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Geometric Calculation of the Influence of an Oscillating Sieve’s Actuation Mechanism Position on Its Motion. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10091760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article offers a general approach to studying a four-bar mechanism from a geometric viewpoint. The four-bar mechanism form is used in a large number of existing pieces of machinery and equipment. This type of mechanism, used to drive a screen and generate its oscillating motion, is referred to in this article for its application in separation systems. In the literature, there are numerous approaches for analyzing such a mechanism. In addition to determining this mechanism’s geometry, an examination of the influence of the drive system’s position on the motion of the tie rods, or the support system of an oscillating site, is also conducted. In the investigation, the connecting rod angle was adjusted between −45 degrees and 60 degrees without respect to the horizontal. The following parameters, which correspond to the operation of the oscillating sieve motion, were obtained from the determined mathematical relations: the movement made by the free end of the tie rod; the tie rod’s angle in relation to the crank movement varies; and variation in the angle the tie rod achieves based on the drive system’s inclination angle. From the analysis, it was discovered that the drive system’s position in relation to the other components of the assembly had a direct influence. The calculation steps were designed to be performed using Mathcad 15.
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Bowman CE. Cheliceral chelal design in free-living astigmatid mites. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:271-363. [PMID: 33988815 PMCID: PMC8189993 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cheliceral chelal design in free-living astigmatid mites (Arthropoda: Acari) is reviewed within a mechanical model. Trophic access (body size and cheliceral reach) and food morsel handling (chelal gape and estimated static adductive crushing force) are morphologically investigated. Forty-seven commonly occurring astigmatid mite species from 20 genera (covering the Acaridae, Aeroglyphidae, Carpoglyphidae, Chortoglyphidae, Glycyphagidae, Lardoglyphidae, Pyroglyphidae, Suidasiidae, and Winterschmidtiidae) are categorised into functional groups using heuristics. Conclusions are confirmed with statistical tests and multivariate morphometrics. Despite these saprophagous acarines in general being simple 'shrunken/swollen' versions of each other, clear statistical correlations in the specifics of their mechanical design (cheliceral and chelal scale and general shape) with the type of habitat and food consumed (their 'biome') are found. Using multivariate analyses, macro- and microsaprophagous subtypes are delineated. Relative ratios of sizes on their own are not highly informative of adaptive syndromes. Sympatric resource competition is examined. Evidence for a maximum doubling of approximate body volume within nominal taxa is detected but larger mites are not more 'generalist' feeding types. Two contrasting types of basic 'Bauplan' are found differing in general scale: (i) a large, chunk-crunching, 'demolition'-feeding omnivore design (comprising 10 macrosaprophagous astigmatid species), and (ii) a small selective picking, squashing/slicing or fragmentary/'plankton' feeding design (which may indicate obligate fungivory/microbivory) comprising 20 microsaprophagous acarid-shaped species. Seventeen other species appear to be specialists. Eleven of these are either: small (interstitial/burrowing) omnivores-or a derived form designed for processing large hard food morsels (debris durophagy, typified by the pyroglyphid Dermatophagoides farinae), or a specialist sub-type of particular surface gleaning/scraping fragmentary feeding. Six possible other minor specialist gleaning/scraping fragmentary feeders types each comprising one to two species are described. Details of these astigmatid trophic-processing functional groups need field validation and more corroborative comparative enzymology. Chelal velocity ratio in itself is not highly predictive of habitat but with cheliceral aspect ratio (or chelal adductive force) is indicative of life-style. Herbivores and pest species are typified by a predicted large chelal adductive force. Pest species may be 'shredders' derived from protein-seeking necrophages. Carpoglyphus lactis typifies a mite with tweezer-like chelae of very feeble adductive force. It is suggested that possible zoophagy (hypocarnivory) is associated with low chelal adductive force together with a small or large gape depending upon the size of the nematode being consumed. Kuzinia laevis typifies an oophagous durophage. Functional form is correlated with taxonomic position within the Astigmata-pyroglyphids and glycyphagids being distinct from acarids. A synthesis with mesostigmatid and oribatid feeding types is offered together with clarification of terminologies. The chelal lyrifissure in the daintiest chelicerae of these astigmatids is located similar to where the action of the chelal moveable digit folds the cheliceral shaft in uropodoids, suggesting mechanical similarities of function. Acarid astigmatids are trophically structured like microphytophagous/fragmentary feeding oribatids. Some larger astigmatids (Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Kuzinia laevis, Tyroborus lini) approximate, and Neosuidasia sp. matches, the design of macrophytophagous oribatids. Most astigmatid species reviewed appear to be positioned with other oribatid secondary decomposers. Only Dermatophagoides microceras might be a primary decomposer approximating a lichenivorous oribatid (Austrachipteria sp.) in trophic form. Astigmatid differences are consilient with the morphological trend from micro- to macrophytophagy in oribatids. The key competency in these actinotrichid mites is a type of 'gnathosomisation' through increased chelal and cheliceral height (i.e., a shape change that adjusts the chelal input effort arm and input adductive force) unrestricted by the dorsal constraint of a mesostigmatid-like gnathotectum. A predictive nomogram for ecologists to use on field samples is included. Future work is proposed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive E Bowman
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
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Taugbøl A, Quinn TP, Østbye K, Asbjørn Vøllestad L. Allometric relationships in morphological traits associated with foraging, swimming ability, and predator defense reveal adaptations toward brackish and freshwater environments in the threespine stickleback. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13412-13426. [PMID: 33304548 PMCID: PMC7713926 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater colonization by threespine stickleback has led to divergence in morphology between ancestral marine and derived freshwater populations, making them ideal for studying natural selection on phenotypes. In an open brackish-freshwater system, we previously discovered two genetically distinct stickleback populations that also differ in geometric shape: one mainly found in the brackish water lagoon and one throughout the freshwater system. As shape and size are not perfectly correlated, the aim of this study was to identify the morphological trait(s) that separated the populations in geometric shape. We measured 23 phenotypes likely to be important for foraging, swimming capacity, and defense against predation. The lateral plate morphs in freshwater displayed few significant changes in trait sizes, but the low plated expressed feeding traits more associated with benthic habitats. When comparing the completely plated genetically assigned populations, the freshwater, the hybrids, the migrants and the lagoon fish, many of the linear traits had different slopes and intercepts in trait-size regressions, precluding our ability to directly compare all traits simultaneously, which most likely results from low variation in body length for the lagoon and migrant population. We found the lagoon stickleback population to be more specialized toward the littoral zone, displaying benthic traits such as large, deep bodies with smaller eyes compared to the freshwater completely plated morph. Further, the lagoon and migrant fish had an overall higher body coverage of lateral plates compared to freshwater fish, and the dorsal and pelvic spines were longer. Evolutionary constraints due to allometric scaling relationships could explain the observed, overall restricted, differences in morphology between the sticklebacks in this study, as most traits have diversified in common allometric trajectories. The observed differences in foraging and antipredation traits between the fish with a lagoon and freshwater genetic signature are likely a result of genetic or plastic adaptations toward brackish and freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Taugbøl
- Department of BioscienceCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
- Human Dimension DepartmentNorwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)LillehammerNorway
| | - Thomas P. Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kjartan Østbye
- Department of BioscienceCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and BiotechnologyDepartment of Forestry and Wildlife ManagementInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of BioscienceCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
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Haines GE, Stuart YE, Hanson D, Tasneem T, Bolnick DI, Larsson HCE, Hendry AP. Adding the third dimension to studies of parallel evolution of morphology and function: An exploration based on parapatric lake-stream stickleback. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13297-13311. [PMID: 33304538 PMCID: PMC7713967 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent methodological advances have led to a rapid expansion of evolutionary studies employing three-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GM). GM methods generally enable researchers to capture and compare complex shape phenotypes, and to quantify their relationship to environmental gradients. However, some recent studies have shown that the common, inexpensive, and relatively rapid two-dimensional GM methods can distort important information and produce misleading results because they cannot capture variation in the depth (Z) dimension. We use micro-CT scanned threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758) from six parapatric lake-stream populations on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to test whether the loss of the depth dimension in 2D GM studies results in misleading interpretations of parallel evolution. Using joint locations described with 2D or 3D landmarks, we compare results from separate 2D and 3D shape spaces, from a combined 2D-3D shape space, and from estimates of biomechanical function. We show that, although shape is distorted enough in 2D projections to strongly influence the interpretation of morphological parallelism, estimates of biomechanical function are relatively robust to the loss of the Z dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Haines
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | | | - Dieta Hanson
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Tania Tasneem
- Kealing Middle SchoolAustin Independent School DistrictAustinTXUSA
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Hans C. E. Larsson
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
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Stange M, Aguirre-Fernández G, Salzburger W, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Study of morphological variation of northern Neotropical Ariidae reveals conservatism despite macrohabitat transitions. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:38. [PMID: 29587647 PMCID: PMC5870521 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological convergence triggered by trophic adaptations is a common pattern in adaptive radiations. The study of shape variation in an evolutionary context is usually restricted to well-studied fish models. We take advantage of the recently revised systematics of New World Ariidae and investigate skull shape evolution in six genera of northern Neotropical Ariidae. They constitute a lineage that diversified in the marine habitat but repeatedly adapted to freshwater habitats. 3D geometric morphometrics was applied for the first time in catfish skulls and phylogenetically informed statistical analyses were performed to test for the impact of habitat on skull diversification after habitat transition in this lineage. RESULTS We found that skull shape is conserved throughout phylogeny. A morphospace analysis revealed that freshwater and marine species occupy extreme ends of the first principal component axis and that they exhibit similar Procrustes variances. Yet freshwater species occupy the smallest shape space compared to marine and brackish species (based on partial disparity), and marine and freshwater species have the largest Procrustes distance to each other. We observed a single case of shape convergence as derived from 'C-metrics', which cannot be explained by the occupation of the same habitat. CONCLUSIONS Although Ariidae occupy such a broad spectrum of different habitats from sea to freshwater, the morphospace analysis and analyses of shape and co-variation with habitat in a phylogenetic context shows that conservatism dominates skull shape evolution among ariid genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Stange
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gabriel Aguirre-Fernández
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
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Olsen AM, Camp AL, Brainerd EL. The opercular mouth-opening mechanism of largemouth bass functions as a 3D four-bar linkage with three degrees of freedom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:4612-4623. [PMID: 29237766 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.159079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The planar, one degree of freedom (1-DoF) four-bar linkage is an important model for understanding the function, performance and evolution of numerous biomechanical systems. One such system is the opercular mechanism in fishes, which is thought to function like a four-bar linkage to depress the lower jaw. While anatomical and behavioral observations suggest some form of mechanical coupling, previous attempts to model the opercular mechanism as a planar four-bar have consistently produced poor model fits relative to observed kinematics. Using newly developed, open source mechanism fitting software, we fitted multiple three-dimensional (3D) four-bar models with varying DoF to in vivo kinematics in largemouth bass to test whether the opercular mechanism functions instead as a 3D four-bar with one or more DoF. We examined link position error, link rotation error and the ratio of output to input link rotation to identify a best-fit model at two different levels of variation: for each feeding strike and across all strikes from the same individual. A 3D, 3-DoF four-bar linkage was the best-fit model for the opercular mechanism, achieving link rotational errors of less than 5%. We also found that the opercular mechanism moves with multiple degrees of freedom at the level of each strike and across multiple strikes. These results suggest that active motor control may be needed to direct the force input to the mechanism by the axial muscles and achieve a particular mouth-opening trajectory. Our results also expand the versatility of four-bar models in simulating biomechanical systems and extend their utility beyond planar or single-DoF systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Olsen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ariel L Camp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Higham TE, Rogers SM, Langerhans RB, Jamniczky HA, Lauder GV, Stewart WJ, Martin CH, Reznick DN. Speciation through the lens of biomechanics: locomotion, prey capture and reproductive isolation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1294. [PMID: 27629033 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Speciation is a multifaceted process that involves numerous aspects of the biological sciences and occurs for multiple reasons. Ecology plays a major role, including both abiotic and biotic factors. Whether populations experience similar or divergent ecological environments, they often adapt to local conditions through divergence in biomechanical traits. We investigate the role of biomechanics in speciation using fish predator-prey interactions, a primary driver of fitness for both predators and prey. We highlight specific groups of fishes, or specific species, that have been particularly valuable for understanding these dynamic interactions and offer the best opportunities for future studies that link genetic architecture to biomechanics and reproductive isolation (RI). In addition to emphasizing the key biomechanical techniques that will be instrumental, we also propose that the movement towards linking biomechanics and speciation will include (i) establishing the genetic basis of biomechanical traits, (ii) testing whether similar and divergent selection lead to biomechanical divergence, and (iii) testing whether/how biomechanical traits affect RI. Future investigations that examine speciation through the lens of biomechanics will propel our understanding of this key process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Higham
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sean M Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - George V Lauder
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Pistore A, Barry T, Bowles E, Sharma R, Vanderzwan S, Rogers S, Jamniczky H. Characterizing phenotypic divergence using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics in four populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus; Pisces: Gasterosteidae) in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758) is a vertebrate model for the study of the relationship between phenotype and environment in facilitating rapid evolutionary change. Using four populations from a system of lakes in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska, and microcomputed tomography and three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, we test the hypothesis that stickleback populations inhabiting freshwater environments display cranial phenotypes that are intermediate between the putative ancestral form and the low-plated freshwater populations that demonstrate substantial divergence toward new phenotypic optima. We further test the hypothesis that phenotypic covariance structure is disrupted in the context of such putatively recent adaptive events. We report significant phenotypic differences among all four populations that includes a component of sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, we show evidence of disrupted phenotypic covariance structure among these populations. Taken together, these findings indicate the importance of phenotypic quantification as a key step in elucidating both the ecological processes responsible for rapid adaptive radiations and the role of developmental mechanisms in biasing evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Pistore
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - T.N. Barry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - E. Bowles
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - R. Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - S.L. Vanderzwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - S.M. Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - H.A. Jamniczky
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Esteve-Altava B. In search of morphological modules: a systematic review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1332-1347. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Esteve-Altava
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
- Department of Anatomy; College of Medicine, Howard University; 520 W Street, NW, Numa Adams Building Washington DC 20059 USA
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Kimmel CB, Watson S, Couture RB, McKibben NS, Nichols JT, Richardson SE, Noakes DLG. Patterns of variation and covariation in the shapes of mandibular bones of juvenile salmonids in the genus Oncorhynchus. Evol Dev 2015; 17:302-14. [PMID: 26372063 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
What is the nature of evolutionary divergence of the jaw skeleton within the genus Oncorhynchus? How can two associated bones evolve new shapes and still maintain functional integration? Here, we introduce and test a "concordance" hypothesis, in which an extraordinary matching of the evolutionary shape changes of the dentary and angular articular serves to preserve their fitting together. To test this hypothesis, we examined morphologies of the dentary and angular articular at parr (juvenile) stage, and at three levels of biological organization—between salmon and trout, between sister species within both salmon and trout, and among three types differing in life histories within one species, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The comparisons show bone shape divergences among the groups at each level; morphological divergence between salmon and trout is marked even at this relatively early life history stage. We observed substantial matching between the two mandibular bones in both pattern and amount of shape variation, and in shape covariation across species. These findings strongly support the concordance hypothesis, and reflect functional and/or developmental constraint on morphological evolution. We present evidence for developmental modularity within both bones. The locations of module boundaries were predicted from the patterns of evolutionary divergences, and for the dentary, at least, would appear to facilitate its functional association with the angular articular. The modularity results suggest that development has biased the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Kimmel
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Sawyer Watson
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | | | - James T Nichols
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - David L G Noakes
- Oregon Hatchery Research Center, Alsea, OR, USA.,Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Kapralova KH, Jónsson ZO, Palsson A, Franzdóttir SR, le Deuff S, Kristjánsson BK, Snorrason SS. Bones in motion: Ontogeny of craniofacial development in sympatric arctic charr morphs. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1168-1178. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kalina H. Kapralova
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Zophonías O. Jónsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Arnar Palsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Sigurður S. Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
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12
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Jamniczky HA, Barry TN, Rogers SM. Eco-evo-devo in the Study of Adaptive Divergence: Examples from Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:166-78. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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13
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Three-Dimensional Morphometrics for Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis: Tackling Complex Questions with Complex Phenotypes. Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-015-9318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Parsons TE, Downey CM, Jirik FR, Hallgrimsson B, Jamniczky HA. Mind the gap: genetic manipulation of basicranial growth within synchondroses modulates calvarial and facial shape in mice through epigenetic interactions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118355. [PMID: 25692674 PMCID: PMC4334972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic integration patterns in the mammalian skull have long been a focus of intense interest as a result of their suspected influence on the trajectory of hominid evolution. Here we test the hypothesis that perturbation of cartilage growth, which directly affects only the chondrocranium during development, will produce coordinated shape changes in the adult calvarium and face regardless of mechanism. Using two murine models of cartilage undergrowth that target two very different mechanisms, we show that strong reduction in cartilage growth produces a short, wide, and more flexed cranial base. This in turn produces a short, wide face in both models. Cranial base and face are already correlated early in ontogeny, and the relationship between these modules gains structure through postnatal growth and development. These results provide further evidence that there exist physical interactions between developing parts of the phenotype that produce variation at a distance from the actual locus upon which a particular selective pressure is acting. Phenotypic changes observed over the course of evolution may not all require adaptationist explanations; rather, it is likely that a substantial portion of observed phenotypic variation over the history of a clade is not directly adaptive but rather a secondary consequence of some local response to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trish E Parsons
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Charlene M Downey
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Frank R Jirik
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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15
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Kimmel CB. Skull developmental modularity: a view from a single bone - or two. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ICHTHYOLOGIE = JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY 2014; 30:600-607. [PMID: 25294950 PMCID: PMC4185205 DOI: 10.1111/jai.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
I review recent studies that connect development and evolution of skull bones in teleosts. Development uses genetic information to build a structured, modular phenotype, and since selection acts on the phenotype, developmental modularity may influence evolvability. Just how is a complex developing morphology spatially partitioned into modules? Here I briefly examine cellular, molecular genetic, and multivariate statistical approaches to the identification of developmental modules. Furthermore I review our evidence that developmental modularity provides evolutionarily labile regions within the skull and hence potentially biases evolutionary change in a positive manner. This view is rather different from early ones in the field of evolutionary developmental biology, in which developmental constraint due to patterns such as heterochronies were supposed to negatively impact evolution.
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Rogers SM, Jamniczky HA. The shape of things to come in the study of the origin of species? Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1650-2. [PMID: 24667008 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps Darwin would agree that speciation is no longer the mystery of mysteries that it used to be. It is now generally accepted that evolution by natural selection can contribute to ecological adaptation, resulting in the evolution of reproductive barriers and, hence, to the evolution of new species (Schluter & Conte 2009; Meyer 2011; Nosil 2012). From genes that encode silencing proteins that cause infertility in hybrid mice (Mihola et al. 2009), to segregation distorters linked to speciation in fruit flies (Phadnis & Orr 2009), or pollinator-mediated selection on flower colour alleles driving reinforcement in Texan wildflowers (Hopkins & Rausher 2012), characterization of the genes that drive speciation is providing clues to the origin of species (Nosil & Schluter 2011). It is becoming apparent that, while recent work continues to overturn historical ideas about sympatric speciation (e.g. Barluenga et al. 2006), ecological circumstances strongly influence patterns of genomic divergence, and ultimately the establishment of reproductive isolation when gene flow is present (Elmer & Meyer 2011). Less clear, however, are the genetic mechanisms that cause speciation, particularly when ongoing gene flow is occurring. Now, in this issue, Franchini et al. (2014) employ a classic genetic mapping approach augmented with new genomic tools to elucidate the genomic architecture of ecologically divergent body shapes in a pair of sympatric crater lake cichlid fishes. From over 450 segregating SNPs in an F2 cross, 72 SNPs were linked to 11 QTL associated with external morphology measured by means of traditional and geometric morphometrics. Annotation of two highly supported QTL further pointed to genes that might contribute to ecological divergence in body shape in Midas cichlids, overall supporting the hypothesis that genomic regions of large phenotypic effect may be contributing to early-stage divergence in Midas cichlids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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