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Mai M, Wang Y, Luo M, Li Z, Wang D, Ruan Y, Guo H. Silibinin ameliorates deoxycholic acid-induced pyroptosis in steatotic HepG2 cells by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 35:101545. [PMID: 37731666 PMCID: PMC10507139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents an inflammatory subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The activation of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome triggers pyroptosis, thus propelling the progression from simple steatosis to NASH. Silibinin, a hepatoprotective compound derived from milk thistle, exerts diverse hepatoprotective effects. However, the direct impact of silibinin on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its ability to mitigate pyroptosis remain uncertain. To address this, we utilized an in vitro model of NASH, employing HepG2 cells treated with deoxycholic acid (DCA) and free fatty acids. Subsequently, we treated these model cells with silibinin for 24 h. Our findings demonstrated that, although there were no significant changes in cellular lipid content, silibinin effectively ameliorated hepatocyte injuries. Silibinin treatment inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and suppressed DCA-induced pyroptosis. Additionally, molecular docking analysis revealed that silibinin exhibited a binding affinity to components of the NLRP3 inflammasome similar to that of MCC950, a selective NLRP3 inhibitor. These results suggest that silibinin may alleviate inflammation in DCA-exposed HepG2 cells by mitigating pyroptosis, possibly through its binding affinity and inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Overall, our study indicates that silibinin holds promise as a therapeutic agent for NASH by modulating pyroptosis and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Mai
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Mengliu Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zhongxia Li
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Di Wang
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yongdui Ruan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523710, China
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
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Qin T, Chen X, Meng J, Guo Q, Xu S, Hou S, Yuan Z, Zhang W. The role of curcumin in the liver-gut system diseases: from mechanisms to clinical therapeutic perspective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-30. [PMID: 37096460 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2204349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have provided abundant sources of lead compounds for new drug discovery and development over the past centuries. Curcumin is a lipophilic polyphenol isolated from turmeric, a plant used in traditional Asian medicine for centuries. Despite the low oral bioavailability, curcumin exhibits profound medicinal value in various diseases, especially liver and gut diseases, bringing an interest in the paradox of its low bioavailability but high bioactivity. Several latest studies suggest that curcumin's health benefits may rely on its positive gastrointestinal effects rather than its poor bioavailability solely. Microbial antigens, metabolites, and bile acids regulate metabolism and immune responses in the intestine and liver, suggesting the possibility that the liver-gut axis bidirectional crosstalk controls gastrointestinal health and diseases. Accordingly, these pieces of evidence have evoked great interest in the curcumin-mediated crosstalk among liver-gut system diseases. The present study discussed the beneficial effects of curcumin against common liver and gut diseases and explored the underlying molecular targets, as well as collected evidence from human clinical studies. Moreover, this study summarized the roles of curcumin in complex metabolic interactions in liver and intestine diseases supporting the application of curcumin in the liver-gut system as a potential therapeutic option, which opens an avenue for clinical use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis has a high incidence worldwide and is the common pathological basis of many chronic liver diseases. Liver fibrosis is caused by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and concomitant collagen accumulation in livers and can lead to the development of liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer. A large number of studies have provided evidence that liver fibrosis can be blocked or even reversed by appropriate medical interventions. However, the antifibrosis drugs with ideal clinical efficacy are still insufficient. The edible plant-derived natural compounds have been reported to exert effective antifibrotic effects with few side-effects, representing a kind of promising source for the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this article, we reviewed the current progress of the natural compounds derived from dietary plants in the treatment of liver fibrosis, including phenolic compounds (capsaicin, chlorogenic acid, curcumin, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid and vitamin E), flavonoid compounds (genistein, hesperidin, hesperetin, naringenin, naringin and quercetin), sulfur-containing compounds (S-allylcysteine, ergothioneine, lipoic acid and sulforaphane) and other compounds (betaine, caffeine, cucurbitacin B, lycopene, α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, ursolic acid, vitamin C and yangonin). The pharmacological effects and related mechanisms of these compounds in in-vivo and in-vitro models of liver fibrosis are focused.
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Susilawati Y, Chaerunisa AY, Purwaningsih H. Phytosome drug delivery system for natural cosmeceutical compounds: Whitening agent and skin antioxidant agent. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:327-334. [PMID: 34820305 PMCID: PMC8588919 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_100_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have been used as traditional medicine since ancient times for treating the diseases, metabolite active compounds from plants have excellent bioactivity, and pharmacological properties from plants are used as skin whitening agent and antioxidant in multiple mechanisms of action. However, these compounds have physicochemical limitations in terms of its poor solubility and penetration into the cells membrane. Phytosome drug delivery system can be the primary choice to improve the physicochemical properties, which allows increasing the effectiveness. This review aimed to summarize and discuss the phytosome formulations of potential active compounds as skin whitening agent and skin antioxidant, which obtained from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We assessed that the main purpose of these phytosome formulations was to improve penetration, stability, and solubility of the active compounds. These studies proved that phytosome formulations can improve the physicochemical characteristics and effectiveness of compounds. The phytosome drug delivery system becomes a promising modification technique for natural compounds due to the ability to improve the physicochemical properties and increase the effectiveness. Phytosome formulation could be the excellent approach for cosmeceutical product with good effectivity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmiwar Susilawati
- Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Anis Yohana Chaerunisa
- Pharmaceutical and Technology Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hesti Purwaningsih
- Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
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Liver Protection Mechanism and Absorption Promotion Technology of Silybin Based on Intelligent Medical Analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:9968016. [PMID: 34285784 PMCID: PMC8275410 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9968016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous popularization of smart medicine, the protective effect of silibinin in the liver has attracted much attention. This study mainly explores the liver protection mechanism and absorption promotion technology of silybin based on intelligent medical analysis. Refining of silibinin: accurately weigh 1.0 g of silibinin in a three-necked flask; gradually add 50 mL of anhydrous methanol, reflux and filter the precipitated solid; and weigh it after drying. ICR male mice were taken as experimental subjects and randomly divided into groups of 10 each. The mice in the normal group and the model group were given intragastrically with 0.5% CMC-Na solution; the mice in the silibinin group were given intragastrically with SB/CMC-Na suspension; the mice in the remaining groups were given low, medium, and high-dose suspensions to their stomachs, and silibinin 23 acylate/CMC-Na suspension was administered at a dose of 10 mL/kg for 7 consecutive days. After that, the mice were fasted for 12 hours. After 6 hours of fasting (18 hours after modeling), the blood cells from their orbits were taken, placed in a 37°C water bath for 30 minutes, and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, and then the serum was taken; the activity equivalent of AST and ALT in serum was measured; serum determination Medium AST and ALT vitality. The mice were killed by decapitation, fresh liver tissue was immediately collected, and part of it was frozen in liquid nitrogen for the RT-PCR test. The hepatocyte expansion and death were observed using a transmission electron microscope, and the oncosis index (OI) was calculated. Another part of the liver tissue was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution, embedded in paraffin, dehydrated, and sliced at 4 μm. Some sections were stained with conventional HE, and the pathological changes of liver cells were observed under light microscope; some sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry. Only one mouse died when 240 mg/kg of silibinin was given 10 minutes after the model was modeled. However, when 240 mg/kg silibinin was given to the mice 20 minutes after modeling, the mortality rate of the mice rose to 50%, and the therapeutic effect was significantly weakened. This research is helpful to advance the research of silybin in liver protection.
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Kassem AA, Abd El-Alim SH, Salman AM, Mohammed MA, Hassan NS, El-Gengaihi SE. Improved hepatoprotective activity of Beta vulgaris L. leaf extract loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS): in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1589-1603. [PMID: 32811211 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1811303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot) is a vegetable plant rich in phytochemical compounds such as phenolic acids, carotenoids and flavonoids. The objective of the current study is the development and optimization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) to enhance the hepatoprotective activity of beet leaf (BL) extract. METHODS Total flavonoids content was estimated in the BL extract and its solubility was evaluated in various vehicles to select proper component combinations. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed employing olive, linseed, castor and sesame oils (oil phase), Tween® 20 (Tw20) and Tween® 80 (Tw80) (surfactants (SAs)) as well as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and propylene glycol (PG) (co-surfactants (Co-SAs)). Optimization of formulations from the phase diagrams took place through testing their thermodynamic stability, dispersibility and robustness to dilution. RESULTS Four optimized BL-SNEDDS formulations, comprising linseed oil or olive oil, Tw80 and DMSO at two SA/Co-SA ratios (2:1 or 3:1) were chosen. They exhibited high cloud point and percentage transmittance values with spherical morphology of mean droplet sizes ranging from 14.67 to 16.06 nm and monodisperse distribution with negatively charged zeta potential < -9.51 mV. The in vitro release profiles of the optimized formulations in pH 1.2 and 6.8 were nearly similar, with a non-Fickian release mechanism. In vivo evaluation of BL-SNEDDSs hepatoprotective activity in a thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity rat model depicted promoted liver functions, inflammatory markers and histopathological findings, most prominently in the group treated by F7. CONCLUSION The results indicate that SNEDDS, as a nanocarrier system, has potential to improve the hepatoprotective activity of the BL extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alaa Kassem
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa Mohamed Salman
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Arafa Mohammed
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Murali Iyangar R, Devaraj E. Silibinin Triggers the Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis in Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1877-1882. [PMID: 32711410 PMCID: PMC7573425 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.7.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Silibinin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid present in seed extracts of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). It has been shown to interact with various cancer-related cell signalling pathways in preclinical models, demonstrating promising anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effect of silibinin was evaluated in human oral squamous carcinoma (SCC-25) cells by MTT assay. The apoptosis-related morphological changes were investigated by AO/EB dual staining. The cytochrome c, caspases-3, and -9, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and B-cell associated X protein (Bax) gene expressions were analysed by PCR. Results: We have shown that silibinin treatment for 24 h in SCC-25 cells induced cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxic potential was due to the induction of apoptosis via the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol and subsequent activation of caspases-3 and -9. Dual staining assay was further confirmed the induction of early apoptosis upon silibinin treatment. Conclusion: The results from this study show that silibinin can be considered as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Murali Iyangar
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Alamri ZZ. Effect of Luteolin and Quercetin on Thioacetamide Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.863.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bi X, Yuan Z, Qu B, Zhou H, Liu Z, Xie Y. Piperine enhances the bioavailability of silybin via inhibition of efflux transporters BCRP and MRP2. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 54:98-108. [PMID: 30668388 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although silybin serves as a well-known hepatoprotective agent with prominent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-fibrotic activities, its low bioavailability limits its application in the treatment of chronic liver diseases. However, novel formulation products with increased solubility were not sufficient to achieve pharmacologically meaningful concentrations of silybin in the clinical studies even used at high dosage. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We hypothesized that inhibiting efflux transporter(s) and/or glucuronidation by piperine might enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of silybin. METHODS Pharmacokinetics of silybin given alone or in-combination with piperine was determined by a validated LC-MS method. A CCl4 induced rat model of liver injury was prepared and verified for comparing the effects of silybin and combination treatment. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the inhibition effects of piperine on transportation of silybin were performed in Caco-2 and transfected MDCKII cell lines as well as sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCH). Human liver microsomes incubation was used for exploring the modulation effects of piperine on the phase-2 metabolism of silybin. RESULTS In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that piperine as a bioenhancer increased the bioavailability of silybin (146%- 181%), contributing to a boosted therapeutic effect in CCl4-induced acute liver-injury rat model. The underlying mechanisms involved that piperine enhanced the absorption of silybin by inhibiting the efflux transporters including MRP2 and BCRP but not MDR1 in Caco-2 and transfected MDCKII cell lines. Moreover, piperine could inhibit the biliary excretion of silybin and conjugated metabolites in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. Notably, we found that piperine did not affect the phase-2 metabolism of silybin. CONCLUSION Efflux transporters play an important role in the pharmacokinetic behavior of flavolignans, and modulating these transporters by bioenhancer such as piperine could enhance the in vivo absorption of silybin, leading to more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China; Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhongwen Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510150, China
| | - Biao Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China.
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Mohammadi A, Blesso CN, Barreto GE, Banach M, Majeed M, Sahebkar A. Macrophage plasticity, polarization and function in response to curcumin, a diet-derived polyphenol, as an immunomodulatory agent. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 66:1-16. [PMID: 30660832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system that have diverse functions, including defense against invading pathogens, removal of dead cells by phagocytosis, antigen presentation in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules, and production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1. In addition, pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages clearly play important roles in the progression of several inflammatory diseases. Therefore, therapies that target macrophage polarization and function by either blocking their trafficking to sites of inflammation, or skewing M1 to M2 phenotype polarization may hold clinical promise in several inflammatory diseases. Dietary-derived polyphenols have potent natural anti-oxidative properties. Within this group of polyphenols, curcumin has been shown to suppress macrophage inflammatory responses. Curcumin significantly reduces co-stimulatory molecules and also inhibits MAPK activation and the translocation of NF-κB p65. Curcumin can also polarize/repolarize macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. Curcumin-treated macrophages have been shown to be highly efficient at antigen capture and endocytosis via the mannose receptor. These novel findings provide new perspectives for the understanding of the immunopharmacological role of curcumin, as well as its therapeutic potential for impacting macrophage polarization and function in the context of inflammation-related disease. However, the precise effects of curcumin on the migration, differentiation, polarization and immunostimulatory functions of macrophages remain unknown. Therefore, in this review, we summarized whether curcumin can influence macrophage polarization, surface molecule expression, cytokine and chemokine production and their underlying pathways in the prevention of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asadollah Mohammadi
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Ezhilarasan D. Oxidative stress is bane in chronic liver diseases: Clinical and experimental perspective. Arab J Gastroenterol 2018; 19:56-64. [PMID: 29853428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various chronic liver diseases (CLD) and increasing evidence have confirmed the contributory role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of drugs and chemical-induced CLD. Chronic liver injury is manifested as necrosis, cholestasis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Chronic administration of anti-tubercular, anti-retroviral, immunosuppressive drugs is reported to induce free radical generation during their biotransformation in the liver. Further, these reactive intermediates are said to induce profibrogenic cytokines, several inflammatory markers, collagen synthesis during the progression of hepatic fibrosis. Oxidative stress and free radicals are reported to induce activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in the injured liver leading to the progression of CLD. Hence, to counteract or to scavenge these reactive intermediates, several plant-derived antioxidant principles have been effectively employed against oxidative stress and came out with promising results in human and experimental models of CLD. This review summarizes the relationships between oxidative stress and different liver pathogenesis induced by drugs and xenobiotics, focusing upon different chronic liver injury induced by alcohol, antitubercular drugs and hyperactivity of antiretroviral drugs in HIV patients, viral hepatitis infection induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institue of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-600 077, India.
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Ju Ho P, Jun Sung J, Ki Cheon K, Jin Tae H. Anti-inflammatory effect of Centella asiatica phytosome in a mouse model of phthalic anhydride-induced atopic dermatitis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 43:110-119. [PMID: 29747743 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centella asiatica phytosome (CA phytosome) has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its anti-dermatitic effect has not yet been reported. PURPOSE We investigated the effects of CA phytosome on inflammatory reponses by macrophages in an atopic dermatitis (AD) mouse model. STUDY DESIGN The effects of CA phytosome on atopic dermatitis were examined by using phthalic anhydride (PA)-induced AD mouse model and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. METHODS An AD-like lesion was induced by a topical application of 5% phthalic anhydride (PA) to the dorsal skin or ear of HR-1 mice. After AD induction, 100 µl (20 µl/cm2) of 0.2% and 0.4% CA phytosome was spread on the dorsal skin and ear of the mice three times a week for four weeks. We evaluated histopathological changes and changes in protein expression by Western blotting for iNOS and COX-2; NF-κB activity was determined by EMSA. We also measured TNF-α, IL-1β, and IgE concentration in the blood of AD mice by ELISA. RESULTS Histological analysis showed that CA phytosome inhibited infiltration of inflammatory cells. CA phytosome treatment inhibited the expression of iNOS and COX-2, activity of NF-κB, and release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IgE. In addition, CA phytosome (5, 10, and 20 µg/ml) potently inhibited LPS (1 µg/ml)-induced NO production as well as iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophage. Furthermore, CA phytosome inhibited LPS-induced DNA binding activities of NF-κB, and this was associated with the discontinuation of IκBα degradation and subsequent decreases in the translocation of p65 and p50 into the nucleus. CONCLUSION From our data, CA phytosome application, which operates via NF-κB signaling inhibition, seems to be a promising AD treatment. Herein, we investigated the effects of Centella asiatica phytosome (CA phytosome) on inflammatory responses by macrophages in an atopic dermatitis (AD) mouse model. An AD-like lesion was induced by the topical application of 5% phthalic anhydride (PA) to the dorsal skin or ear of HR-1 mice. After AD induction, 100 µl (20 µl/cm2) of 0.2% and 0.4% CA phytosome was spread on the dorsal skin and ear of the mice three times a week for four weeks. We evaluated dermatitis severity, histopathological changes, and changes in protein expression by Western blotting for iNOS and COX-2; NF-κB activity was determined by gel electromobility shift assay (EMSA). We also measured TNF-α, IL-1β, and IgE concentration in the blood of AD mice by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CA phytosome attenuated the development of PA-induced AD. Histological analysis showed that CA phytosome inhibited hyperkeratosis, proliferation of mast cells, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Furthermore, CA phytosome treatment inhibited the expression of iNOS and COX-2, activity of NF-κB, and release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IgE. In addition, CA phytosome (5, 10, and 20 µg/ml) potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 µg/ml)-induced NO production as well as iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Furthermore, CA phytosome inhibited LPS-induced DNA binding activities of NF-κB, and this was associated with the discontinuation of IκBα degradation and subsequent decreases in the translocation of p65 and p50 into the nucleus. From our data, CA phytosome application, which operates via NF-κB signaling inhibition, seems to be a promising AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Park Ju Ho
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea; INIST ST CO., LTD., 500, Sinnae-ro, Geumwang-eup, Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Jun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim Ki Cheon
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea; INIST ST CO., LTD., 500, Sinnae-ro, Geumwang-eup, Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Tae
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea.
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Gomaa AMS, Abd El-Mottaleb NA, Aamer HA. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of alpha lipoic acid protect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:188-194. [PMID: 29486337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the gastric ulcer and the effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in their modulation. Hence, this experimental study was designed to assess the possible protective effect of ALA against indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric ulcer in rats, as well as to determine the possible underlying mechanisms with a special focus on TNF-α, PAI-1, and iNOS. Adult male rats (n = 28) were divided into four equal groups: the control group received distilled water, the vehicle group received 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose, the ulcer group received a single oral dose of IND (50 mg/kg) and the ALA-treated group received ALA (100 mg/kg) orally for 3 days before ulcer induction. Four hours after IND administration, all rats were sacrificed. The ulcer index, and gastric tissue homogenate contents of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), TNF-α, and PAI-1 were evaluated. Immunohistochemical evaluation of iNOS protein expression and histopathological examination of gastric tissue were investigated. The results revealed that ALA pretreatment significantly decreased the ulcer index, the gastric levels of MDA, TNF-α, PAI-1, and iNOS protein expression while increased the gastric levels of TAC as well as improved the histopathological appearance of gastric tissues. In conclusion, ALA ameliorated the IND-induced gastric ulceration. This could be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities via suppression of TNF-α-induced elevation of both PAI-1 level and iNOS expression in the gastric tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M S Gomaa
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | | | - Hazem A Aamer
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Environment Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Insights into the Role and Interdependence of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Liver Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4234061. [PMID: 28070230 PMCID: PMC5192343 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4234061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The crucial roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in the development of hepatic diseases have been unraveled and emphasized for decades. From steatosis to fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer, hepatic oxidative stress, and inflammation are sustained and participated in this pathological progressive process. Notably, increasing evidences showed that oxidative stress and inflammation are tightly related, which are regarded as essential partners that present simultaneously and interact with each other in various pathological conditions, creating a vicious cycle to aggravate the hepatic diseases. Clarifying the interaction of oxidative stress and inflammation is of great importance to provide new directions and targets for developing therapeutic intervention. Herein, this review is concerned with the regulation and interdependence of oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of liver diseases. In addition to classical mediators and signaling, particular emphasis is placed upon immune suppression, a potential linkage of oxidative stress and inflammation, to provide new inspiration for the treatment of liver diseases. Furthermore, since antioxidation and anti-inflammation have been extensively attempted as the strategies for treatment of liver diseases, the application of herbal medicines and their derived compounds that protect liver from injury via regulating oxidative stress and inflammation collectively were reviewed and discussed.
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Activation of NRF2/ARE by isosilybin alleviates Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress injury in HT-22 cells. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:92-7. [PMID: 27567700 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aβ-mediated oxidative stress damage is considered a direct cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, drugs that have been developed to block oxidative stress are considered effective for AD treatment. Isosilybin is a flavonoid compound extracted from Silybum marianum, and it has been confirmed to have many pharmacological activities. This study aimed to verify that isosilybin could alleviate the Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress damage in HT-22 hippocampal cells and to investigate the specific targets of isosilybin. A non-toxic dose of isosilybin significantly inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the release of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the Aβ25-35-stimulated reduction in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Subsequent studies showed that isosilybin significantly increased the protein and mRNA expression of antioxidases, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and aldo-keto reductases 1C1 and 1C2 (AKR1C2). Moreover, isosilybin stimulated the activity of an antioxidant-response element (ARE)-driven luciferase reporter gene. Further studies showed that isosilybin induced the expression of NFR-2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner and promoted its translocation to the nucleus. This result indicated that the antioxidant function of isosilybin might be achieved through the activation of NRF2/ARE signalling. Subsequent studies showed that the NRF2-specific agonist t-BHQ effectively inhibited ROS, MDA and LDH release and T-AOC reduction under Aβ25-35 stimulation. In addition, t-BHQ induced the expression of HO-1, GST, and AKR1C2, as well as the activity of ARE luciferase reporter plasmids. NRF2 siRNA blocked the antioxidative stress damage function of isosilybin. Therefore, NRF2 is likely to be a key mediator of isosilybin's anti-Aβ25-35-mediated oxidative stress damage function. Overall, our results confirmed that isosilybin regulates the expression of HO-1, GST, and AKR1C2 through the activation of NRF2/ARE signalling, inhibiting ROS accumulation and ultimately alleviating Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress damage in HT-22 cells.
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Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. The hepatoprotective effects of curcumin against drugs and toxic agents: an updated review. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1215333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Al-Attar AM, Al-Rethea HA. Chemoprotective effect of omega-3 fatty acids on thioacetamide induced hepatic fibrosis in male rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 24:956-965. [PMID: 28490971 PMCID: PMC5415165 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil on hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA) in male rats. The experimental animals were divided into four groups. The first group was received saline solution and served as control. The second group was given 250 mg/kg body weight of TAA. The third group was treated with omega-3 fatty acids and TAA. The fourth group was given saline solution and supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Treatment of rats with TAA for three and six weeks resulted in a significant decrease in body weight gain, while the value of liver/body weight ratio was statistically increased. Furthermore, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and total bilirubin were significantly increased. After three weeks of exposure to only TAA, liver sections showed an abnormal morphology characterized by noticeable fibrosis with the extracellular matrix collagen contents and damage of liver cells’ structure. Liver sections from rats treated with only TAA for six weeks revealed an obvious increase in extracellular matrix collagen content and bridging fibrosis. Treating TAA-intoxicated rats with omega-3 fatty acids significantly attenuated the severe physiological and histopathological changes. Finally, the present investigation suggests that omega-3 fatty acids could act against hepatic fibrosis induced by TAA due to its antioxidant properties, thus supporting its use in hepatic fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef M Al-Attar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 139109, Jeddah 21323, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayfa A Al-Rethea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 139109, Jeddah 21323, Saudi Arabia
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