1
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Balestri LI, Trivisani CI, Orofino F, Fiorucci D, Truglio GI, D’Agostino I, Poggialini F, Botta L, Docquier JD, Dreassi E. Discovery and Optimization of a Novel Macrocyclic Amidinourea Series Active as Acidic Mammalian Chitinase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:417-424. [PMID: 37077400 PMCID: PMC10107916 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Our research group has been involved for a long time in the development of macrocyclic amidinoureas (MCAs) as antifungal agents. The mechanistic investigation drove us to perform an in silico target fishing study, which allowed the identification of chitinases as one of their putative targets, with 1a showing a submicromolar inhibition of Trichoderma viride chitinase. In this work, we investigated the possibility to further inhibit the corresponding human enzymes, acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and chitotriosidase (CHIT1), involved in several chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Thus, we first validated the inhibitory activity of 1a against AMCase and CHIT1 and then designed and synthesized new derivatives aimed at improving the potency and selectivity against AMCase. Among them, compound 3f emerged for its activity profile along with its promising in vitro ADME properties. We also gained a good understanding of the key interactions with the target enzyme through in silico studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Orofino
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Diego Fiorucci
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ivana Truglio
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria D’Agostino
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Lead
Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Largo Università s.n.c., I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie Mediche, University of
Siena, Viale Bracci 16, I-53100, Siena, Italy
- Laboratoire
de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, UR-InBioS, University
of Liège, Allée
du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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2
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Palombi N, Brai A, Gerace M, Di Maria S, Orofino F, Corelli F. Viral Envelope Membrane: A Special Entry Pathway and a Promising Drug Target. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:6957-6976. [PMID: 33602071 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210218182203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses belong to a large class of pathogens responsible for multiple serious diseases. Their spread into new territories has been the cause of major epidemics throughout human history, including the Spanish flu in 1918 and the latest COVID-19 pandemic. Thanks to their outer membrane, consisting essentially of host lipids, enveloped viruses are more resistant to enzymes, and are also less susceptible to host immune defenses than their naked counterparts. Therefore, the development of effective approaches to combat enveloped virus infections represents a major challenge for antiviral therapy in the current century. This review focuses on the characteristics of enveloped viruses, their importance in the entry phase, drugs targeting envelope membrane-mediated entry, and those specifically designed to target the envelope. The broad-spectrum antiviral activity of these compounds can be attributed to their ability to affect the envelope, an essential structural feature common to several viruses. This makes this class of compounds agents of great interest when no specific drugs or vaccines are available to block viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastasja Palombi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, . Italy
| | - Annalaura Brai
- Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Castelnuovo Berardenga, . Italy
| | - Martina Gerace
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, . Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Maria
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, . Italy
| | - Francesco Orofino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, . Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, . Italy
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3
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Fiorucci D, Milletti E, Orofino F, Brizzi A, Mugnaini C, Corelli F. Computational drug repurposing for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6242-6248. [PMID: 32705942 PMCID: PMC7441760 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the known COVID-19 disease. Since currently no definitive therapies or vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus are available, there is an urgent need to identify effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the best-known targets available is the main protease of this virus, crucial for the processing of polyproteins codified by viral RNA. In this work, we used a computational virtual screening procedure for the repurposing of commercial drugs available in the DrugBank database as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been applied. The computational model was validated through a self-docking procedure. The screening procedure highlighted five interesting drugs that showed a comparable or higher docking score compared to the crystallographic compound and maintained the protein binding during the MD runs. Amongst these drugs, Ritonavir has been used in clinical trials with patients affected by COVID-19 and Nelfinavir showed anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. The five identified drugs could be evaluated experimentally as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease in view of a possible COVID-19 treatment. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fiorucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Eva Milletti
- AOU Careggi, General Laboratory, Florence Careggi Hospital, Firenze, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Orofino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Molinari A, Iovenitti G, Mancini A, Gravina GL, Chebbi M, Caruana M, Vignaroli G, Orofino F, Rango E, Angelucci A, Dreassi E, Schenone S, Botta M. AuNP Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine Nanosystem in Combination with Radiotherapy against Glioblastoma. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:664-670. [PMID: 32435368 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold-nanoparticle (AuNP)-conjugated drugs represent a promising and innovative antitumor therapeutic approach. In our study, we describe the design, the synthesis, the preparation, and the characterization of AuNPs conjugated with the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative SI306, a c-Src inhibitor. AuNPs-SI306 showed a good loading efficacy (65%), optimal stability in polar media and in human plasma, and a suitable morphological profile: a ζ-potential of -43.9 mV, a nanoparticle diameter of 48.6 nm, and a 0.441 PDI value. The antitumoral activity of AuNPs-SI306 was evaluated in vitro in the glioblastoma model, by the low-density growth assay, and also in combination with radiotherapy (RT). Results demonstrated that AuNPs had a basal radiosensitization ability and that AuNPs-SI306, when used in combination with RT, were more effective in inhibiting tumor cell growth with respect to AuNPs and free SI306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Molinari
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Iovenitti
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Mancini
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Monia Chebbi
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Condensed Materials, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maura Caruana
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Vignaroli
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Orofino
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Rango
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Biolife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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5
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Orofino F, Truglio GI, Fiorucci D, D'Agostino I, Borgini M, Poggialini F, Zamperini C, Dreassi E, Maccari L, Torelli R, Martini C, Bernabei M, Meis JF, Khandelwal NK, Prasad R, Sanguinetti M, Bugli F, Botta M. In vitro characterization, ADME analysis, and histological and toxicological evaluation of BM1, a macrocyclic amidinourea active against azole-resistant Candida strains. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 55:105865. [PMID: 31866465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.105865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida species are one of the most common causes of nosocomial bloodstream infections among the opportunistic fungi. Extensive use of antifungal agents, most of which were launched on the market more than 20 years ago, led to the selection of drug-resistant or even multidrug-resistant fungi. We recently described a novel class of antifungal macrocyclic compounds with an amidinourea moiety that is highly active against azole-resistant Candida strains. OBJECTIVE A compound from this family, BM1, was investigated in terms of in vitro activity against various Candida species, including C. auris isolates, interaction with the ABC transporter, CDR6, and in vivo distribution and safety. METHODS In vitro assays (CYP inhibition, microsomal stability, permeability, spot assays) were used to collect chemical and biological data; animal models (rat) paired with LC-MS analysis were utilised to evaluate in vivo toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and distribution. RESULTS The current research shows BM1 has a low in vivo toxicity profile, affinity for the renal system in rats, and good absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). BM1 also has potent activity against azole-resistant fungal strains, including C. auris isolates and CDR6-overexpressing strains. CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against several Candida species, including preliminary data vs. C. auris. BM1 has good ADME and biochemical characteristics, is suitable and safe for daily administration and is particularly indicated for renal infections. These data indicate BM1 and its derivatives form a novel, promising antifungal class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Orofino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppina I Truglio
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Diego Fiorucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Agostino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Borgini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Maccari
- Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Martini
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Bernabei
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy; Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Building, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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6
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Borgini M, Orofino F, Truglio GI, Balestri L, Botta M. A gram-scale synthesis of a macrocyclic amidinourea with strong antifungal activity through a Fukuyama tri-protected polyamine intermediate. ARKIVOC 2019. [DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p010.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Zamperini C, Maccari G, Deodato D, Pasero C, D'Agostino I, Orofino F, De Luca F, Dreassi E, Docquier JD, Botta M. Identification, synthesis and biological activity of alkyl-guanidine oligomers as potent antibacterial agents. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8251. [PMID: 28811659 PMCID: PMC5557985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the repertoire of clinically effective antibacterials is shrinking due to the rapidly increasing of multi-drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. New chemical classes with innovative mode of action are required to prevent a return to the pre-antibiotic era. We have recently reported the identification of a series of linear guanidine derivatives and their antibacterial properties. A batch of a promising candidate for optimization studies (compound 1) turned out to be a mixture containing two unknown species with a better biological activity than the pure compound. This serendipitous discovery led us to investigate the chemical nature of the unknown components of the mixture. Through MS analysis coupled with design and synthesis we found that the components were spontaneously generated oligomers of the original compound. Preliminary biological evaluations eventually confirmed the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of this new family of molecules. Interestingly the symmetric dimeric derivative (2) exhibited the best profile and it was selected as lead compound for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zamperini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019, Castelnuovo, Berardenga, Italy
| | - G Maccari
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - D Deodato
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - C Pasero
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - I D'Agostino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - F Orofino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - F De Luca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - E Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - J D Docquier
- Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019, Castelnuovo, Berardenga, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - M Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy. .,Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019, Castelnuovo, Berardenga, Italy. .,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, BioLife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, United States of America.
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8
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Maccari G, Deodato D, Fiorucci D, Orofino F, Truglio GI, Pasero C, Martini R, De Luca F, Docquier JD, Botta M. Design and synthesis of a novel inhibitor of T. Viride chitinase through an in silico target fishing protocol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3332-3336. [PMID: 28610983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last ten years, we identified and developed a new therapeutic class of antifungal agents, the macrocyclic amidinoureas. These compounds are active against several Candida species, including clinical isolates resistant to currently available antifungal drugs. The mode of action of these molecules is still unknown. In this work, we developed an in-silico target fishing procedure to identify a possible target for this class of compounds based on shape similarity, inverse docking procedure and consensus score rank-by-rank. Chitinase enzyme emerged as possible target. To confirm this hypothesis a novel macrocyclic derivative has been produced, specifically designed to increase the inhibition of the chitinase. Biological evaluation highlights a stronger enzymatic inhibition for the new derivative, while its antifungal activity drops probably because of pharmacokinetic issues. Collectively, our data suggest that chitinase represent at least one of the main target of macrocyclic amidinoureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Maccari
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Davide Deodato
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Diego Fiorucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Orofino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppina I Truglio
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Carolina Pasero
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Martini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Filomena De Luca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy; Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l, Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l, Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy.
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