked to occupational exposure in uranium mine workers: Granzyme B and apoptotic changes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36793-36802. [PMID: 33710487 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uranium mining and processing are an ancient occupation, recognized as being grueling and accountable for injury and disease. Uranium (U) is a radioactive heavy metal used in many industrial applications. It increases the micronuclei frequencies as well as chromosomal aberration and sister chromatid exchange in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Granzyme B and perforin are stored inside the leukocytes in secretory granules. These proteins are released outside the cells by a cell-to-cell contact under specific conditions for inducing apoptosis. So, this study investigated the potential health hazards with prominence on the biological effects of radiation exposure. METHODS A cross-sectional analytic research was conducted on Egyptian male mining field workers. Leucocytes' genotoxicity was evaluated using DNA fragmentation assay and comet assay. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of Granzyme B protein was done. RESULTS A significant increase in dead cells after dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent staining in radiation-exposed groups was noticed compared to control groups. Moreover, a significant increase in the fragmented DNA was evident in exposed groups relative to the control one. Granzyme B protein levels showed a significant increase concerning control. CONCLUSION A wide variety of adverse human health risks are considered a potential risk to Egyptian uranium miners. For employers working in both mining and processing fields, the most common molecular shift highlighted was the leucocyte damage in blood samples. To preserve the health of all employees, health education and administration of effective hazard management procedures are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam El-Garawani
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Heba Khodary Allam
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Al-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Yasser A Shehata
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Al-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed El Kattan
- Medical and Radiological Research Department, NMA, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Wang S, Li J, He Y, Ran Y, Lu B, Gao J, Shu C, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Hao Y. Protective effect of melatonin entrapped PLGA nanoparticles on radiation-induced lung injury through the miR-21/TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120584. [PMID: 33887395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a complication commonly found in victims suffering from nuclear accidents and patients treated with chest tumor radiotherapy, and drugs are limited for effective prevention and treatment. Melatonin (MET) has an anti-radiation effect, but its metabolic period in the body is short. In order to prolong the metabolism period of MET, we prepared MET entrapped poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (MET/PLGANPS) for the treatment of RILI. As a result, the release rate of MET/PLGANPS in vitro was lower than MET, with stable physical properties, and it caused no changes in histopathology and biochemical indicators. After 2 weeks and 16 weeks of irradiation with the dose of 15 Gy, MET and MET/PLGANPS could reduce the expression of caspase-3 proteins, inflammatory factors, TGF-β1 and Smad3 to alleviate radiation-induced lung injury. MET/PLGANPS showed better therapeutic effect on RILI than MET. In addition, we also found that high expression of miR-21 could increase the expression levels of TGF-β1, and inhibit the protective effect of MET/PLGANPS. In conclusion, MET/PLGANPS may alleviate RILI by inhibiting the miR-21/TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway, which would provide a new target for the treatment of radiation-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yingjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yonghong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Binghui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jining Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Chongqing Normal University, No.37, Middle University Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yuhui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China.
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12
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Yu L, Li W, Chu J, Chen C, Li X, Tang W, Xia B, Xiong Z. Uranium inhibits mammalian mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116377. [PMID: 33401214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging pollutant, uranium poses serious concerns to ecological and human health. The kidney has been established as a major deposition site and the most sensitive target organ for uranium poisoning, and the underlying toxicological mechanisms have been associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiration. However, the identities of key molecular targets in uranium-induced toxicity remain elusive. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the in vitro effects of uranium on ten critical enzymes in the mitochondrial respiration pathway and discovered that respiratory chain complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) and complex V (ATP synthase) were strongly inhibited. The inhibitory effects were validated with mitochondria from human renal proximal tubule cells-the most affected renal site in uranium poisoning. The IC50 values (around 1 mg/L) are physiologically relevant, as they are comparable to known kidney accumulation levels in uranium poisoning. In addition, these inhibitory effects could explain the well-documented uranium-induced reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial alterations. In conclusion, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase are possibly key molecular targets underlying the toxic effects of uranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Yu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China.
| | - Wenjing Li
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, No. 59, Middle Section of Qinglong Avenue, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jian Chu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China
| | - Xijian Li
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China
| | - Binyuan Xia
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China
| | - Zhonghua Xiong
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621907, China
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Lu B, Ran Y, Wang S, Li J, Zhao Y, Ran X, Li R, Hao Y. Chronic oral depleted uranium leads to reproductive damage in male rats through the ROS-hnRNP A2/B1-COX-2 signaling pathway. Toxicology 2020; 449:152666. [PMID: 33359576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) is widely used in civil and military activities. The testis is one of the target organs of DU chronic toxicity. In this study, male SD rats were chronically exposed to DU by 3, 30, 300 mg U/kg through oral intake. After 6 months and 12 months of exposure, it was found that DU could lead to increased oxidative stress levels, decreased glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) expression, resulting in testicular injury and decreased serum testosterone (T) level in rats. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1) expression increases with the increase of DU exposure dose. After upregulation of hnRNP A2/B1 expression, the GC-1 cell injury caused by DU is aggravated, suggesting that hnRNP A2/B1 may play an important role in the reproductive toxicity of DU. At the same time, 12 months after chronic oral exposure to DU, the expression level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and proinflammatory factor prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in testicular tissue were increased, and the level of hnRNP A2/B1 caused by DU was decreased by reactive oxygen scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). As hnRNP A2/B1 is a COX-2 regulator, DU may lead to the upregulation of hnRNP A2/B1 expression through the increase of oxidative stress level in germ cells, which in turn leads to the increase of COX-2 and PGE2 level, and ultimately result in the reproductive toxicity. In this study, the regulation mechanism of the ROS-hnRNP A2/B1-COX-2 pathway on DU-induced reproductive damage in male rats was hypothesized, providing a new target for the prevention and treatment of chronic poisoning of DU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yonghong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xinze Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Yuhui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Ma M, Wang R, Xu L, Xu M, Liu S. Emerging health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium contamination: Lessons from the past two decades. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106107. [PMID: 32932066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uranium contamination is a global health concern. Regarding natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination, the major sources of concern are groundwater, mining, phosphate fertilizers, nuclear facilities, and military activities. Many epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that environmental and occupational uranium exposure can induce multifarious health problems. Uranium exposure may cause health risks because of its chemotoxicity and radiotoxicity in natural or anthropogenic scenarios: the former is generally thought to play a more significant role with regard to the natural uranium exposure, and the latter is more relevant to enriched uranium exposure. The understanding of the health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium remains at a preliminary stage, and many controversial findings require further research. In order to present state-of-the-art status in this field, this review will primarily focus on the chemotoxicity of uranium, rather than its radiotoxicity, as well as the involved toxicological mechanisms. First, the natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination scenarios will be briefly summarized. Second, the health risks upon natural uranium exposure, for example, nephrotoxicity, bone toxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity, will be discussed based on the reported epidemiological cases and laboratory studies. Third, the recent advances regarding the toxicological mechanisms of uranium-induced chemotoxicity will be highlighted, including oxidative stress, genetic damage, protein impairment, inflammation, and metabolic disorder. Finally, the gaps and challenges in the knowledge of uranium-induced chemotoxicity and underlying mechanisms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Ran Y, Wang S, Zhao Y, Li J, Ran X, Hao Y. A review of biological effects and treatments of inhaled depleted uranium aerosol. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 222:106357. [PMID: 32755761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) is primarily used for DU bombs and DU tanks in the military. Aerosol inhalation is considered the primary route of DU exposure. Although laboratory tests have confirmed that inhalation of DU aerosol can cause lung, kidney, and other organ damage, epidemiological studies have found no conclusive evidence that persons in areas with prolonged exposure to DU-containing bombs are affected. After the body inhaled DU aerosols, we first clear the insoluble DU through whole-lung lavage (WLL). Then we eliminate the soluble uranium by the chelating agent. Besides, reducing DU damage to tissues and cells through drugs is also an important treatment method. In future research, emphasis should be placed on the damage mechanism of DU aerosol, the laboratory and clinical research of DU chelating agents, the research on the combination of DU chelating agent and WLL, and the research and development of new drugs to prevent DU damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xinze Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuhui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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16
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In Vivo Comparison of the Phenotypic Aspects and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Nephrotoxic Agents, Sodium Fluoride and Uranyl Nitrate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071136. [PMID: 30934888 PMCID: PMC6479911 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of their nephrotoxicity and presence in the environment, uranium (U) and fluoride (F) represent risks to the global population. There is a general lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of U and F nephrotoxicity and the underlying molecular pathways. The present study aims to compare the threshold of the appearance of renal impairment and to study apoptosis and inflammation as mechanisms of nephrotoxicity. C57BL/6J male mice were intraperitoneally treated with a single dose of U (0, 2, 4 and 5 mg/kg) or F (0, 2, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg) and euthanized 72 h after. Renal phenotypic characteristics and biological mechanisms were evaluated by urine biochemistry, gene/protein expression, enzyme activity, and (immuno)histological analyses. U and F exposures induced nephrotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, and the highest concentrations induced severe histopathological alterations as well as increased gene expression and urinary excretion of nephrotoxicity biomarkers. KIM-1 gene expression was induced starting at 2 mg/kg U and 7.5 mg/kg F, and this increase in expression was confirmed through in situ detection of this biomarker of nephrotoxicity. Both treatments induced inflammation as evidenced by cell adhesion molecule expression and in situ levels, whereas caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis was increased only after U treatment. Overall, a single dose of F or U induced histopathologic evidence of nephrotoxicity renal impairment and inflammation in mice with thresholds under 7.5 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg, respectively.
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17
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Yue YC, Li MH, Wang HB, Zhang BL, He W. The toxicological mechanisms and detoxification of depleted uranium exposure. Environ Health Prev Med 2018; 23:18. [PMID: 29769021 PMCID: PMC5956823 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) has been widely applied in industrial and military activities, and is often obtained from producing fuel for nuclear reactors. DU may be released into the environment, polluting air, soil, and water, and is considered to exert both radiological and chemical toxicity. In humans and animals, DU can induce multiple health effects, such as renal tubular necrosis and bone malignancies. This review summarizes the known information on DU’s routes of entry, mechanisms of toxicity, and health effects. In addition, we survey the chelating agents used in ameliorating DU toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Yue
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Yellowhair M, Romanotto MR, Stearns DM, Clark Lantz R. Uranyl acetate induced DNA single strand breaks and AP sites in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 349:29-38. [PMID: 29698738 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to characterize the genotoxicity of depleted uranium (DU) in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) with mutations in various DNA repair pathways. CHO cells were exposed to 0-300 μM of soluble DU as uranyl acetate (UA) for 0-48 h. Intracellular UA concentrations were measured via inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cytotoxicity was assessed in vitro by clonogenic survival assay. DNA damage response was assessed via Fast Micromethod® to determine UA-induced DNA single strand breaks. Results indicate that UA is entering the CHO cells, with the highest concentration localizing in the nucleus. Clonogenic assays show that UA is cytotoxic in each cell line with the greatest cytotoxicity in the base excision repair deficient EM9 cells and the nuclear excision repair deficient UV5 cells compared to the non-homologous end joining deficient V3.3 cells and the parental AA8 cells after 48 h. This indicates that UA is producing single strand breaks and forming UA-DNA adducts rather than double strand breaks in CHO cells. Fast Micromethod® results indicate an increased amount of single strand breaks in the EM9 cells after 48 h UA exposure compared to the V3.3 and AA8 cells. These results indicate that DU induces DNA damage via strand breaks and uranium-DNA adducts in treated cells. These results suggest that: (1) DU is genotoxic in CHO cells, and (2) DU is inducing single strand breaks rather than double strand breaks in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Yellowhair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Michelle R Romanotto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Diane M Stearns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - R Clark Lantz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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Bjørklund G, Christophersen OA, Chirumbolo S, Selinus O, Aaseth J. Recent aspects of uranium toxicology in medical geology. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:526-533. [PMID: 28431380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) is a chemo-toxic, radiotoxic and even a carcinogenic element. Due to its radioactivity, the effects of U on humans health have been extensively investigated. Prolonged U exposure may cause kidney disease and cancer. The geological distribution of U radionuclides is still a great concern for human health. Uranium in groundwater, frequently used as drinking water, and general environmental pollution with U raise concerns about the potential public health problem in several areas of Asia. The particular paleo-geological hallmark of India and other Southern Asiatic regions enhances the risk of U pollution in rural and urban communities. This paper highlights different health and environmental aspects of U as well as uptake and intake. It discusses levels of U in soil and water and the related health issues. Also described are different issues of U pollution, such as U and fertilizers, occupational exposure in miners, use and hazards of U in weapons (depleted U), U and plutonium as catalysts in the reaction between DNA and H2O2, and recycling of U from groundwater to surface soils in irrigation. For use in medical geology and U research, large databases and data warehouses are currently available in Europe and the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Olle Selinus
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Innlandet Hospital Trust and Hedmark University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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20
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Jett SE, Bonham AJ. Reusable Electrochemical DNA Biosensor for the Detection of Waterborne Uranium. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Jett
- Department of Chemistry; Metropolitan State University of Denver; 1201 5th St Denver CO 80204 USA
| | - Andrew J. Bonham
- Department of Chemistry; Metropolitan State University of Denver; 1201 5th St Denver CO 80204 USA
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Differential protein expression in metallothionein protection from depleted uranium-induced nephrotoxicity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38942. [PMID: 27966587 PMCID: PMC5155243 DOI: 10.1038/srep38942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of metallothionein (MT) protection from depleted uranium (DU) using a proteomics approach to search for a DU toxicity-differential protein. MT−/− and MT+/+ mice were administrated with a single dose of DU (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or equal volume of saline. After 4 days, protein changes in kidney tissues were evaluated using a proteomics approach. A total of 13 differentially expressed proteins were identified using two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The validating results showed that the expression of aminoacylase-3 (ACY-3) and the mitochondrial ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 (ETHE1) decreased significantly after DU exposure; in addition, the reduction in MT−/− mice was more significant than that in MT+/+ mice. The results also showed that exogenous ETHE1 or ACY-3 could increase the survival rate of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells after DU exposure. A specific siRNA of ETHE1 significantly increased cell apoptosis rates after DU exposure, whereas exogenous ETHE1 significantly decreased cell apoptosis rates. In summary, ACY-3 and ETHE1 might involve in protection roles of MT. ETHE1 could be a new sensitive molecular target of DU-induced cell apoptosis.
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Song ZH, Ke YL, Xiao K, Jiao LF, Hong QH, Hu CH. Diosmectite-zinc oxide composite improves intestinal barrier restoration and modulates TGF-β1, ERK1/2, and Akt in piglets after acetic acid challenge. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:1599-607. [PMID: 26020182 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the beneficial effect of diosmectite-zinc oxide composite (DS-ZnO) on improving intestinal barrier restoration in piglets after acetic acid challenge and explored the underlying mechanisms. Twenty-four 35-d-old piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), with an average weight of 8.1 kg, were allocated to 4 treatment groups. On d 1 of the trial, colitis was induced via intrarectal injection of acetic acid (10 mL of 10% acetic acid [ACA] solution for ACA, DS-ZnO, and mixture of diosmectite [DS] and ZnO [DS+ZnO] groups) and the control group was infused with saline. Twenty-four hours after challenged, piglets were fed with the following diets: 1) control group (basal diet), 2) ACA group (basal diet), 3) DS-ZnO group (basal diet supplemented with DS-ZnO), and 4) DS+ZnO group (mixture of 1.5 g diosmectite [DS]/kg and 500 mg Zn/kg from ZnO [equal amount of DS and ZnO in the DS-ZnO treatment group]). On d 8 of the trial, piglets were sacrificed. The results showed that DS-ZnO supplementation improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased (P < 0.05) fecal scores, crypt depth, and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa (FD4) influx as compared with ACA group. Moreover, DS-ZnO increased (P < 0.05) occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occluden-1 expressions; reduced (P < 0.05) caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity and Bax expression; and improved (P < 0.05) Bcl2, XIAP, and PCNA expression. Diosmectite-zinc oxide composite supplementation also increased (P < 0.05) TGF-β1 expression and ERK1/2 and Akt activation. These results suggest that DS-ZnO attenuates the acetic acid-induced colitis by improving mucosa barrier restoration, inhibiting apoptosis, and improving intestinal epithelial cells proliferation and modulation of TGF-β1 and ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathway.
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23
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Acharya C, Blindauer CA. Unexpected Interactions of the Cyanobacterial Metallothionein SmtA with Uranium. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1505-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celin Acharya
- Molecular
Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
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Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 and DNA repair by uranium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 291:13-20. [PMID: 26627003 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Uranium has radiological and non-radiological effects within biological systems and there is increasing evidence for genotoxic and carcinogenic properties attributable to uranium through its heavy metal properties. In this study, we report that low concentrations of uranium (as uranyl acetate; <10 μM) is not cytotoxic to human embryonic kidney cells or normal human keratinocytes; however, uranium exacerbates DNA damage and cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that uranium may inhibit DNA repair processes. Concentrations of uranyl acetate in the low micromolar range inhibited the zinc finger DNA repair protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 and caused zinc loss from PARP-1 protein. Uranyl acetate exposure also led to zinc loss from the zinc finger DNA repair proteins Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Complementation Group A (XPA) and aprataxin (APTX). In keeping with the observed inhibition of zinc finger function of DNA repair proteins, exposure to uranyl acetate enhanced retention of induced DNA damage. Co-incubation of uranyl acetate with zinc largely overcame the impact of uranium on PARP-1 activity and DNA damage. These findings present evidence that low concentrations of uranium can inhibit DNA repair through disruption of zinc finger domains of specific target DNA repair proteins. This may provide a mechanistic basis to account for the published observations that uranium exposure is associated with DNA repair deficiency in exposed human populations.
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25
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Hao Y, Liu C, Huang J, Gu Y, Li H, Yang Z, Liu J, Wang W, Li R. Ghrelin protects against depleted uranium-induced apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells through oxidative stress-mediated p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 290:116-25. [PMID: 26529667 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) mainly accumulates in the bone over the long term. Osteoblast cells are responsible for the formation of bone, and they are sensitive to DU damage. However, studies investigating methods of reducing DU damage in osteoblasts are rarely reported. Ghrelin is a stomach hormone that stimulates growth hormones released from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and it is believed to play an important physiological role in bone metabolism. This study evaluates the impact of ghrelin on DU-induced apoptosis of the osteoblast MC3T3-E1 and investigates its underlying mechanisms. The results show that ghrelin relieved the intracellular oxidative stress induced by DU, eliminated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced lipid peroxidation by increasing intracellular GSH levels; in addition, ghrelin effectively suppressed apoptosis, enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibited cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation after DU exposure. Moreover, ghrelin significantly reduced the expression of DU-induced phosphorylated p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). A specific inhibitor (SB203580) or specific siRNA of p38-MAPK could significantly suppress DU-induced apoptosis and related signals, whereas ROS production was not affected. In addition, ghrelin receptor inhibition could reduce the anti-apoptosis effect of ghrelin on DU and reverse the effect of ghrelin on intracellular ROS and p38-MAPK after DU exposure. These results suggest that ghrelin can suppress DU-induced apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells, reduce DU-induced oxidative stress by interacting with its receptor, and inhibit downstream p38-MAPK activation, thereby suppressing the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhangyou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People Hospital, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
| | - Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Hao Y, Huang J, Gu Y, Liu C, Li H, Liu J, Ren J, Yang Z, Peng S, Wang W, Li R. Metallothionein deficiency aggravates depleted uranium-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:306-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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