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Istrate B, Cojocaru FD, Henea ME, Balan V, Șindilar EV, Verestiuc L, Munteanu C, Solcan C. In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of the Mg-Ca-Zn Biodegradable Alloys. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:166. [PMID: 38921539 PMCID: PMC11204402 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15060166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to analyze the in vitro and in vivo tests of a novel Mg-based biodegradable alloy-Mg-0.5%Ca-with various amounts of Zn (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 wt.%). In terms of in vitro biocompatibility, MTT and Calcein-AM cell viability assays, performed on the MG-63 cell line through the extract method, revealed that all five alloy extracts are non-cytotoxic at an extraction ratio of 0.025 g alloy per mL of cell culture medium. In the in vivo histological analysis, Mg-0.5Ca-1.5Zn demonstrated exceptional potential for stimulating bone remodeling and showed excellent biocompatibility. It was observed that Mg-0.5Ca-0.5Zn, Mg-0.5Ca-1.5Zn, and Mg-0.5Ca-3Zn displayed good biocompatibility. Furthermore, the histological examination highlighted the differentiation of periosteal cells into chondrocytes and subsequent bone tissue replacement through endochondral ossification. This process highlighted the importance of the initial implant's integrity and the role of the periosteum. In summary, Mg-0.5Ca-1.5Zn stands out as a promising candidate for bone regeneration and osseointegration, supported by both in vitro and in vivo findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Istrate
- Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics Department, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Florina-Daniela Cojocaru
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 9-13 Kogalniceanu Street, 700454 Iasi, Romania; (V.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Mădălina-Elena Henea
- Surgery Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (M.-E.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Vera Balan
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 9-13 Kogalniceanu Street, 700454 Iasi, Romania; (V.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Eusebiu-Viorel Șindilar
- Surgery Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (M.-E.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Liliana Verestiuc
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 9-13 Kogalniceanu Street, 700454 Iasi, Romania; (V.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Corneliu Munteanu
- Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics Department, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd., 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Surgery Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (M.-E.H.); (C.S.)
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Curry Rogers K, Martínez RN, Colombi C, Rogers RR, Alcober O. Osteohistological insight into the growth dynamics of early dinosaurs and their contemporaries. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298242. [PMID: 38568908 PMCID: PMC10990230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dinosauria debuted on Earth's stage in the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction Event, and survived two other Triassic extinction intervals to eventually dominate terrestrial ecosystems. More than 231 million years ago, in the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of west-central Argentina, dinosaurs were just getting warmed up. At this time, dinosaurs represented a minor fraction of ecosystem diversity. Members of other tetrapod clades, including synapsids and pseudosuchians, shared convergently evolved features related to locomotion, feeding, respiration, and metabolism and could have risen to later dominance. However, it was Dinosauria that radiated in the later Mesozoic most significantly in terms of body size, diversity, and global distribution. Elevated growth rates are one of the adaptations that set later Mesozoic dinosaurs apart, particularly from their contemporary crocodilian and mammalian compatriots. When did the elevated growth rates of dinosaurs first evolve? How did the growth strategies of the earliest known dinosaurs compare with those of other tetrapods in their ecosystems? We studied femoral bone histology of an array of early dinosaurs alongside that of non-dinosaurian contemporaries from the Ischigualasto Formation in order to test whether the oldest known dinosaurs exhibited novel growth strategies. Our results indicate that the Ischigualasto vertebrate fauna collectively exhibits relatively high growth rates. Dinosaurs are among the fastest growing taxa in the sample, but they occupied this niche alongside crocodylomorphs, archosauriformes, and large-bodied pseudosuchians. Interestingly, these dinosaurs grew at least as quickly, but more continuously than sauropodomorph and theropod dinosaurs of the later Mesozoic. These data suggest that, while elevated growth rates were ancestral for Dinosauria and likely played a significant role in dinosaurs' ascent within Mesozoic ecosystems, they did not set them apart from their contemporaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Curry Rogers
- Biology and Geology Departments, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ricardo N. Martínez
- Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Carina Colombi
- CIGEOBIO - Centro de Investigaciones de la Geósfera y Biósfera, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Raymond R. Rogers
- Geology Department, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Oscar Alcober
- Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
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Anesi A, Ferretti M, Salvatori R, Bellucci D, Cavani F, Di Bartolomeo M, Palumbo C, Cannillo V. In-vivo evaluations of bone regenerative potential of two novel bioactive glasses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1264-1278. [PMID: 36876550 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the aging of population, materials able to repair damaged tissues are needed. Among others, bioactive glasses (BGs) have attracted a lot of interest due to their outstanding properties both for hard and soft tissues. Here, for the first time, two new BGs, which gave very promising results in preliminary in vitro-tests, were implanted in animals in order to evaluate their regenerative potential. The new BGs, named BGMS10 and Bio_MS and containing specific therapeutic ions, were produced in granules and implanted in rabbits' femurs for up to 60 days, to test their biocompatibility and osteoconduction. Additionally, granules of 45S5 Bioglass® were employed and used as a standard reference for comparison. The results showed that, after 30 days, the two novel BGs and 45S5 displayed a similar behavior, in terms of bone amount, thickness of new bone trabeculae and affinity index. On the contrary, after 60 days, 45S5 granules were mainly surrounded by wide and scattered bone trabeculae, separated by large amounts of soft tissue, while in BGMS10 and Bio_MS the trabeculae were thin and uniformly distributed around the BG granules. This latter scenario could be considered as more advantageous, since the features of the two novel BG granules allowed for the neo-formation of a uniformly distributed bony trabeculae, predictive of more favorable mechanical behavior, compared to the less uniform coarse trabeculae, separated by large areas of soft tissue in 45S5 granules. Thus, BGMS10 and Bio_MS could be considered suitable products for tissue regeneration in the orthopedic and dental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anesi
- Laboratorio Biomateriali, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Materno-Infantili e dell'Adulto, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - M Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze - Sezione di Morfologia umana (c/o Policlinico), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - R Salvatori
- Laboratorio Biomateriali, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Materno-Infantili e dell'Adulto, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - D Bellucci
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria "Enzo Ferrari", Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F Cavani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze - Sezione di Morfologia umana (c/o Policlinico), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - M Di Bartolomeo
- Chirurgia Maxillo Facciale e Odontostomatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche Odontostomatologiche e Materno-Infantili, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze - Sezione di Morfologia umana (c/o Policlinico), Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - V Cannillo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria "Enzo Ferrari", Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Chapelle KEJ, Botha J, Choiniere JN. Osteohistology reveals the smallest adult Jurassic sauropodomorph. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221565. [PMID: 37325591 PMCID: PMC10265025 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The earliest sauropodomorphs were small omnivores (less than 10 kg) that first appeared in the Carnian. By the Hettangian, early branching sauropodomorphs (EBSMs) were globally distributed, had variable postures, and some attained large body masses (greater than 10 tonnes). Small-bodied EBSMs like Massospondylus carinatus (less than 550 kg) persist at least until the Pliensbachian at nearly all dinosaur-bearing localities worldwide but are comparatively low in alpha diversity. One potential reason for this is competition with other similarly sized contemporary amniotes, including Triassic gomphodont cynodonts, Jurassic early branching ornithischians, herbivorous theropods and potentially early crocodylomorphs. Today's herbivorous mammals show a range of body size classes (less than 10 g to 7 tonnes), with multiple species of small herbivorous mammals (less than 100 kg) frequently co-occurring. Comparatively, our understanding of the phylogenetic distribution of body mass in Early Jurassic strata, and its explanatory power for the lower thresholds of body mass in EBSMs, needs more data. We osteohistologically sectioned a small humerus, BP/1/4732, from the upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Its comparative morphology and osteohistology show that it represents a skeletally mature individual of a new sauropodomorph taxon with a body mass of approx. 75.35 kg. This makes it one of the smallest known sauropodomorph taxa, and the smallest ever reported from a Jurassic stratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley E. J. Chapelle
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Botha
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- GENUS Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Jonah N. Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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Whitney MR, Otoo BKA, Angielczyk KD, Pierce SE. Fossil bone histology reveals ancient origins for rapid juvenile growth in tetrapods. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1280. [PMID: 36443424 PMCID: PMC9705711 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of growth throughout the lifetime of an animal reflect critical life history traits such as reproductive timing, physiology, and ecological interactions. The ancestral growth pattern for tetrapods has traditionally been described as slow-to-moderately paced, akin to modern amphibians, with fast growth and high metabolic rates considered a specialized physiological trait of amniotes. Here, we present bone histology from an ontogenetic series of the Early Carboniferous stem tetrapod Whatcheeria deltae, and document evidence of fibrolamellar bone-primary bone tissue associated with fast growth. Our data indicate that Whatcheeria juveniles grew rapidly and reached skeletal maturity quickly, allowing them to occupy a large-bodied predator niche in their paleoenvironment. This life history strategy contrasts with those described for other stem tetrapods and indicates that a diversity of growth patterns existed at the origins of tetrapod diversification. Importantly, Whatcheeria marks an unexpectedly early occurrence of fibrolamellar bone in Tetrapoda, both temporally and phylogenetically. These findings reveal that elevated juvenile growth is not limited to amniotes, but has a deep history in the tetrapod clade and may have played a previously unrecognized role in the tetrapod invasion of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Whitney
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XMuseum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Benjamin K. A. Otoo
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.299784.90000 0001 0476 8496Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605-2496 USA
| | - Kenneth D. Angielczyk
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,grid.299784.90000 0001 0476 8496Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605-2496 USA
| | - Stephanie E. Pierce
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XMuseum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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6
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Chapelle KEJ, Barrett PM, Choiniere JN, Botha J. Interelemental osteohistological variation in Massospondylus carinatus and its implications for locomotion. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13918. [PMID: 36172498 PMCID: PMC9512004 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Massospondylus carinatus Owen, 1854 is an iconic basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of southern Africa. Over 200 specimens have been referred to this taxon, spanning the entire ontogenetic series from embryo to adult. Consequently, it provides an ideal sample for investigating dinosaur developmental biology, including growth patterns and growth rates, through osteohistological analysis. Massospondylus carinatus was the first early-branching sauropodomorph dinosaur for which a femoral growth series was sampled. Since then, growth series of other non-avian dinosaur taxa have shown that growth plasticity, interelemental variation, and ontogenetic locomotory shifts can complicate our understanding of growth curves and patterns. To investigate these questions further, it is necessary to sample multiple skeletal elements from multiple individuals across a large range of sizes, something that is often hindered by the incompleteness of the fossil record. Here, we conducted a broad, multielement osteohistological study of long bones (excluding metapodials) from 27 specimens of Massospondylus carinatus that span its ontogenetic series. Our study reveals substantial variations in growth history. A cyclical woven-parallel complex is the predominant bone tissue pattern during early and mid-ontogeny, which transitions to slower forming parallel-fibred bone during very late ontogeny. The bone tissue is interrupted by irregularly spaced cyclical growth marks (CGMs) including lines of arrested growth indicating temporary cessations in growth. These CGMs show that the previously recorded femoral growth plasticity is also visible in other long bones, with a poor correlation between body size (measured by midshaft circumference) and CGM numbers. Furthermore, we found that the growth trajectory for an individual can vary depending on which limb element is studied. This makes the establishment of an accurate growth curve and determination of the onset of reproductive maturity difficult for this taxon. Finally, we found no evidence of differential growth rates in forelimb vs hindlimb samples from the same individual, providing further evidence falsifying hypothesised ontogenetic postural shifts in Massospondylus carinatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley EJ Chapelle
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York, United States of America,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Paul M. Barrett
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa,Science Group, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonah N. Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Botha
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa,Karoo Palaeontology Department, National Museum, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
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7
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Botha J, Choiniere JN, Benson RBJ. Rapid growth preceded gigantism in sauropodomorph evolution. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4501-4507.e2. [PMID: 36084648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sauropod dinosaurs include the largest land animals to have walked the earth, mostly weighing 10-70 tons (e.g., Sander et al.1 and Carballido et al.2). Osteohistology suggests that derived physiological traits evolved near the origin of sauropod gigantism, including both rapid and uninterrupted growth from juvenile to adult with little developmental plasticity.1,3,4 This differs from the slower, seasonally interrupted growth of their direct ancestors, as evident in most non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs, which also show developmental plasticity in some groups. Accelerated but seasonally interrupted growth is present in Lessemsauridae, the sister clade to Sauropoda, which also attained giant adult body sizes (>10 tons).5 These observations suggest a correlation between giant size and accelerated growth. However, testing this evolutionary connection has been limited by the incomplete understanding of the growth patterns in some of the closest non-giant relatives of sauropods. We present the osteohistology of two such taxa, Aardonyx celestae and Sefapanosaurus zatronensis. Both exhibit highly vascularized woven-parallel complexes, with fibrolamellar complexes during early to mid-ontogeny, containing regular growth marks. These observations provide strong evidence for rapid but seasonally interrupted growth with limited developmental plasticity (indicated by the regular spacing of growth marks). Combined with our review of early branching sauropodomorph osteohistology, these results show that highly accelerated growth rates originated among smaller, non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs weighing 1 to 2 tons but preceded the origins of giant size (>10 tons). Therefore, the capacity for rapid bone tissue formation, a derived aspect of rapid growth seen in sauropods, did not evolve specifically to enable giant body sizes but may have been a prerequisite for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Botha
- Karoo Palaeontology Department, National Museum, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - Jonah N Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Roger B J Benson
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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Ong N, Hart‐Farrar B, Tremaine K, Woodward HN. Osteohistological description of ostrich and emu long bones, with comments on markers of growth. J Anat 2022; 241:518-526. [PMID: 35412666 PMCID: PMC9296041 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostriches and emus are among the largest extant birds and are frequently used as modern analogs for the growth dynamics of non-avian theropod dinosaurs. These ratites quickly reach adult size in under 1 year, and as such do not typically exhibit annually deposited growth marks. Growth marks, commonly classified as annuli or lines of arrested growth (LAGs), represent reduced or halted osteogenesis, respectively, and their presence demonstrates varying degrees of developmental plasticity. Growth marks have not yet been reported from ostriches and emus, prompting authors to suggest that they have lost the plasticity required to deposit them. Here we observe the hind limb bone histology of three captive juvenile emus and one captive adult ostrich. Two of the three juvenile emus exhibit typical bone histology but the third emu, a 4.5-month-old juvenile, exhibits a regional arc of avascular tissue, which we interpret as a growth mark. As this mark is not present in the other two emus from the same cohort and it co-occurs with a contralateral broken fibula, we suggest variable biomechanical load as a potential cause. The ostrich exhibits a complete ring of avascular, hypermineralized bone with sparse, flattened osteocyte lacunae. We identify this as an annulus and interpret it as slowing of growth. In the absence of other growth marks and lacking the animal's life history, the timing and cause of this ostrich's reduced growth are unclear. Even so, these findings demonstrate that both taxa retain the ancestral developmental plasticity required to temporarily slow growth. We also discuss the potential challenges of identifying growth marks using incomplete population data sets and partial cortical sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyOklahoma State University Center for Health SciencesTulsaOklahomaUSA
| | - Brenna Hart‐Farrar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyOklahoma State University Center for Health SciencesTulsaOklahomaUSA
| | - Katie Tremaine
- Department of Earth ScienceMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
- Museum of the RockiesMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
| | - Holly N. Woodward
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyOklahoma State University Center for Health SciencesTulsaOklahomaUSA
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Johanson Z, Liston J, Davesne D, Challands T, Meredith Smith M. Mechanisms of dermal bone repair after predatory attack in the giant stem-group teleost Leedsichthys problematicus Woodward, 1889a (Pachycormiformes). J Anat 2022; 241:393-406. [PMID: 35588137 PMCID: PMC9296021 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leedsichthys problematicus is a suspension-feeding member of the Mesozoic clade Pachycormiformes (stem-group Teleostei), and the largest known ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). As in some larger fish, the skeleton is poorly ossified, but the caudal fin (tail) is well-preserved. Bony calluses have been found here, on the dermal fin rays, and when sectioned, show evidence of bone repair in response to damage. As part of this repair, distinctive tissue changes are observed, including the deposition of woven bone onto broken bone fragments and the surface of the lepidotrichium, after resorption of the edges of these fragments and the lepidotrichial surface itself. Within the woven bone are many clear elongate spaces, consistent with their interpretation as bundles of unmineralized collagen (Sharpey's fibres). These normally provide attachment within dermal bones, and here attach new bone to old, particularly to resorbed surfaces, identified by scalloped reversal lines. Haversian systems are retained in the old bone, from which vasculature initially invaded the callus, hence bringing stem cells committed to forming bone onto the surfaces of the damaged area. These observations provide strong evidence of a vital response through survival of a predatory attack by a large marine reptile, coeval with Leedsichthys in the Jurassic seas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Liston
- Royal Tyrrell Museum of PaleontologyDrumhellerCanada
- Fachruppe Paläoumwelt, GeoZentrum NordbayernFriedrich‐Alexander Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
- Palaeobiology Section, Department of Natural SciencesNational Museums ScotlandEdinburghUK
| | - Donald Davesne
- Museum für NaturkundeLeibniz‐Institut für Evolutions‐ und BiodiversitätsforschungBerlinGermany
| | - Tom Challands
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Moya Meredith Smith
- Natural History MuseumLondonUK
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
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New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3195-3202.e5. [PMID: 35803271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Giant carnivorous dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex and abelisaurids are characterized by highly reduced forelimbs that stand in contrast to their huge dimensions, massive skulls, and obligate bipedalism.1,2 Another group that follows this pattern, yet is still poorly known, is the Carcharodontosauridae: dominant predators that inhabited most continents during the Early Cretaceous3-5 and reached their largest sizes in Aptian-Cenomanian times.6-10 Despite many discoveries over the last three decades, aspects of their anatomy, especially with regard to the skull, forearm, and feet, remain poorly known. Here we report a new carcharodontosaurid, Meraxes gigas, gen. et sp. nov., based on a specimen recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Huincul Formation of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Phylogenetic analysis places Meraxes among derived Carcharodontosauridae, in a clade with other massive South American species. Meraxes preserves novel anatomical information for derived carcharodontosaurids, including an almost complete forelimb that provides evidence for convergent allometric trends in forelimb reduction among three lineages of large-bodied, megapredatory non-avian theropods, including a remarkable degree of parallelism between the latest-diverging tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids. This trend, coupled with a likely lower bound on forelimb reduction, hypothesized to be about 0.4 forelimb/femur length, combined to produce this short-armed pattern in theropods. The almost complete cranium of Meraxes permits new estimates of skull length in Giganotosaurus, which is among the longest for theropods. Meraxes also provides further evidence that carchardontosaurids reached peak diversity shortly before their extinction with high rates of trait evolution in facial ornamentation possibly linked to a social signaling role.
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Dewaele L, Gol'din P, Marx FG, Lambert O, Laurin M, Obadă T, de Buffrénil V. Hypersalinity drives convergent bone mass increases in Miocene marine mammals from the Paratethys. Curr Biol 2021; 32:248-255.e2. [PMID: 34813730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pachyosteosclerosis-a condition that creates dense, bulky bones-often characterizes the early evolution of secondarily aquatic tetrapods like whales and dolphins1-3 but then usually fades away as swimming efficiency increases.4 Here, we document a remarkable reversal of this pattern, namely the convergent re-emergence of bone densification in Miocene seals, dolphins, and whales from the epicontinental Paratethys Sea of eastern Europe and central Asia. This phenomenon was driven by imbalanced remodeling and inhibited resorption of primary trabeculae and coincided with hypersaline conditions-the Badenian salinity crisis-that affected the Central Paratethys between 13.8 and 13.4 Ma.5 Dense bones acting as ballast would have facilitated efficient swimming in the denser and more buoyant water and hence were likely adaptive in this setting. From the Central Paratethys, pachyosteosclerosis subsequently spread eastward, where it became a defining feature of the endemic late Miocene whale assemblage.6,7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Dewaele
- EDDy Lab, Department of Geology, Liège University, Quartier Agora, 14 Allée du six Août, Liège 4000, Belgium; Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Rue Vautier, Brussels 1000, Belgium.
| | - Pavel Gol'din
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, vul. Bogdana Khmelnytskogo 15, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine; Ukrainian Scientific Centre of Ecology of the Sea, Frantsuzsky Blvrd. 89, Odessa 65009, Ukraine.
| | - Felix G Marx
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 169 Tory Street, Wellington 6011, New Zealand; Department of Geology, University of Otago, 360 Leith Walk, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Olivier Lambert
- Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Rue Vautier, Brussels 1000, Belgium.
| | - Michel Laurin
- UMR 7207 (CNRS ⁄ MNHN ⁄ UPMC, Sorbonne Universités), Centre de Recherches de Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Theodor Obadă
- Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, str. Academiei, 1 MD-2028, Chișinău, Moldova.
| | - Vivian de Buffrénil
- UMR 7207 (CNRS ⁄ MNHN ⁄ UPMC, Sorbonne Universités), Centre de Recherches de Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France.
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12
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Kulik ZT, Lungmus JK, Angielczyk KD, Sidor CA. Living fast in the Triassic: New data on life history in Lystrosaurus (Therapsida: Dicynodontia) from northeastern Pangea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259369. [PMID: 34739492 PMCID: PMC8570511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lystrosaurus was one of the few tetrapods to survive the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, the most profound biotic crisis in Earth’s history. The wide paleolatitudinal range and high abundance of Lystrosaurus during the Early Triassic provide a unique opportunity to investigate changes in growth dynamics and longevity following the mass extinction, yet most studies have focused only on species that lived in the southern hemisphere. Here, we present the long bone histology from twenty Lystrosaurus skeletal elements spanning a range of sizes that were collected in the Jiucaiyuan Formation of northwestern China. In addition, we compare the average body size of northern and southern Pangean Triassic-aged species and conduct cranial geometric morphometric analyses of southern and northern taxa to begin investigating whether specimens from China are likely to be taxonomically distinct from South African specimens. We demonstrate that Lystrosaurus from China have larger average body sizes than their southern Pangean relatives and that their cranial morphologies are distinctive. The osteohistological examination revealed sustained, rapid osteogenesis punctuated by growth marks in some, but not all, immature individuals from China. We find that the osteohistology of Chinese Lystrosaurus shares a similar growth pattern with South African species that show sustained growth until death. However, bone growth arrests more frequently in the Chinese sample. Nevertheless, none of the long bones sampled here indicate that maximum or asymptotic size was reached, suggesting that the maximum size of Lystrosaurus from the Jiucaiyuan Formation remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe T. Kulik
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacqueline K. Lungmus
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Angielczyk
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Christian A. Sidor
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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13
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Heck CT, Woodward HN. Intraskeletal bone growth patterns in the North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli): Growth mark discrepancy and implications for extinct taxa. J Anat 2021; 239:1075-1095. [PMID: 34258760 PMCID: PMC8546512 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteohistology, the study of bone microstructure, provides an important avenue for assessing extinct and extant vertebrate growth and life history. Cortical vascularity and collagen fibre organization are direct reflections of growth rate, while bone growth marks are indicative of absolute age. However, each skeletal element has its own ontogenetic trajectory and microstructure of certain bones may not be a true representation of whole body growth. Extensive comparative study of modern taxa is required to resolve intraskeletal discrepancies among age, vascularity and tissue organization in extinct vertebrates. Despite their comparative utility, studies of bone microstructure in modern taxa are severely lacking. Here, we add to a growing comparative osteohistological database by describing (1) bone tissue organization, (2) growth mark count, (3) sexually dimorphic bone (e.g. medullary bone) and (4) secondary cortical reconstruction in the bone microstructure of a 14-year-old male and 5-year-old female North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). Transverse and longitudinal histological ground sections were processed and described for femora, tibiotarsi, tarsometatarsi, humeri, ulnae and radii in both kiwis. Cortical bone can generally be described as parallel-fibered tissue, interrupted by cyclical growth marks, with vascular canals oriented longitudinally within primary and secondary osteons. Tissue morphologically resembling medullary bone is present in the hindlimbs of the female, and coarse compacted cancellous bone (CCCB) is found sporadically in the male and female hindlimbs. Lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are present in all hindlimb bones of both kiwi, but remodelling has obliterated all LAGs in the male ulnae and radii. LAG count varies intraskeletally, but large weight bearing elements such as femora and tibiotarsi have less remodelling and, thus, higher number of LAGs. LAG count did not match absolute age in any skeletal element; a maximum of seven LAGs are present in the male kiwi and a maximum of seven LAGs in the female kiwi. The tissue organization within the forelimbs and hindlimbs is reflective of the protracted growth strategy of the North Island Brown Kiwi and congruent with previous studies of the kiwi. LAGs were highly variable throughout the skeleton of the kiwi and a decoupling of age and LAG deposition is apparent from the male kiwi samples. Excess LAGs in the 5-year-old female kiwi may be a product of hatching, egg laying or captivity. Regardless, LAG count variation in the kiwi stresses the importance of intraskeletal sampling when assessing growth patterns of extinct taxa. An extensive ontogenetic sampling of kiwi is necessary for future investigations of bone growth patterns, CCCB formation, medullary bone and LAG deposition and obliteration in these elusive birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T. Heck
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOklahoma State University – Center for Health SciencesTulsaOKUSA
| | - Holly N. Woodward
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOklahoma State University – Center for Health SciencesTulsaOKUSA
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14
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Monfroy QT, Kundrát M, O’Connor JK, Hai‐Lu Y, Marone F, Stampanoni M, Šmajda B. Synchrotron microtomography‐based osteohistology of
Gansus yumenensis
: new data on the evolution of uninterrupted bone deposition in basal birds. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin T. Monfroy
- Department of Animal Physiology Institute of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Sciences Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia
- PaleoBioImaging Lab, Evolutionary Biodiversity Research Group Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia
| | - Martin Kundrát
- PaleoBioImaging Lab, Evolutionary Biodiversity Research Group Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia
| | | | - You Hai‐Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zürich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Beňadik Šmajda
- Department of Animal Physiology Institute of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Sciences Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia
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15
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Monfroy QT, Kundrát M. The osteohistological variability in the evolution of basal avialans. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin T. Monfroy
- Department of Animal Physiology Institute of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Sciences Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Šrobárova 2Košice Slovakia
- PaleoBioImaging Lab, Evolutionary Biodiversity Research Group Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Jesenná 5Košice Slovakia
| | - Martin Kundrát
- PaleoBioImaging Lab, Evolutionary Biodiversity Research Group Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Jesenná 5Košice Slovakia
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16
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Calderón T, Arnold W, Stalder G, Painer J, Köhler M. Labelling experiments in red deer provide a general model for early bone growth dynamics in ruminants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14074. [PMID: 34234258 PMCID: PMC8263734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth rates importantly determine developmental time and are, therefore, a key variable of a species' life history. A widely used method to reconstruct growth rates and to estimate age at death in extant and particularly in fossil vertebrates is the analysis of bone tissue apposition rates. Lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are of special interest here, as they indicate a halt in bone growth. However, although of great importance, the time intervals between, and particularly the reason of growth arrests remains unknown. Therefore, experiments are increasingly called for to calibrate growth rates with tissue types and life history events, and to provide reliable measurements of the time involved in the formation of LAGs. Based on in vivo bone labelling, we calibrated periods of bone tissue apposition, growth arrest, drift and resorption over the period from birth to post-weaning in a large mammal, the red deer. We found that bone growth rates tightly matched the daily weight gain curve, i.e. decreased with age, with two discrete periods of growth rate disruption that coincided with the life history events birth and weaning, that were visually recognisable in bone tissue as either partial LAGs or annuli. Our study identified for the first time in a large mammal a general pattern for juvenile bone growth rates, including periods of growth arrest. The tight correlation between daily weight gain and bone tissue apposition suggests that the red deer bone growth model is valid for ruminants in general where the daily weight gain curve is comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Calderón
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Edifici Z, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/ de Les Columnes, s/n., 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Walter Arnold
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Painer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meike Köhler
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Edifici Z, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C/ de Les Columnes, s/n., 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Griffin CT, Stocker MR, Colleary C, Stefanic CM, Lessner EJ, Riegler M, Formoso K, Koeller K, Nesbitt SJ. Assessing ontogenetic maturity in extinct saurian reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:470-525. [PMID: 33289322 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphology forms the most fundamental level of data in vertebrate palaeontology because it is through interpretations of morphology that taxa are identified, creating the basis for broad evolutionary and palaeobiological hypotheses. Assessing maturity is one of the most basic aspects of morphological interpretation and provides the means to study the evolution of ontogenetic changes, population structure and palaeoecology, life-history strategies, and heterochrony along evolutionary lineages that would otherwise be lost to time. Saurian reptiles (the least-inclusive clade containing Lepidosauria and Archosauria) have remained an incredibly diverse, numerous, and disparate clade through their ~260-million-year history. Because of the great disparity in this group, assessing maturity of saurian reptiles is difficult, fraught with methodological and terminological ambiguity. We compiled a novel database of literature, assembling >900 individual instances of saurian maturity assessment, to examine critically how saurian maturity has been diagnosed. We review the often inexact and inconsistent terminology used in saurian maturity assessment (e.g. 'juvenile', 'mature') and provide routes for better clarity and cross-study coherence. We describe the various methods that have been used to assess maturity in every major saurian group, integrating data from both extant and extinct taxa to give a full account of the current state of the field and providing method-specific pitfalls, best practices, and fruitful directions for future research. We recommend that a new standard subsection, 'Ontogenetic Assessment', be added to the Systematic Palaeontology portions of descriptive studies to provide explicit ontogenetic diagnoses with clear criteria. Because the utility of different ontogenetic criteria is highly subclade dependent among saurians, even for widely used methods (e.g. neurocentral suture fusion), we recommend that phylogenetic context, preferably in the form of a phylogenetic bracket, be used to justify the use of a maturity assessment method. Different methods should be used in conjunction as independent lines of evidence when assessing maturity, instead of an ontogenetic diagnosis resting entirely on a single criterion, which is common in the literature. Critically, there is a need for data from extant taxa with well-represented growth series to be integrated with the fossil record to ground maturity assessments of extinct taxa in well-constrained, empirically tested methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Griffin
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
| | - Michelle R Stocker
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
| | - Caitlin Colleary
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH, 44106, U.S.A
| | - Candice M Stefanic
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, U.S.A
| | - Emily J Lessner
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, U.S.A
| | - Mitchell Riegler
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
| | - Kiersten Formoso
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, U.S.A
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 W Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, U.S.A
| | - Krista Koeller
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
| | - Sterling J Nesbitt
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
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18
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Cullen TM, Canale JI, Apesteguía S, Smith ND, Hu D, Makovicky PJ. Osteohistological analyses reveal diverse strategies of theropod dinosaur body-size evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202258. [PMID: 33234083 PMCID: PMC7739506 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The independent evolution of gigantism among dinosaurs has been a topic of long-standing interest, but it remains unclear if gigantic theropods, the largest bipeds in the fossil record, all achieved massive sizes in the same manner, or through different strategies. We perform multi-element histological analyses on a phylogenetically broad dataset sampled from eight theropod families, with a focus on gigantic tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids, to reconstruct the growth strategies of these lineages and test if particular bones consistently preserve the most complete growth record. We find that in skeletally mature gigantic theropods, weight-bearing bones consistently preserve extensive growth records, whereas non-weight-bearing bones are remodelled and less useful for growth reconstruction, contrary to the pattern observed in smaller theropods and some other dinosaur clades. We find a heterochronic pattern of growth fitting an acceleration model in tyrannosaurids, with allosauroid carcharodontosaurids better fitting a model of hypermorphosis. These divergent growth patterns appear phylogenetically constrained, representing extreme versions of the growth patterns present in smaller coelurosaurs and allosauroids, respectively. This provides the first evidence of a lack of strong mechanistic or physiological constraints on size evolution in the largest bipeds in the fossil record and evidence of one of the longest-living individual dinosaurs ever documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Cullen
- Nauganee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 W. Jones St, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 100 Brooks Ave., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Juan I. Canale
- CONICET, Área Laboratorio e Investigación, Museo Municipal ‘Ernesto Bachmann’, Villa El Chocón, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Apesteguía
- CONICET, Área de Paleontología, Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara, CEBBAD, Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 1405 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nathan D. Smith
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Dongyu Hu
- Shenyang Normal University, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning, Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Change of Past Environment, Liaoning Province and Ministry of Natural Resources, 253 North Huanghe Street, 110034 Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter J. Makovicky
- Nauganee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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Becker M, Witzel C, Kierdorf U, Frölich K, Kierdorf H. Ontogenetic changes of tissue compartmentalization and bone type distribution in the humerus of Soay sheep. J Anat 2020; 237:334-354. [PMID: 32255514 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied ontogenetic changes of histomorphological features and bone type distribution in the humeral midshaft region of Soay sheep from three postnatal age classes (13, 25, and 33 months). Our study demonstrated a marked change of bone type distribution in the humeri with age. In the cortical midshaft region of 13-month-old individuals, periosteal fibrolamellar bone was the dominating bone type. This indicates a rapid bone growth during the first year of life, which was only interrupted by a seasonal growth arrest in the animals' first winter. In individuals from the two older age classes, periosteal lamellar-zonal bone and intermediate fibrolamellar bone had been formed at the periosteal surface, and endosteal lamellar-zonal bone at the endosteal surface. These bone types are indicative of a reduced bone growth rate. A marked reduction in radial growth was already recorded in the 25-month-old individuals. Distribution and extent of secondary bone showed a marked bilateral symmetry in the humeri of individual sheep. The presence of secondary bone was largely restricted to the anterior (cranial) and the medial cortical areas. This characteristic distribution of remodeling activity within the humeral cortex of sheep is consistent with the view that remodeling activity is largely caused by compressive stress. Our study further demonstrated the presence of a considerable cortical drift in the sheep humeri over the study period, with endosteal resorption occurring predominantly in the posterior (caudal) quadrant and formation of a prominent endosteal lamellar pocket in the anterior (cranial) and medial cortical quadrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarethe Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Witzel
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Uwe Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | | | - Horst Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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20
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Davesne D, Schmitt AD, Fernandez V, Benson RBJ, Sanchez S. Three-dimensional characterization of osteocyte volumes at multiple scales, and its relationship with bone biology and genome evolution in ray-finned fishes. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:808-830. [PMID: 32144878 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes, cells embedded within the bone mineral matrix, inform on key aspects of vertebrate biology. In particular, a relationship between volumes of the osteocytes and bone growth and/or genome size has been proposed for several tetrapod lineages. However, the variation in osteocyte volume across different scales is poorly characterized and mostly relies on incomplete, two-dimensional information. In this study, we characterize the variation of osteocyte volumes in ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), a clade including more than half of modern vertebrate species in which osteocyte biology is poorly known. We use X-ray synchrotron micro-computed tomography (SRµCT) to achieve a three-dimensional visualization of osteocyte lacunae and direct measurement of their size (volumes). Our specimen sample is designed to characterize variation in osteocyte lacuna morphology at three scales: within a bone, among the bones of one individual and among species. At the intra-bone scale, we find that osteocyte lacunae vary noticeably in size between zones of organized and woven bone (being up to six times larger in woven bone), and across cyclical bone deposition. This is probably explained by differences in bone deposition rate, with larger osteocyte lacunae contained in bone that deposits faster. Osteocyte lacuna volumes vary 3.5-fold among the bones of an individual, and this cannot readily be explained by variation in bone growth rate or other currently observable factors. Finally, we find that genome size provides the best explanation of variation in osteocyte lacuna volume among species: actinopterygian taxa with larger genomes (polyploid taxa in particular) have larger osteocyte lacunae (with a ninefold variation in median osteocyte volume being measured). Our findings corroborate previous two-dimensional studies in tetrapods that also observed similar patterns of intra-individual variation and found a correlation with genome size. This opens new perspectives for further studies on bone evolution, physiology and palaeogenomics in actinopterygians, and vertebrates as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Davesne
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Armin D Schmitt
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.,Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Sophie Sanchez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.,Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Faure-Brac MG, Cubo J. Were the synapsids primitively endotherms? A palaeohistological approach using phylogenetic eigenvector maps. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190138. [PMID: 31928185 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of mammalian endothermy is poorly constrained both phylogenetically and temporally. Here, we inferred the resting metabolic rates (RMRs) and the thermometabolic regimes (endothermy or ectothermy) of a sample of eight extinct synapsids using palaeohistology, phylogenetic eigenvector maps (PEMs), and a sample of 17 extant tetrapods of known RMR (quantified using respirometry). We inferred high RMR values and an endothermic metabolism for the anomodonts (Lystrosaurus sp., Oudenodon bainii) and low RMR values and an ectothermic metabolism for Clepsydrops collettii, Dimetrodon sp., Edaphosaurus boanerges, Mycterosaurus sp., Ophiacodon uniformis and Sphenacodon sp. A maximum-likelihood ancestral states reconstruction of RMRs performed using the values inferred for extinct synapsids, and the values measured using respirometry in extant tetrapods, shows that the nodes Anomodontia and Mammalia were primitively endotherms. Finally, we performed a parsimony optimization of the presence of endothermy using the results obtained in the present study and those obtained in previous studies that used PEMs. For this, we assigned to each extinct taxon a thermometabolic regime (ectothermy or endothermy) depending on whether the inferred values were significantly higher, lower or not significantly different from the RMR value separating ectotherms from endotherms (1.5 ml O2 h-1 g-0.67). According to this optimization, endothermy arose independently in Archosauromorpha, Sauropterygia and Therapsida. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu G Faure-Brac
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P, UMR 7207), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jorge Cubo
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P, UMR 7207), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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22
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Jentgen-Ceschino B, Stein K, Fischer V. Case study of radial fibrolamellar bone tissues in the outer cortex of basal sauropods. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190143. [PMID: 31928196 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The histology of sauropod long bones often appears uniform and conservative along their evolutionary tree. One of the main aspects of their bone histology is to exhibit a fibrolamellar complex in the cortex of their long bones. Here, we report another bone tissue, the radial fibrolamellar bone (RFB), in the outer cortex of the humeri of a young adult cf. Isanosaurus (Early to Late Jurassic, Thailand) and an adult Spinophorosaurus nigerensis (Early to Middle Jurassic, Niger) that do not exhibit any pathological feature on the bone surface. Its location within the cortex is unexpected, because RFB is a rapidly deposited bone tissue that would rather be expected early in the ontogeny. A palaeopathological survey was conducted for these sampled specimens. Observed RFB occurrences are regarded as spiculated periosteal reactive bone, which is an aggressive form of periosteal reaction. A 'hair-on-end' pattern of neoplasmic origin (resembling a Ewing's sarcoma) is favoured for cf. Isanosaurus, while a sunburst pattern of viral or neoplasmic origin (resembling an avian osteopetrosis or haemangioma) is favoured for Spinophorosaurus. This study highlights the importance of bone histology in assessing the frequency and nature of palaeopathologies. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jentgen-Ceschino
- Department of Geology, Université de Liège, 14 Allée du 6 Aout, Liège 4000, Belgium.,Earth System Science - AMGC, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen Stein
- Earth System Science - AMGC, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Directorate 'Earth and History of Life', Rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valentin Fischer
- Department of Geology, Université de Liège, 14 Allée du 6 Aout, Liège 4000, Belgium
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23
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Woodward HN, Tremaine K, Williams SA, Zanno LE, Horner JR, Myhrvold N. Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy " Nanotyrannus" and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax6250. [PMID: 31911944 PMCID: PMC6938697 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite its iconic status as the king of dinosaurs, Tyrannosaurus rex biology is incompletely understood. Here, we examine femur and tibia bone microstructure from two half-grown T. rex specimens, permitting the assessments of age, growth rate, and maturity necessary for investigating the early life history of this giant theropod. Osteohistology reveals these were immature individuals 13 to 15 years of age, exhibiting growth rates similar to extant birds and mammals, and that annual growth was dependent on resource abundance. Together, our results support the synonomization of "Nanotyrannus" into Tyrannosaurus and fail to support the hypothesized presence of a sympatric tyrannosaurid species of markedly smaller adult body size. Our independent data contribute to mounting evidence for a rapid shift in body size associated with ontogenetic niche partitioning late in T. rex ontogeny and suggest that this species singularly exploited mid- to large-sized theropod niches at the end of the Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly N. Woodward
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W. 17th St., Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Katie Tremaine
- Department of Earth Science, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173480, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, 600 W. Kagy Blvd., Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Scott A. Williams
- Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, 600 W. Kagy Blvd., Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Lindsay E. Zanno
- Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 W. Jones St., Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 3510 Thomas Hall, Campus Box 7614, Raleigh, NC 2769, USA
| | - John R. Horner
- Chapman University, 1 University Dr., Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Nathan Myhrvold
- Intellectual Ventures, 3150 139th Avenue Southeast, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA
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24
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Bailleul AM, O’Connor J, Schweitzer MH. Dinosaur paleohistology: review, trends and new avenues of investigation. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7764. [PMID: 31579624 PMCID: PMC6768056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mid-19th century, the discovery that bone microstructure in fossils could be preserved with fidelity provided a new avenue for understanding the evolution, function, and physiology of long extinct organisms. This resulted in the establishment of paleohistology as a subdiscipline of vertebrate paleontology, which has contributed greatly to our current understanding of dinosaurs as living organisms. Dinosaurs are part of a larger group of reptiles, the Archosauria, of which there are only two surviving lineages, crocodilians and birds. The goal of this review is to document progress in the field of archosaur paleohistology, focusing in particular on the Dinosauria. We briefly review the "growth age" of dinosaur histology, which has encompassed new and varied directions since its emergence in the 1950s, resulting in a shift in the scientific perception of non-avian dinosaurs from "sluggish" reptiles to fast-growing animals with relatively high metabolic rates. However, fundamental changes in growth occurred within the sister clade Aves, and we discuss this major evolutionary transition as elucidated by histology. We then review recent innovations in the field, demonstrating how paleohistology has changed and expanded to address a diversity of non-growth related questions. For example, dinosaur skull histology has elucidated the formation of curious cranial tissues (e.g., "metaplastic" tissues), and helped to clarify the evolution and function of oral adaptations, such as the dental batteries of duck-billed dinosaurs. Lastly, we discuss the development of novel techniques with which to investigate not only the skeletal tissues of dinosaurs, but also less-studied soft-tissues, through molecular paleontology and paleohistochemistry-recently developed branches of paleohistology-and the future potential of these methods to further explore fossilized tissues. We suggest that the combination of histological and molecular methods holds great potential for examining the preserved tissues of dinosaurs, basal birds, and their extant relatives. This review demonstrates the importance of traditional bone paleohistology, but also highlights the need for innovation and new analytical directions to improve and broaden the utility of paleohistology, in the pursuit of more diverse, highly specific, and sensitive methods with which to further investigate important paleontological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida M. Bailleul
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmai O’Connor
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Mary H. Schweitzer
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Science, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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25
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Kobayashi Y, Nishimura T, Takasaki R, Chiba K, Fiorillo AR, Tanaka K, Chinzorig T, Sato T, Sakurai K. A New Hadrosaurine (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Marine Deposits of the Late Cretaceous Hakobuchi Formation, Yezo Group, Japan. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12389. [PMID: 31488887 PMCID: PMC6728324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A nearly complete skeleton of a new hadrosaurid, Kamuysaurus japonicus gen. et sp. nov., was discovered from the outer shelf deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Hakobuchi Formation of the Yezo Group in Hobetsu area of Mukawa town in Hokkaido, Japan. Kamuysaurus belongs to the sub-clade of Hadrosaurinae, Edmontosaurini, and forms a monophyly with Laiyangosaurus and Kerberosaurus from the northern Far East. Kamuysaurus has a long anterior platform for the nasofrontal sutural surface, which may indicate the presence of a small supracranial crest, similar to a sub-adult form of Brachylophosaurus based on the extension of the nasofrontal sutural surface. The Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis analysis with the 50% Majority Rule consensus tree suggests that the clade of Kamuysaurus, Laiyangosaurus, and Kerberosaurus may have dispersed into Asia prior to the late Campanian and the potential endemism of this clade during the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian in the northern Far East. The results of both Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis and Ancestral State Reconstruction analyses imply that the marine-influenced environment in North America during the Campanian may have played an important role for the hadrosaurid diversification in its early evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
| | | | - Ryuji Takasaki
- Department of Natural History and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kentaro Chiba
- Faculty of Biosphere-Geosphere Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | | | - Kohei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig
- Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 15160, Mongolia
| | - Tamaki Sato
- Department of Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
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26
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Boitsova EA, Skutschas PP, Sennikov AG, Golubev VK, Masuytin VV, Masuytina OA. Bone histology of two pareiasaurs from Russia (Deltavjatia rossica and Scutosaurus karpinskii) with implications for pareiasaurian palaeobiology. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pareiasaurs were one of the main clades of large herbivorous tetrapods in Middle–Late Permian continental ecosystems. Despite abundant pareiasaur material, many aspects of their biology remain poorly known. This paper provides a description of ontogenetic changes in long-bone and rib microanatomy/histology of two Upper Permian pareiasaurs from Russia, Deltavjatia rossica and Scutosaurus karpinskii. Analysis of a growth series of bones of Deltavjatia and Scutosaurus revealed rapid and cyclical growth early in ontogeny (as indicated by fast-growing fibrolamellar bone with lines of arrested growth). This was followed by a change in the growth pattern (as indicated by an outer avascular layer of lamellar bone in the cortex) and a decrease in the growth rate after 50% of maximum body size was reached in Deltavjatia and 75% in Scutosaurus (larger body sizes in Scutosaurus were attained through an extended initial period of fast skeletal growth). The study confirms that the bones of all pareiasaurs are histologically and microanatomically uniform [spongious (porous) microstructure and a very thin compact cortex] and indicate a similar growth strategy (a short initial period of rapid and cyclical growth followed by a long period of slow growth). The microanatomical characteristics of pareiasaurs do not provide a clear indication of their lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta A Boitsova
- Vertebrate Zoology Department, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel P Skutschas
- Vertebrate Zoology Department, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey G Sennikov
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Valeriy K Golubev
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
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27
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Faure-Brac MG, Pelissier F, Cubo J. The influence of plane of section on the identification of bone tissue types in amniotes with implications for paleophysiological inferences. J Morphol 2019; 280:1282-1291. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu G. Faure-Brac
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P); Paris France
| | - François Pelissier
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P); Paris France
| | - Jorge Cubo
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P); Paris France
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28
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Veiga FH, Botha-Brink J, Ribeiro AM, Ferigolo J, Soares MB. Osteohistology of the silesaurid Sacisaurus agudoensis from southern Brazil (Late Triassic) and implications for growth in early dinosaurs. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20180643. [PMID: 31241650 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-dinosaurian dinosauriform silesaurids are the closest relatives of crown-group dinosaurs and are thus, important for understanding the origins of that group. Here, we describe the limb bone histology of the Late Triassic silesaurid Sacisaurus agudoensis from the Candelária Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The sampled bones comprise eight femora and one fibula from different individuals. The microscopic analysis of all elements reveals uninterrupted fibrolamellar bone tissue indicating rapid growth. A transition to slower growing peripheral parallel-fibered bone tissue in some individuals indicates a decrease in growth rate, suggesting ontogenetic variation within the sample. The osteohistology of Sacisaurus agudoensis is similar to that of other silesaurids and supports previous hypotheses that rapid growth was attained early in the dinosauromorph lineage. However, silesaurids lack the complex vascular arrangements seen in saurischian dinosaurs. Instead, they exhibit predominantly longitudinally-oriented primary osteons with few or no anastomoses, similar to those of some small early ornithischian dinosaurs. This simpler vascular pattern is common to all silesaurids studied to date and indicates relatively slower growth rates compared to most Dinosauria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio H Veiga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Botha-Brink
- Karoo Palaeontology Department, National Museum, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa and Department of Zoology and Entomology, P.O. Box 266, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Ana Maria Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Salvador França, 1427, 90690-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge Ferigolo
- Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Salvador França, 1427, 90690-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina B Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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29
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Griffin CT, Bano LS, Turner AH, Smith ND, Irmis RB, Nesbitt SJ. Integrating gross morphology and bone histology to assess skeletal maturity in early dinosauromorphs: new insights from Dromomeron (Archosauria: Dinosauromorpha). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6331. [PMID: 30775169 PMCID: PMC6375289 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding growth patterns is central to properly interpreting paleobiological signals in tetrapods, but assessing skeletal maturity in some extinct clades may be difficult when growth patterns are poorly constrained by a lack of ontogenetic series. To overcome this difficulty in assessing the maturity of extinct archosaurian reptiles—crocodylians, birds and their extinct relatives—many studies employ bone histology to observe indicators of the developmental stage reached by a given individual. However, the relationship between gross morphological and histological indicators of maturity has not been examined in most archosaurian groups. In this study, we examined the gross morphology of a hypothesized growth series of Dromomeron romeri femora (96.6–144.4 mm long), the first series of a non-dinosauriform dinosauromorph available for such a study. We also histologically sampled several individuals in this growth series. Previous studies reported that D. romeri lacks well-developed rugose muscle scars that appear during ontogeny in closely related dinosauromorph taxa, so integrating gross morphology and histological signal is needed to determine reliable maturity indicators for early bird-line archosaurs. We found that, although there are small, linear scars indicating muscle attachment sites across the femur, the only rugose muscle scar that appears during ontogeny is the attachment of the M. caudofemoralis longus, and only in the largest-sampled individual. This individual is also the only femur with histological indicators that asymptotic size had been reached, although smaller individuals possess some signal of decreasing growth rates (e.g., decreasing vascular density). The overall femoral bone histology of D. romeri is similar to that of other early bird-line archosaurs (e.g., woven-bone tissue, moderately to well-vascularized, longitudinal vascular canals). All these data indicate that the lack of well-developed femoral scars is autapomorphic for this species, not simply an indication of skeletal immaturity. We found no evidence of the high intraspecific variation present in early dinosaurs and other dinosauriforms, but a limited sample size of other early bird-line archosaur growth series make this tentative. The evolutionary history and phylogenetic signal of gross morphological features must be considered when assessing maturity in extinct archosaurs and their close relatives, and in some groups corroboration with bone histology or with better-known morphological characters is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren S Bano
- Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alan H Turner
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Nathan D Smith
- The Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Randall B Irmis
- Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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30
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Bone histology provides insights into the life history mechanisms underlying dwarfing in hipparionins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17203. [PMID: 30464210 PMCID: PMC6249282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Size shifts may be a by-product of alterations in life history traits driven by natural selection. Although this approach has been proposed for islands, it has not yet been explored in continental faunas. The trends towards size decrease experienced by some hipparionins constitute a good case study for the application of a life history framework to understand the size shifts on the continent. Here, we analysed bone microstructure to reconstruct the growth of some different-sized hipparionins from Greece and Spain. The two dwarfed lineages studied show different growth strategies. The Greek hipparions ceased growth early at a small size thus advancing maturity, whilst the slower-growing Spanish hipparion matured later at a small size. Based on predictive life history models, we suggest that high adult mortality was the likely selective force behind early maturity and associated size decrease in the Greek lineage. Conversely, we infer that resource limitation accompanied by high juvenile mortality triggered decrease in growth rate and a relative late maturity in the Spanish lineage. Our results provide evidence that different selective pressures can precipitate different changes in life history that lead to similar size shifts.
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31
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Nacarino-Meneses C, Köhler M. Limb bone histology records birth in mammals. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198511. [PMID: 29924818 PMCID: PMC6010216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual cyclicality of cortical bone growth marks (BGMs) allows reconstruction of some important life history traits, such as longevity, growth rate or age at maturity. Little attention has been paid, however, to non-cyclical BGMs, though some record key life history events such as hatching (egg-laying vertebrates), metamorphosis (amphibians), or weaning (suggested for Microcebus and the hedgehog). Here, we investigate the relationship between non-cyclical BGMs and a stressful biological event in mammals: the moment of birth. In the present study, we histologically examine ontogenetic series of femora, tibiae and metapodia in several extant representatives of the genus Equus (E. hemionus, E. quagga and E. grevyi). Our analysis reveals the presence of a non-cyclical growth mark that is deposited around the moment of birth, analogous to the neonatal line described for teeth. We therefore refer to it as neonatal line. The presence of this feature within the bone cross-section agrees with a period of growth arrest in newborn foals regulated by the endocrine system. The neonatal line is accompanied by modifications in bone tissue type and vascularization, and has been identified in all bones studied and at different ontogenetic ages. Our discovery of a non-cyclical BGM related to the moment of birth in mammals is an important step towards the histological reconstruction of life histories in extant and fossil equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Nacarino-Meneses
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meike Köhler
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Park SH, Eber MR, Widner DB, Shiozawa Y. Role of the Bone Microenvironment in the Development of Painful Complications of Skeletal Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050141. [PMID: 29747461 PMCID: PMC5977114 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is the most common and painful complication in patients with bone metastases. It causes a significant reduction in patient quality of life. Available analgesic treatments for CIBP, such as opioids that target the central nervous system, come with severe side effects as well as the risk of abuse and addiction. Therefore, alternative treatments for CIBP are desperately needed. Although the exact mechanisms of CIBP have not been fully elucidated, recent studies using preclinical models have demonstrated the role of the bone marrow microenvironment (e.g., osteoclasts, osteoblasts, macrophages, mast cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and fibroblasts) in CIBP development. Several clinical trials have been performed based on these findings. CIBP is a complex and challenging condition that currently has no standard effective treatments other than opioids. Further studies are clearly warranted to better understand this painful condition and develop more effective and safer targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun H Park
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Matthew R Eber
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - D Brooke Widner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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33
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Prondvai E, Godefroit P, Adriaens D, Hu DY. Intraskeletal histovariability, allometric growth patterns, and their functional implications in bird-like dinosaurs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:258. [PMID: 29321475 PMCID: PMC5762864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With their elongated forelimbs and variable aerial skills, paravian dinosaurs, a clade also comprising modern birds, are in the hotspot of vertebrate evolutionary research. Inferences on the early evolution of flight largely rely on bone and feather morphology, while osteohistological traits are usually studied to explore life-history characteristics. By sampling and comparing multiple homologous fore- and hind limb elements, we integrate for the first time qualitative and quantitative osteohistological approaches to get insight into the intraskeletal growth dynamics and their functional implications in five paravian dinosaur taxa, Anchiornis, Aurornis, Eosinopteryx, Serikornis, and Jeholornis. Our qualitative assessment implies a considerable diversity in allometric/isometric growth patterns among these paravians. Quantitative analyses show that neither taxa nor homologous elements have characteristic histology, and that ontogenetic stage, element size and the newly introduced relative element precocity only partially explain the diaphyseal histovariability. Still, Jeholornis, the only avialan studied here, is histologically distinct from all other specimens in the multivariate visualizations raising the hypothesis that its bone tissue characteristics may be related to its superior aerial capabilities compared to the non-avialan paravians. Our results warrant further research on the osteohistological correlates of flight and developmental strategies in birds and bird-like dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Prondvai
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Godefroit
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Directorate 'Earth and History of Life', Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Adriaens
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dong-Yu Hu
- Paleontological Institute, Shenyang Normal University, Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Land and Resources, Shenyang, China
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Wintrich T, Hayashi S, Houssaye A, Nakajima Y, Sander PM. A Triassic plesiosaurian skeleton and bone histology inform on evolution of a unique body plan. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701144. [PMID: 29242826 PMCID: PMC5729018 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Secondary marine adaptation is a major pattern in amniote evolution, accompanied by specific bone histological adaptations. In the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction, diverse marine reptiles evolved early in the Triassic. Plesiosauria is the most diverse and one of the longest-lived clades of marine reptiles, but its bone histology is least known among the major marine amniote clades. Plesiosaurians had a unique and puzzling body plan, sporting four evenly shaped pointed flippers and (in most clades) a small head on a long, stiffened neck. The flippers were used as hydrofoils in underwater flight. A wide temporal, morphological, and morphometric gap separates plesiosaurians from their closest relatives (basal pistosaurs, Bobosaurus). For nearly two centuries, plesiosaurians were thought to appear suddenly in the earliest Jurassic after the end-Triassic extinctions. We describe the first Triassic plesiosaurian, from the Rhaetian of Germany, and compare its long bone histology to that of later plesiosaurians sampled for this study. The new taxon is recovered as a basal member of the Pliosauridae, revealing that diversification of plesiosaurians was a Triassic event and that several lineages must have crossed into the Jurassic. Plesiosaurian histology is strikingly uniform and different from stem sauropterygians. Histology suggests the concurrent evolution of fast growth and an elevated metabolic rate as an adaptation to cruising and efficient foraging in the open sea. The new specimen corroborates the hypothesis that open ocean life of plesiosaurians facilitated their survival of the end-Triassic extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wintrich
- Bereich Paläontologie, Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Shoji Hayashi
- Osaka Museum of Natural History, Nagai Park 1-23, Higashi-Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 546-0034, Japan
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Alexandra Houssaye
- UMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Départment Adaptations du Vivant, 57 rue Cuvier CP-55, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yasuhisa Nakajima
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - P. Martin Sander
- Bereich Paläontologie, Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
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García-Martínez D, Gil OG, Cambra-Moo O, Canillas M, Rodríguez MA, Bastir M, Martín AG. External and internal ontogenetic changes in the first rib. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:750-762. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Martínez
- Paleoanthropology Group; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC); 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Orosia García Gil
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP). Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Oscar Cambra-Moo
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP). Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Arqueología Antigua y Medieval; Universidad de Oviedo; 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | - María Canillas
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rodríguez
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC); 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Armando González Martín
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP). Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Arqueología Antigua y Medieval; Universidad de Oviedo; 33011 Oviedo Spain
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Death C, Coulson G, Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H, Ploeg R, Firestone SM, Dohoo I, Hufschmid J. Skeletal fluorosis in marsupials: A comparison of bone lesions in six species from an Australian industrial site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:1198-1211. [PMID: 28185728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we explored the prevalence, type, location and severity of skeletal lesions in six species of Australian marsupial (Macropus giganteus, Notamacropus rufogriseus, Wallabia bicolor, Phascolarctos cinereus, Trichosurus vulpecula and Pseudocheirus peregrinus) from high and low-fluoride environments. Lesions occurred to varying extents in all species, and lesion distribution varied with biomechanical differences in gait and mastication. Bone fluoride levels increased with severity of periosteal hyperostosis. The mean bone fluoride concentration of individuals lacking hyperostosis (across all species, from both high and low-fluoride environments) was 1100±260μgF-/g dry bone, compared to 4300±1200μgF-/g and 6300±1200μgF-/g in those with mild and severe grade hyperostosis, respectively. Multivariable modelling showed that the probability of observing a lesion varied across species, anatomical location, age and bone fluoride concentration (in a non-linear manner). The pathological changes reported in the marsupials are consistent with the range of fluoride-related lesions described in other mammals, and biomechanical differences among the studied marsupial species offer some explanation for the degree of interspecific variability in prevalence, type, anatomical location, and severity of the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Death
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee 3030, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Graeme Coulson
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Uwe Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Horst Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Richard Ploeg
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee 3030, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Dohoo
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jasmin Hufschmid
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee 3030, Victoria, Australia
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Warshaw J, Bromage TG, Terranova CJ, Enlow DH. Collagen Fiber Orientation in Primate Long Bones. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1189-1207. [PMID: 28205407 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies of variation in orientation of collagen fibers within bone have lead to the proposition that these are preferentially aligned to accommodate different kinds of load, with tension best resisted by fibers aligned longitudinally relative to the load, and compression best resisted by transversely aligned fibers. However, previous studies have often neglected to consider the effect of developmental processes, including constraints on collagen fiber orientation (CFO), particularly in primary bone. Here we use circularly polarized light microscopy to examine patterns of CFO in cross-sections from the midshaft femur, humerus, tibia, radius, and ulna in a range of living primate taxa with varied body sizes, phylogenetic relationships and positional behaviors. We find that a preponderance of longitudinally oriented collagen is characteristic of both periosteal primary and intracortically remodeled bone. Where variation does occur among groups, it is not simply understood via interpretations of mechanical loads, although prioritized adaptations to tension and/or shear are considered. While there is some suggestion that CFO may correlate with body size, this relationship is neither consistent nor easily explicable through consideration of size-related changes in mechanical adaptation. The results of our study indicate that there is no clear relationship between CFO and phylogenetic status. One of the principle factors accounting for the range of variation that does exist is primary tissue type, where slower depositing bone is more likely to comprise a larger proportion of oblique to transverse collagen fibers. Anat Rec, 300:1189-1207, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Warshaw
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Timothy G Bromage
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York.,Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Carl J Terranova
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Donald H Enlow
- Thomas Hill Emeritus Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Cubo J, Hui M, Clarac F, Quilhac A. Static osteogenesis does not precede dynamic osteogenesis in periosteal ossification of Pleurodeles
(Caudata, Amphibia) and Pogona
(Squamata, Lepidosauria). J Morphol 2017; 278:621-628. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cubo
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP); 4 place Jussieu - BC 19 Paris 75005 France
| | - Mylaine Hui
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP); 4 place Jussieu - BC 19 Paris 75005 France
| | - François Clarac
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP); 4 place Jussieu - BC 19 Paris 75005 France
- Département Histoire de la Terre, Museum National D'histoire Naturelle; UMR 7207 (CR2P), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)/CNRS/UPMC; Bâtiment De Géologie Paris Cedex 05 F-75231 France
| | - Alexandra Quilhac
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP); 4 place Jussieu - BC 19 Paris 75005 France
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Prondvai E. Medullary bone in fossils: function, evolution and significance in growth curve reconstructions of extinct vertebrates. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:440-460. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Prondvai
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
- MTA - ELTE Lendület Dinosaur Research Group; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
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Nacarino-Meneses C, Jordana X, Köhler M. Histological variability in the limb bones of the Asiatic wild ass and its significance for life history inferences. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2580. [PMID: 27761353 PMCID: PMC5068390 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of bone growth marks (BGMs) and other histological traits of bone tissue provides insights into the life history of present and past organisms. Important life history traits like longevity or age at maturity, which could be inferred from the analysis of these features, form the basis for estimations of demographic parameters that are essential in ecological and evolutionary studies of vertebrates. Here, we study the intraskeletal histological variability in an ontogenetic series of Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) in order to assess the suitability of several skeletal elements to reconstruct the life history strategy of the species. Bone tissue types, vascular canal orientation and BGMs have been analyzed in 35 cross-sections of femur, tibia and metapodial bones of 9 individuals of different sexes, ages and habitats. Our results show that the number of BGMs recorded by the different limb bones varies within the same specimen. Our study supports that the femur is the most reliable bone for skeletochronology, as already suggested. Our findings also challenge traditional beliefs with regard to the meaning of deposition of the external fundamental system (EFS). In the Asiatic wild ass, this bone tissue is deposited some time after skeletal maturity and, in the case of the femora, coinciding with the reproductive maturity of the species. The results obtained from this research are not only relevant for future studies in fossil Equus, but could also contribute to improve the conservation strategies of threatened equid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Nacarino-Meneses
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP) , Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Xavier Jordana
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP) , Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Meike Köhler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology (BABVE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Osteoconductive composite graft based on bacterial synthesized hydroxyapatite nanoparticles doped with different ions: From synthesis to in vivo studies. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1387-95. [PMID: 26956413 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To repair damaged bone tissues, osteoconductive bone graft substitutes are required for enhancement of the regenerative potential of osteoblast cells. Nanostructured hydroxyapatite is a bioactive ceramic used for bone tissue engineering purposes. In this study, carbonate hydroxyapatite (cHA) and zinc-magnesium substituted hydroxyapatite (Zn-Mg-HA) nanoparticles were synthesized via biomineralization method using Enterobacter aerogenes. The structural phase composition and the morphology of the samples were analyzed using appropriate powder characterization methods. Next, a composite graft was fabricated by using polyvinyl alcohol and both cHA and Zn-Mg-HA samples. In vivo osteogenic potential of the graft was then investigated in a rabbit tibial osteotomy model. Histological, radiological and morphological studies showed that the graft was mineralized by the newly formed bone tissue without signs of inflammation or infection after 4 weeks of implantation. These histomorphometric results suggest that the fabricated graft can function as a potent osteoconductive bone tissue substitute.
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Kolb C, Scheyer TM, Veitschegger K, Forasiepi AM, Amson E, Van der Geer AAE, Van den Hoek Ostende LW, Hayashi S, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1358. [PMID: 26528418 PMCID: PMC4627922 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in mammalian palaeohistology has increased dramatically in the last two decades. Starting in 1849 via descriptive approaches, it has been demonstrated that bone tissue and vascularisation types correlate with several biological variables such as ontogenetic stage, growth rate, and ecology. Mammalian bone displays a large variety of bone tissues and vascularisation patterns reaching from lamellar or parallel-fibred to fibrolamellar or woven-fibred bone, depending on taxon and individual age. Here we systematically review the knowledge and methods on cynodont and mammalian bone microstructure as well as palaeohistology and discuss potential future research fields and techniques. We present new data on the bone microstructure of two extant marsupial species and of several extinct continental and island placental mammals. Extant marsupials display mainly parallel-fibred primary bone with radial and oblique but mainly longitudinal vascular canals. Three juvenile specimens of the dwarf island hippopotamid Hippopotamus minor from the Late Pleistocene of Cyprus show reticular to plexiform fibrolamellar bone. The island murid Mikrotia magna from the Late Miocene of Gargano, Italy displays parallel-fibred primary bone with reticular vascularisation and strong remodelling in the middle part of the cortex. Leithia sp., the dormouse from the Pleistocene of Sicily, is characterised by a primary bone cortex consisting of lamellar bone and a high amount of compact coarse cancellous bone. The bone cortex of the fossil continental lagomorph Prolagus oeningensis and three fossil species of insular Prolagus displays mainly parallel-fibred primary bone and reticular, radial as well as longitudinal vascularisation. Typical for large mammals, secondary bone in the giant rhinocerotoid Paraceratherium sp. from the Late Oligocene of Turkey is represented by dense Haversian bone. The skeletochronological features of Sinomegaceros yabei, a large-sized deer from the Pleistocene of Japan closely related to Megaloceros, indicate a high growth rate. These examples and the synthesis of existing data show the potential of bone microstructure to reveal essential information on life history evolution. The bone tissue and the skeletochronological data of the sampled island species suggest the presence of various modes of bone histological modification and mammalian life history evolution on islands to depend on factors of island evolution such as island size, distance from mainland, climate, phylogeny, and time of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kolb
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Kristof Veitschegger
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Analia M Forasiepi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, Centro Científico y Tecnológico , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Eli Amson
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Alexandra A E Van der Geer
- Department of Geology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Leiden , The Netherlands ; Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Zografou , Greece
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Dewaele L, Tsogtbaatar K, Barsbold R, Garcia G, Stein K, Escuillié F, Godefroit P. Perinatal Specimens of Saurolophus angustirostris (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae), from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138806. [PMID: 26466354 PMCID: PMC4605499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation, Gobi Desert, Mongolia has already yielded abundant and complete skeletons of the hadrosaur Saurolophus angustirostris, from half-grown to adult individuals. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein we describe perinatal specimens of Saurolophus angustirostris, associated with fragmentary eggshell fragments. The skull length of these babies is around 5% that of the largest known S. angustirostris specimens, so these specimens document the earliest development stages of this giant hadrosaur and bridge a large hiatus in our knowledge of the ontogeny of S. angustirostris. Conclusions/Significance The studied specimens are likely part of a nest originally located on a riverbank point bar. The perinatal specimens were buried by sediment carried by the river current presumably during the wet summer season. Perinatal bones already displayed diagnostic characters for Saurolophus angustirostris, including premaxillae with a strongly reflected oral margin and upturned premaxillary body in lateral aspect. The absence of a supracranial crest and unfused halves of the cervical neural arches characterize the earliest stages in the ontogeny of S. angustirostris. The eggshell fragments associated with the perinatal individuals can be referred to the Spheroolithus oogenus and closely resemble those found in older formations (e.g. Barun Goyot Fm in Mongolia) or associated with more basal hadrosauroids (Bactrosaurus-Gilmoreosaurus in the Iren Dabasu Fm, Inner Mongolia, China). This observation suggests that the egg microstructure was similar in basal hadrosauroids and more advanced saurolophines. Competing Interests One of the authors (FE) is employed by the commercial organization Eldonia. Eldonia provided support in the form of a salary for FE, but did not have any additional role or influence in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript and it does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Dewaele
- Directorate 'Earth and History of Life', Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, rue Vautier 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium; Research Unit Palaeontology, Department Geology and Soil Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar
- Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 210-351, Mongolia
| | - Rinchen Barsbold
- Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 210-351, Mongolia
| | - Géraldine Garcia
- Université de Poitiers, IPHEP, UMR CNRS 7262, 6 rue M. Brunet, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Koen Stein
- Earth System Science, AMGC, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Pascal Godefroit
- Directorate 'Earth and History of Life', Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, rue Vautier 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
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Skutschas P, Stein K. Long bone histology of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan. J Anat 2015; 226:334-47. [PMID: 25682890 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kokartus honorarius from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Kyrgyzstan is one of the oldest salamanders in the fossil record, characterized by a mixture of plesiomorphic morphological features and characters shared with crown-group salamanders. Here we present a detailed histological analysis of its long bones. The analysis of a growth series demonstrates a significant histological maturation during ontogeny, expressed by the progressive appearance of longitudinally oriented primary vascular canals, primary osteons, growth marks, remodelling features in primary bone tissues, as well as progressive resorption of the calcified cartilage, formation of endochondral bone and development of cartilaginous to bony trabeculae in the epiphyses. Apart from the presence of secondary osteons, the long bone histology of Kokartus is very similar to that of miniaturized temnospondyls, other Jurassic stem salamanders, miniaturized seymouriamorphs and modern crown-group salamanders. We propose that the presence of secondary osteons in Kokartus honorarius is a plesiomorphic feature, and the loss of secondary osteons in the long bones of crown-group salamanders as well as in those of miniaturized temnospondyls is the result of miniaturization processes. Hitherto, all stem salamander long bong histology (Kokartus, Marmorerpeton and 'salamander A') has been generally described as having paedomorphic features (i.e. the presence of Katschenko's Line and a layer of calcified cartilage), these taxa were thus most likely neotenic forms. The absence of clear lines of arrested growth and annuli in long bones of Kokartus honorarius suggests that the animals lived in an environment with stable local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Skutschas
- Vertebrate Zoology Department, Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Cullen TM, Evans DC, Ryan MJ, Currie PJ, Kobayashi Y. Osteohistological variation in growth marks and osteocyte lacunar density in a theropod dinosaur (Coelurosauria: Ornithomimidae). BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:231. [PMID: 25421260 PMCID: PMC4269922 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteohistological examinations of fossil vertebrates have utilized a number of proxies, such as counts and spacing of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) and osteocyte lacunar densities (OLD), in order to make inferences related to skeletochronology and mass-specific growth rates. However, many of these studies rely on samplings of isolated bones from single individuals. These analyses do not take individual variation into account, and as a result may lead to misleading inferences of the physiology of extinct organisms. This study uses a multi-element, multi-individual sampling of ornithomimid dinosaurs to test the amount of individual variation in the aforementioned osteohistological indicators. Based on these results we also assess the conclusions of previous studies that tested paleohistological hypotheses using isolated elements. Results LAG number was found to be consistent within the hind limb bones of each individual, with the exception of the fibula, which preserves one additional LAG. Considerable differences in LAG spacing were found between elements of the sampled individuals, with larger variation found in elements of the foot compared with the femur, fibula, and tibia. Osteocyte lacunar density ranged between 29000 and 42000 osteocyte lacunae per mm3, and was found to vary more between hind limb bones of an individual and within bones, than between the average values of individuals. Conclusions The variation between hind limb elements in LAG number and LAG spacing suggests that direct comparisons of these elements may be misleading, and that LAG spacing is not a reliable proxy for mass-specific growth rates of an individual. Sampling of multiple bones should be performed as an internal check of model-based LAG retro-calculation and growth equations. The observation that osteocyte lacunar density varies more between individual bone elements than between average individual values suggests that the choice of sampled element can greatly influence the result, and care should be taken to not bias interpretations of the physiology of fossil tetrapods. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0231-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Cullen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - David C Evans
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada. .,Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada.
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH, 44106-1767, U.S.A.
| | - Philip J Currie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Yoshitsugu Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
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Houssaye A. Advances in vertebrate palaeohistology: recent progress, discoveries, and new approaches. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Houssaye
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie; Universität Bonn; Nussallee 8 53115 Bonn Germany
- Département Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 57 rue Cuvier CP-55 75000 Paris France
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