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Mori Y, Watanabe K, Suzuki Y, Ono H, Tojo M, Kawasaki Y, Kanno-Nozaki K, Nozaki M, Miura I. Clozapine-Associated Myocarditis in a Patient With Schizophrenia Taking Lemborexant: A Case Report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2024; 44:193-195. [PMID: 38329170 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
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Kikuchi Y, Sato T, Murakami K, Otsuka T, Machida T, Yoshikawa K, Shiozawa Y, Komatsu H, Maekawa M, Mano N, Tomita H. Concomitant Use of Clozapine and Suvorexant Associated With Doubling of Clozapine Plasma Levels: A Case Report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2024; 44:185-187. [PMID: 38227619 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
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Reeves S, Bertrand J, Obee SJ, Hunter S, Howard R, Flanagan RJ. A population pharmacokinetic model to guide clozapine dose selection, based on age, sex, ethnicity, body weight and smoking status. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:135-145. [PMID: 36793249 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Guidance on clozapine dosing in treatment-resistant schizophrenia is based largely on data from White young adult males. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) across the age range, accounting for sex, ethnicity, smoking status and body weight. METHODS A population pharmacokinetic model, implemented in Monolix, that linked plasma clozapine and norclozapine via a metabolic rate constant, was used to analyse data from a clozapine therapeutic drug monitoring service, 1993-2017. RESULTS There were 17 787 measurements from 5960 patients (4315 male) aged 18-86 years. The estimated clozapine plasma clearance was reduced from 20.2 to 12.0 L h-1 between 20 and 80 years. Model-based dose predictions to attain a predose plasma clozapine concentration of 0.35 mg L-1 was 275 (90% prediction interval 125, 625) mg day-1 in nonsmoking, White males weighing 70 kg and aged 40 years. The corresponding predicted dose was increased by 30% in smokers, decreased by 18% in females, and was 10% higher and 14% lower in otherwise analogous Afro-Caribbean and Asian patients, respectively. Overall, the predicted dose decreased by 56% between 20 and 80 years. CONCLUSION The large sample size and wide age range of the patients studied allowed precise estimation of dose requirements to attain predose clozapine concentration of 0.35 mg L-1 . The analysis was, however, limited by the absence of data on clinical outcome and future studies are required to determine optimal predose concentrations specifically in those aged over 65 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Reeves
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julie Bertrand
- Institute of Genetics, University College London, London, UK
- UMR 1137 Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution (IAME) French Institute for Medical Research (INSERM), University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephen John Obee
- Precision Medicine, Networked Services, Bessemer Wing, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Samora Hunter
- Precision Medicine, Networked Services, Bessemer Wing, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert James Flanagan
- Precision Medicine, Networked Services, Bessemer Wing, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Watanabe K, Misaka S, Kanno-Nozaki K, Chiyoda T, Suzuki Y, Sato A, Suto T, Kuroda J, Shimomura K, Miura I, Yabe H. Effect of lemborexant on pharmacokinetics of clozapine: A potential drug-drug interaction mediated by time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:354-359. [PMID: 37596710 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clozapine (CLZ) is extensively used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) with caution to avoid serious adverse events such as agranulocytosis and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). In the current report, we present a case of a 35-year-old male non-smoking TRS patient whose steady-state plasma trough concentrations (Ctrough ) of CLZ and its active metabolite, N-desmethylclozapine (NDMC), were significantly increased after initiating oral administration of lemborexant (LEM), a dual orexin receptor antagonist, for the treatment of insomnia. The patient experienced oversedation with sleepiness and fatigue while maintaining high levels of Ctrough of CLZ. The increased concentrations of CLZ returned to normal ranges after the discontinuation of LEM dosing, implying a pharmacokinetic DDI between CLZ and LEM. To gain insight into possible mechanisms, we performed in vitro assays of CYP1A2- and CYP3A4-mediated CLZ metabolism by measuring the formations of NDMC and clozapine N-oxide (CNO). In accordance with previous studies, the incubation of CLZ with each enzyme resulted in the production of both metabolites. LEM had only a weak inhibitory effect on CYP1A2- and CYP3A4-mediated CLZ metabolism. However, the preincubation of LEM with CYP3A4 in the presence of NADPH showed a significant enhancement of inhibitory effects on CLZ metabolism with IC50 values for the formations of CNO and NDMC of 2.8 μM and 4.1 μM, respectively, suggesting that LEM exerts as a potent time-dependent inhibitor for CYP3A4. Taken together, the results of the current study indicate that co-medication of CLZ with LEM may lead to increase in exposure to CLZ and risks of CLZ-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shingen Misaka
- Department of Pharmacy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keiko Kanno-Nozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Chiyoda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuhei Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Sato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suto
- Department of Pharmacy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Junko Kuroda
- Department of Pharmacy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Itaru Miura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Veerman SRT, Moscou T, Bogers JPAM, Cohen D, Schulte PFJ. Clozapine and COVID-19 Vaccination: Effects on blood levels and leukocytes. An observational cohort study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 146:168-178. [PMID: 35322409 PMCID: PMC9111344 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety of COVID-19 vaccination in patients on clozapine as regards plasma clozapine concentration and haematological parameters. METHODS We conducted a multicentre observational cohort study from 22 February 2021 to 2 September 2021. Primary outcomes were clinically relevant increase in clozapine blood levels (>100 μg/L increase compared to baseline) and clozapine alert levels (>1000 μg/L). Secondary outcomes were granulocytopenia, leukocytopenia and lymphocytopenia. Outcomes were measured approximately 5 days after the first and (where applicable) second dose of COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS This study included 139 patients. Compared to baseline, clozapine blood levels increased significantly (ES = 0.28, p = 0.003) after the second vaccination. Clinically relevant increases in clozapine blood levels occurred in 20/92 patients (22%) and in 16/56 patients (29%) during the first and second phases, respectively. Clozapine alert levels developed in one patient (1%) following the first dose and in three patients (5%) after the second dose. In both phases, changes in white blood cells (WBC) were limited to mild granulocytopenia (3% and 5%), moderate granulocytopenia (1% and 0%) and leukocytopenia (2% and 3%) without cause for extra monitoring according to the guideline. CONCLUSION In general, as regards WBC counts COVID-19 vaccination seems to be safe in patients with SMI. Changes in WBC had no clinical implications. Psychoeducation on the symptoms of clozapine intoxication is recommended, especially in patients with clozapine blood levels approaching the upper limit of the therapeutic range. Increase in the C-reactive protein (CRP) level can signal inflammation rapidly and help to prevent clozapine intoxication following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene R. T. Veerman
- Department of Community Mental HealthMental Health Service Noord‐Holland NoordAlkmaarThe Netherlands,Dutch Clozapine Collaboration GroupOegstgeestThe Netherlands
| | - Timo Moscou
- High Intensive Care ClinicMental Health Service Noord‐Holland NoordHeilooThe Netherlands
| | - Jan P. A. M. Bogers
- Dutch Clozapine Collaboration GroupOegstgeestThe Netherlands,High Care Psychiatric ClinicsMental Health Service RivierduinenLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Dan Cohen
- Dutch Clozapine Collaboration GroupOegstgeestThe Netherlands,Department of Community Mental HealthMental Health Service Noord‐Holland NoordHeerhugowaardThe Netherlands
| | - Peter F. J. Schulte
- Department of Community Mental HealthMental Health Service Noord‐Holland NoordAlkmaarThe Netherlands,Dutch Clozapine Collaboration GroupOegstgeestThe Netherlands
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Clozapine: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9872936. [PMID: 31998804 PMCID: PMC6970501 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9872936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic drug that is considered the most effective treatment for refractory schizophrenia. Several clozapine population pharmacokinetic models have been introduced in the last decades. Thus, a systematic review was performed (i) to compare published pharmacokinetics models and (ii) to summarize and explore identified covariates influencing the clozapine pharmacokinetics models. Methods A search of publications for population pharmacokinetic analyses of clozapine either in healthy volunteers or patients from inception to April 2019 was conducted in PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Reviews, methodology articles, in vitro and animal studies, and noncompartmental analysis were excluded. Results Twelve studies were included in this review. Clozapine pharmacokinetics was described as one-compartment with first-order absorption and elimination in most of the studies. Significant interindividual variations of clozapine pharmacokinetic parameters were found in most of the included studies. Age, sex, smoking status, and cytochrome P450 1A2 were found to be the most common identified covariates affecting these parameters. External validation was only performed in one study to determine the predictive performance of the models. Conclusions Large pharmacokinetic variability remains despite the inclusion of several covariates. This can be improved by including other potential factors such as genetic polymorphisms, metabolic factors, and significant drug-drug interactions in a well-designed population pharmacokinetic model in the future, taking into account the incorporation of larger sample size and more stringent sampling strategy. External validation should also be performed to the previously published models to compare their predictive performances.
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Orofino F, Truglio GI, Fiorucci D, D'Agostino I, Borgini M, Poggialini F, Zamperini C, Dreassi E, Maccari L, Torelli R, Martini C, Bernabei M, Meis JF, Khandelwal NK, Prasad R, Sanguinetti M, Bugli F, Botta M. In vitro characterization, ADME analysis, and histological and toxicological evaluation of BM1, a macrocyclic amidinourea active against azole-resistant Candida strains. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 55:105865. [PMID: 31866465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.105865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida species are one of the most common causes of nosocomial bloodstream infections among the opportunistic fungi. Extensive use of antifungal agents, most of which were launched on the market more than 20 years ago, led to the selection of drug-resistant or even multidrug-resistant fungi. We recently described a novel class of antifungal macrocyclic compounds with an amidinourea moiety that is highly active against azole-resistant Candida strains. OBJECTIVE A compound from this family, BM1, was investigated in terms of in vitro activity against various Candida species, including C. auris isolates, interaction with the ABC transporter, CDR6, and in vivo distribution and safety. METHODS In vitro assays (CYP inhibition, microsomal stability, permeability, spot assays) were used to collect chemical and biological data; animal models (rat) paired with LC-MS analysis were utilised to evaluate in vivo toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and distribution. RESULTS The current research shows BM1 has a low in vivo toxicity profile, affinity for the renal system in rats, and good absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). BM1 also has potent activity against azole-resistant fungal strains, including C. auris isolates and CDR6-overexpressing strains. CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against several Candida species, including preliminary data vs. C. auris. BM1 has good ADME and biochemical characteristics, is suitable and safe for daily administration and is particularly indicated for renal infections. These data indicate BM1 and its derivatives form a novel, promising antifungal class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Orofino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppina I Truglio
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Diego Fiorucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Agostino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Borgini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Maccari
- Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Martini
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Bernabei
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy; Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Building, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Sun R, Chen M, Hu Y, Lan Y, Gan L, You G, Yue M, Wang H, Xia B, Zhao J, Tang L, Cai Z, Liu Z, Ye L. CYP3A4/5 mediates the metabolic detoxification of humantenmine, a highly toxic alkaloid from Gelsemium elegans Benth. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1283-1292. [PMID: 31119768 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gelsemium elegans Benth., a well-known toxic herbal plant, is widely used to treat rheumatic arthritis, inflammation and other diseases. Gelsemium contains humantenmine (HMT), which is an important bioactive and toxic alkaloid. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play important roles in the elimination and detoxification of exogenous substances. This study aimed to investigate the roles of CYPs in the metabolism and detoxification of HMT. First, metabolic studies were performed in vitro by using human liver microsomes, selective chemical inhibitors and recombinant human CYPs. Results indicated that four metabolites, including hydroxylation and oxidation metabolites, were found in human liver microsomes and identified based on their high-resolution mass spectrum. The isoform responsible for HMT metabolism was mainly CYP3A4/5. Second, the toxicity of HMT on L02 cells in the presence of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate system (NADPH) was significantly less than that without NADPH system. A CYP3A4/5 activity inhibition model was established by intraperitoneally injecting ketoconazole in mice and used to evaluate the role of CYP3A4/5 in HMT detoxification. In this model, the 14-day survival rate of the mice decreased to 17% after they were intragastrically treated with HMT, along with hepatic injury and increasing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) /aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Overall, CYP3A4/5 mediated the metabolism and detoxification of HMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjin Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Minghao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxian Hu
- Center For Certification And Evaluation, Guangdong Food And Drug Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoquan You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bijun Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yun JY, Lee JS, Kang SH, Nam B, Lee SJ, Lee SH, Choi J, Kim CH, Chung YC. Korean Treatment Guideline on Pharmacotherapy of Co-existing Symptoms and Antipsychotics-related Side Effects in Patients with Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.16946/kjsr.2019.22.2.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Suk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Shi Hyun Kang
- Adult Psychiatry, Division of Medical Services, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beomwoo Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyoungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Joonho Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea
| | - Chan-Hyung Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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