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Toma GA, Dos Santos N, Dos Santos R, Rab P, Kretschmer R, Ezaz T, Bertollo LAC, Liehr T, Porto-Foresti F, Hatanaka T, Tanomtong A, Utsunomia R, Cioffi MB. Cytogenetics Meets Genomics: Cytotaxonomy and Genomic Relationships among Color Variants of the Asian Arowana Scleropages formosus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109005. [PMID: 37240350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scleropages formosus (Osteoglossiformes, Teleostei) represents one of the most valued ornamental fishes, yet it is critically endangered due to overexploitation and habitat destruction. This species encompasses three major color groups that naturally occur in allopatric populations, but the evolutionary and taxonomic relationships of S. formosus color varieties remain uncertain. Here, we utilized a range of molecular cytogenetic techniques to characterize the karyotypes of five S. formosus color phenotypes, which correspond to naturally occurring variants: the red ones (Super Red); the golden ones (Golden Crossback and Highback Golden); the green ones (Asian Green and Yellow Tail Silver). Additionally, we describe the satellitome of S. formosus (Highback Golden) by applying a high-throughput sequencing technology. All color phenotypes possessed the same karyotype structure 2n = 50 (8m/sm + 42st/a) and distribution of SatDNAs, but different chromosomal locations of rDNAs, which were involved in a chromosome size polymorphism. Our results show indications of population genetic structure and microstructure differences in karyotypes of the color phenotypes. However, the findings do not clearly back up the hypothesis that there are discrete lineages or evolutionary units among the color phenotypes of S. formosus, but another case of interspecific chromosome stasis cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Toma
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Petr Rab
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Kretschmer
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Aplied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia
| | - Luiz A C Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Marcelo B Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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Christophoryová J, Krajčovičová K, Šťáhlavský F, Španiel S, Opatova V. Integrative Taxonomy Approach Reveals Cryptic Diversity within the Phoretic Pseudoscorpion Genus Lamprochernes (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:122. [PMID: 36835691 PMCID: PMC9964657 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoscorpions represent an ancient, but homogeneous group of arachnids. The genus Lamprochernes comprises several morphologically similar species with wide and overlapping distributions. We implemented an integrative approach combining molecular barcoding (cox1), with cytogenetic and morphological analyses in order to assess species boundaries in European Lamprochernes populations. The results suggest ancient origins of Lamprochernes species accompanied by morphological stasis within the genus. Our integrative approach delimited three nominal Lamprochernes species and one cryptic lineage Lamprochernes abditus sp. nov. Despite its Oligocene origin, L. abditus sp. nov. can be distinguished from its closest relative only by molecular and cytogenetic differences, or alternatively, by a complex multivariate morphometric analysis involving other Lamprochernes species. The population structure and common haplotype sharing across geographically distant populations in most Lamprochernes species suggest that a phoretic manner of dispersal is efficient in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Christophoryová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Krajčovičová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Španiel
- Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vera Opatova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
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3
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Král J, Ávila Herrera IM, Šťáhlavský F, Sadílek D, Pavelka J, Chatzaki M, Huber BA. Karyotype differentiation and male meiosis in European clades of the spider genus Pholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2022; 16:185-209. [PMID: 36760487 PMCID: PMC9836407 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v16i4.85059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Haplogyne araneomorphs are a diverse spider clade. Their karyotypes are usually predominated by biarmed (i.e., metacentric and submetacentric) chromosomes and have a specific sex chromosome system, X1X2Y. These features are probably ancestral for haplogynes. Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) spread frequently from autosomes to sex chromosomes in these spiders. This study focuses on pholcids (Pholcidae), a highly diverse haplogyne family. Despite considerable recent progress in pholcid cytogenetics, knowledge on many clades remains insufficient including the most species-rich pholcid genus, Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805. To characterize the karyotype differentiation of Pholcus in Europe, we compared karyotypes, sex chromosomes, NORs, and male meiosis of seven species [P.alticeps Spassky, 1932; P.creticus Senglet, 1971; P.dentatus Wunderlich, 1995; P.fuerteventurensis Wunderlich, 1992; P.phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775); P.opilionoides (Schrank, 1781); P.silvai Wunderlich, 1995] representing the dominant species groups in this region. The species studied show several features ancestral for Pholcus, namely the 2n♂ = 25, the X1X2Y system, and a karyotype predominated by biarmed chromosomes. Most taxa have a large acrocentric NOR-bearing pair, which evolved from a biarmed pair by a pericentric inversion. In some lineages, the acrocentric pair reverted to biarmed. Closely related species often differ in the morphology of some chromosome pairs, probably resulting from pericentric inversions and/or translocations. Such rearrangements have been implicated in the formation of reproductive barriers. While the X1 and Y chromosomes retain their ancestral metacentric morphology, the X2 chromosome shows a derived (acrocentric or subtelocentric) morphology. Pairing of this element is usually modified during male meiosis. NOR patterns are very diverse. The ancestral karyotype of Pholcus contained five or six terminal NORs including three X chromosome-linked loci. The number of NORs has been frequently reduced during evolution. In the Macaronesian clade, there is only a single NOR-bearing pair. Sex chromosome-linked NORs are lost in Madeiran species and in P.creticus. Our study revealed two cytotypes in the synanthropic species P.phalangioides (Madeiran and Czech), which differ by their NOR pattern and chromosome morphology. In the Czech cytotype, the large acrocentric pair was transformed into a biarmed pair by pericentric inversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Král
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech RepublicCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Ivalú M. Ávila Herrera
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech RepublicCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech RepublicCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - David Sadílek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech RepublicCharles UniversityPrague 2Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pavelka
- Centre of Biology, Geosciences and Environmental Education, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 306 14 Plzeň, Czech RepublicUniversity of West BohemiaPlzeňCzech Republic
| | - Maria Chatzaki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, GreeceDemocritus University of ThraceAlexandroupolisGreece
| | - Bernhard A. Huber
- Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Museum, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, GermanyAlexander Koenig Zoological Research MuseumBonnGermany
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Just P, Šťáhlavský F, Kovařík F, Štundlová J. Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To determine the mechanisms of karyotype differentiation in scorpions of the genus Gint, we employed an integrative approach, combining cytogenetic data and sequence-based phylogeny. We cytogenetically examined six species with emphasis on multivalent meiotic configurations, 18S rDNA and (TTAGG)n distribution and compared chromosomal data with genetic divergence based on analysis of 16S rRNA and COI gene markers. Our results show that Gint species exhibit substantial karyotype diversity (2n = 18–45) and a high incidence of chromosome heterozygosity. Meiotic chromosome chains formed by up to six elements were found in 85% of analysed individuals, causing intraspecific chromosome variation in three species. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that the 18S rDNA distribution pattern differed in Gint species, including at the intrapopulation level, but the chromosomal localization of (TTAGG)n motif was stable across species. Conspicuous interspecific differences in chromosome counts broadly corresponded with genetic divergence among Gint species. Our findings indicate that Gint karyotypes have undergone dynamic reorganization through independent fusions, fissions and reciprocal translocations. Owing to present chromosomal polymorphism, such structural changes shaping the genome architecture appear to be still ongoing in the populations of some Gint species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Just
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Viničná, Prague , Czech Republic
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Viničná, Prague , Czech Republic
| | - František Kovařík
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Viničná, Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Štundlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Viničná, Prague , Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice , Czech Republic
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Peaceful revolution in genome size: polyploidy in the Nabidae (Heteroptera); autosomes and nuclear DNA content doubling. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Genome size and the position of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were analysed in two Himacerus, eight Nabis and two Prostemma species from the family Nabidae using flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybrization techniques. The karyotypes of Nabis biformis and Nabis maoricus, each with 2n = 16 + XY, and Prostemma aeneicolle, with 2n = 26 + XY, were recorded for the first time. All the species displayed one or two 18S rDNA signals on the X chromosome and up to two signals on the Y chromosome. Several females exhibited two different types of X chromosome breakage, namely within or outside of the 18S rDNA region. Measurements of nuclear DNA content revealed significant differences between all three genera under study. Most notably, the nuclear DNA content of Himacerus species, with 2n = 32/36 + XY (2C = 9–10 pg), was double that of Nabis species, with 2n = 16 + XY (2C = 4–6 pg). Therefore, the previously rejected theory of an autosomal polyploidy event in the evolution of the genus Himacerus is strongly supported by the results of the present study and is now being resurrected.
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Karyotype evolution and preliminary molecular assessment of genera in the family Scorpiopidae (Arachnida: Scorpiones). ZOOLOGY 2020; 144:125882. [PMID: 33278760 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The scorpions represent an ancient and morphologically conserved order of arachnids. Despite that, their karyotypes may differ considerably even among closely related species. In this study, we identify the trends of the karyotype evolution in the family Scorpiopidae based on integrating cytogenetic data and multi-locus molecular phylogenetic approaches. We detected considerable variability in diploid numbers of chromosomes (from 48 to 147), 18S rRNA gene cluster positions (from terminal to pericentromeric) at the interspecific level. Moreover, we identified independent fusions, fissions and inversions in the evolution of the family Scorpiopidae, leading to a remarkable diversification of the karyotypes. The dynamic system of the karyotype changes in this group is further documented by the presence of interstitial telomeric sequences (ITS) in two species. The cytogenetic differences observed among the analyzed species highlight the potential of this type of data for species-level taxonomy in scorpion lineages with monocentric chromosomes. Additionally, the results of our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the family Scorpiopidae, but rendered several genera para- or polyphyletic.
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Šťáhlavský F, Nguyen P, Sadílek D, Štundlová J, Just P, Haddad CR, Koç H, Ranawana KB, Stockmann M, Yağmur EA, Kovařík F. Evolutionary dynamics of rDNA clusters on chromosomes of buthid scorpions (Chelicerata: Arachnida). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We examined the distribution of genes for major ribosomal RNAs (rDNA) on holokinetic chromosomes of 74 species belonging to 19 genera of scorpions from the family Buthidae using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Our analysis revealed differences between the two main evolutionary lineages within the family. The genera belonging to the ‘Buthus group’, with a proposed Laurasian origin, possess one pair of rDNA mainly in an interstitial position, with the only exceptions being the terminal location found in some Hottentotta and Buthacus species, possibly as a result of chromosome fissions. All the remaining buthid ‘groups’ possess rDNA found strictly in a terminal position. However, the number of signals may increase from an ancestral state of one pair of rDNA loci to up to seven signals in Reddyanus ceylonensis Kovařík et al., 2016. Despite the differences in evolutionary dynamics of the rDNA clusters between the ‘Buthus group’ and other lineages investigated, we found a high incidence of reciprocal translocations and presence of multivalent associations during meiosis in the majority of the genera studied. These phenomena seem to be typical for the whole family Buthidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Šťáhlavský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Sadílek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Štundlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Just
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Charles R Haddad
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Halil Koç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Kithsiri B Ranawana
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Ersen Aydin Yağmur
- Alaşehir Vocational School, Celal Bayar University, Alaşehir, Manisa, Turkey
| | - František Kovařík
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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Adilardi RS, Ojanguren-Affilastro AA, Martí DA, Mola LM. Chromosome puzzle in the southernmost populations of the medically important scorpion Tityus bahiensis (Perty 1833) (Buthidae), a polymorphic species with striking structural rearrangements. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Štundlová J, Šmíd J, Nguyen P, Šťáhlavský F. Cryptic diversity and dynamic chromosome evolution in Alpine scorpions (Euscorpiidae: Euscorpius). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 134:152-163. [PMID: 30743063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over time, mountain biota has undergone complex evolutionary histories that have left imprints on its genomic arrangement, geographical distribution and diversity of contemporary lineages. Knowledge on these biogeographical aspects still lags behind for invertebrates inhabiting the Alpine region. In the present study, we examined three scorpion species of the subgenus Euscorpius (Alpiscorpius) from the European Alps using cytogenetic and molecular phylogenetic approaches to determine the variation and population structure of extant lineages at both chromosome and genetic level, and to provide an insight into the species diversification histories. We detected considerable intraspecific variability in chromosome complements and localization of the 18S rDNA loci in all studied species. Such chromosome differences were noticeable as the existence of three [in E. (A.) alpha and E. (A.) germanus] or four [in E. (A.) gamma] range-restricted karyotypic races. These races differed from one another either by 2n [in E. (A.) alpha 2n = 54, 60, 90; in E. (A.) gamma 2n = 58, 60, 88, 86-92], or by the karyotypic formula [in E. (A.) germanus 2n = 34m + 12sm; 36m + 10sm; 42m + 4sm]. Using mitochondrial (16S rRNA, COI) and nuclear (28S rDNA) genetic markers, we examined genetic variation and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among the karyotypic races. Both approaches provided evidence for the existence of ten deeply divergent lineages exhibiting the features of local endemics and indicating the presence of cryptic species. Molecular dating analyses suggest that these lineages diversified during the Plio-Pleistocene and this process was presumably accompanied by dynamic structural changes in the genome organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Štundlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Šmíd
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Zedek F, Bureš P. Pest Arthropods with Holocentric Chromosomes are More Resistant to Sterilizing Ionizing Radiation. Radiat Res 2019; 191:255-261. [PMID: 30702973 DOI: 10.1667/rr15208.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that species with holocentric chromosomes have a selective evolutionary advantage for developmental and reproductive success because holocentric chromosomes are less susceptible to chromosome breakage than monocentric chromosomes. We analyzed data on sterilizing doses of ionizing radiation for more than 250 species of arthropods to test whether the minimal dose for reproductive sterilization is higher for species with holocentric chromosomes than for species with monocentric chromosomes. Using linear mixed models that account for phylogeny, we show that holocentric arthropods are more tolerant of sterilizing radiation than monocentrics. Moreover, higher dose rates correlate with lower sterilizing doses in monocentrics, but not in holocentrics, which is a novel finding that may be of importance for radiosanitation practice. Under the dose rate of 1 Gy/min, holocentric arthropods are sterilized on average with a 2.9 times higher minimal dose than monocentrics. Life stage and sex have significant but considerably weaker effects on sterilizing dose than chromosome type. Adults and males require 1.2 and 1.4 times higher sterilizing doses than juveniles and females, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that holocentric lineages may originate and thrive better in times of increased exposure to chromosome-breaking factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Zedek
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bureš
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Ubinski CV, Carvalho LS, Schneider MC. Mechanisms of karyotype evolution in the Brazilian scorpions of the subfamily Centruroidinae (Buthidae). Genetica 2018; 146:475-486. [PMID: 30206751 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-018-0038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recently-revised subfamily Centruroidinae is part of the New World clade of buthid scorpions. In this study, we analyzed the cytogenetic characteristics of nine of the 10 Brazilian centruroidines, and one undescribed species of the genus Ischnotelson, using a phylogenetic approach to determine the chromosomal rearrangements responsible for the differentiation of karyotypes among the species. The cytogenetic data recorded in the present study supported the new taxonomic arrangement of the Centruroidinae, with all the species of the same genus sharing the same or similar diploid numbers, i.e., 2n = 20 or 22 in Troglorhopalurus lacrau and T. translucidus, 2n = 25 or 26 in Ischnotelson sp., I. guanambiensis and I. peruassu, and 2n = 28 in Jaguajir agamemnon, J. pintoi and J. rochae. The karyotype modelling in the ChromEvol software indicated 2n = 18 as the ancestral diploid number of the Centruroidinae. The differentiation of karyotypes among the centruroidine genera was based on increasing chromosome numbers resulting from progressive fission events. These changes probably occurred prior to the diversification of the genera Ischnotelson, Jaguajir, Physoctonus and Rhopalurus, and appear to have played a more important role in karyotype evolution at the intergeneric level than the interspecific one. However, the observed increase in diploid numbers was not accompanied by changes in the number or location of ribosomal genes or telomeric sequences. The identification of meiotic cells in female specimens also allowed us to discuss the mechanisms of achiasmatic meiosis in scorpions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crislaine Vanessa Ubinski
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Av. Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Sousa Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, BR 343, Km 3.5, Floriano, Piauí, 64800-000, Brazil
| | - Marielle Cristina Schneider
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Av. Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brazil.
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Šťáhlavský F, Štundlová J, Lowe G, Stockmann M, Kovařík F. Application of cytogenetic markers in the taxonomy of flat rock scorpions (Scorpiones: Hormuridae), with the description of Hadogenes weygoldti sp. n. ZOOL ANZ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Mattos VF, Carvalho LS, Carvalho MA, Schneider MC. Insights into the origin of the high variability of multivalent-meiotic associations in holocentric chromosomes of Tityus (Archaeotityus) scorpions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192070. [PMID: 29466400 PMCID: PMC5821447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpions represent an intriguing group of animals characterized by a high incidence of heterozygous chromosomal rearrangements. In this work, we examined six species of Tityus (Archaeotityus) from Brazilian fauna with a particular focus on elucidating the rearrangements responsible for the intraspecific variability of diploid number and the presence of long chromosomal chains in meiosis. To access any interpopulation diversity, we also studied individuals from four species representing distinct localities. Most species demonstrated intraspecific polymorphism in diploid number (2n = 19 and 2n = 20 in T. clathratus, T. mattogrossensis, and T. pusillus, 2n = 16, 2n = 17 and 2n = 18 in T. paraguayensis, and 2n = 16 and 2n = 24 in T. silvestris) and multi-chromosomal associations during meiosis I, which differed even among individuals with the same chromosome number. In some species, the heterozygous rearrangements were not fixed, resulting such as in Tityus clathatrus, in 11 different chromosomal configurations recognized within a same population. Based on meiotic chromosome behaviour, we suggested that independent rearrangements (fusion/fission and reciprocal translocations), occurring in different combinations, originated the multi-chromosomal chains. To evaluate the effects of these chromosome chains on meiotic segregation, we applied the chi-square test in metaphase II cells. The non-significant occurrence of aneuploid nuclei indicated that non-disjunction was negligible in specimens bearing heterozygous rearrangements. Finally, based on our analysis of many chromosome characteristics, e.g., holocentricity, achiasmate meiosis, endopolyploidy, ability to segregate heterosynaptic or unsynapsed chromosomes, (TTAGG)n sequence located in terminal regions of rearranged chromosomes, we suggest that the maintenance of multi-chromosomal associations may be evolutionarily advantageous for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Fagundes Mattos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Departamento de Biologia, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos André Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, UFMT, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Marielle Cristina Schneider
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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14
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Ojanguren-Affilastro AA, Adilardi RS, Cajade R, Ramírez MJ, Ceccarelli FS, Mola LM. Multiple approaches to understanding the taxonomic status of an enigmatic new scorpion species of the genus Tityus (Buthidae) from the biogeographic island of Paraje Tres Cerros (Argentina). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181337. [PMID: 28746406 PMCID: PMC5529008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tityus curupi n. sp., belonging to the bolivianus complex, is described from the biogeographically distinct area of Paraje Tres Cerros in north-eastern Argentina. We also present a molecular species delimitation analysis between Tityus curupi n. sp. and its sister species Tityus uruguayensis Borelli 1901 to confirm species integrity. Furthermore, a cytogenetic analysis is presented for these two species which contain different multivalent associations in meiosis, as a consequence of chromosome rearrangements, and the highest chromosome numbers in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renzo S. Adilardi
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución—Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Cajade
- Laboratorio de Herpetología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Martín J. Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F. Sara Ceccarelli
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Liliana M. Mola
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución—Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Sousa P, Arnedo MA, Harris DJ. Updated catalogue and taxonomic notes on the Old-World scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Zookeys 2017; 686:15-84. [PMID: 29200915 PMCID: PMC5672565 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.686.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of the ground-breaking "Catalogue of the scorpions of the world (1758-1998)" (Fet et al. 2000) the number of species in the scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 has increased 10-fold, and this genus is now the fourth largest within the Buthidae, with 52 valid named species. Here we revise and update the available information regarding Buthus. A new combination is proposed: Buthus halius (C. L. Koch, 1839), comb. n. from Portugal and Spain. B. halius is removed from junior synonymy with Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789), and proposed as a senior synonym of B. ibericus Lourenço & Vachon, 2004, syn. n. Moreover, following I.C.Z.N. article 23.9.2 we propose to maintain as valid B. ibericus(nomen protectum) and to consider the disued B. halius as a nomen oblitum . Buthus europaeus tridentatus Franganillo, 1918 is proposed as a junior synonym of B. occitanus (Amoreux, 1789), syn. n.Buthus sabulicola Touloun, 2012 is proposed as a junior synonym of Buthus bonito Lourenço & Geniez, 2005, syn. n.Buthus occitanus tunetanus neeli Gysin, 1969 is proposed as an informal senior synonym of Buthus tassili Lourenço, 2002, informal syn. n. Two taxa are rised to species rank, Buthus nigrovesiculosus Hirst, 1925, stat. n. and Buthus parroti Vachon, 1949, stat. n.. We further confirm the restricted distribution of B. occitanus that is confined to southeastern France and northwestern Iberian Peninsula and does not occur in North Africa. Additionally, Androctonus barbouri (Werner, 1932), comb. n. from the Agadir region of Morocco, is hereby transferred to the genus Androctonus. We summarize and provide a critical appraisal of the diagnostic characters currently in use for the genus. The catalogue section considers the names for species, subspecies and varieties that have been used for Buthus scorpions. Information about types, including collection numbers and localities are included when available. Finally, an annotated listing of synonymies and an updated bibliography are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sousa
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Arnedo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D. James Harris
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Almeida BRRD, Milhomem-Paixão SSR, Noronha RCR, Nagamachi CY, Costa MJRD, Pardal PPDO, Coelho JS, Pieczarka JC. Karyotype diversity and chromosomal organization of repetitive DNA in Tityus obscurus (Scorpiones, Buthidae). BMC Genet 2017; 18:35. [PMID: 28412934 PMCID: PMC5392961 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Holocentric chromosomes occur in approximately 750 species of eukaryotes. Among them, the genus Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) has a labile karyotype that shows complex multivalent associations during male meiosis. Thus, taking advantage of the excellent model provided by the Buthidae scorpions, here we analyzed the chromosomal distribution of several repetitive DNA classes on the holocentric chromosomes of different populations of the species Tityus obscurus Gervais, 1843, highlighting their involvement in the karyotypic differences found among them. Results This species shows inter- and intrapopulational karyotype variation, with seven distinct cytotypes: A (2n = 16), B (2n = 14), C (2n = 13), D (2n = 13), E (2n = 12), F (2n = 12) and G (2n = 11). Furthermore, exhibits achiasmatic male meiosis and lacks heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Trivalent and quadrivalent meiotic associations were found in some cytotypes. In them, 45S rDNAs were found in the terminal portions of two pairs, while TTAGG repeats were found only at the end of the chromosomes. In the cytotype A (2n = 16), the U2 snRNA gene mapped to pair 1, while the H3 histone cluster and C0t-1 DNA fraction was terminally distributed on all pairs. Mariner transposons were found throughout the chromosomes, with the exception of one individual of cytotype A (2n = 16), in which it was concentrated in heterochromatic regions. Conclusions Chromosomal variability found in T. obscurus are due to rearrangements of the type fusion/fission and reciprocal translocations in heterozygous. These karyotype differences follow a geographical pattern and may be contributing to reproductive isolation between populations analyzed. Our results also demonstrate high mobility of histone H3 genes. In contrast, other multigene families (45S rDNA and U2 snRNA) have conserved distribution among individuals. The accumulation of repetitive sequences in distal regions of T. obscurus chromosomes, suggests that end of chromosome are not covered by the kinetochore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rafael Ribeiro de Almeida
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, n°01, Av. Perimetral, s/n. Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Susana Suely Rodrigues Milhomem-Paixão
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, Campus Valparaíso de Goiás, BR-040, km 6, Avenida Saia Velha, S/N, Área 8, Parque Esplanada V, 72876-601, Valparaíso de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Renata Coelho Rodrigues Noronha
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, n°01, Av. Perimetral, s/n. Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, n°01, Av. Perimetral, s/n. Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marlyson Jeremias Rodrigues da Costa
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, n°01, Av. Perimetral, s/n. Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Pereira de Oliveira Pardal
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Artrópodes Peçonhentos, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Generalíssimo Deodoro, 92, 66055-240, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Johne Souza Coelho
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Artrópodes Peçonhentos, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Generalíssimo Deodoro, 92, 66055-240, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, n°01, Av. Perimetral, s/n. Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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17
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Altmanová M, Rovatsos M, Kratochvíl L, Johnson Pokorná M. Minute Y chromosomes and karyotype evolution in Madagascan iguanas (Squamata: Iguania: Opluridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12751 10.1080/11250000409356641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Altmanová
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Rumburská 89 Liběchov Czech Republic
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18
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Svojanovská H, Nguyen P, Hiřman M, Tuf IH, Wahab RA, Haddad CR, Šťáhlavský F. Karyotype Evolution in Harvestmen of the Suborder Cyphophthalmi (Opiliones). Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:227-36. [PMID: 27245985 DOI: 10.1159/000445863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphologically uniform suborder Cyphophthalmi represents a basal group of harvestmen (Opiliones). As such, it plays an important role in the reconstruction of the karyotype evolution within this arachnid order. The cytogenetic analysis of 6 representatives of the suborder Cyphophthalmi, namely Miopsalis sp. (2n = 30; Stylocellidae), Austropurcellia arcticosa (Cantrell, 1980) (2n = 30; Pettalidae), Parapurcellia amatola de Bivort & Giribet, 2010 (2n = 32; Pettalidae), Paramiopsalis aff. ramulosus Juberthie, 1962 (2n = 28; Sironidae), Cyphophthalmus duricorius Joseph, 1868 (2n = 24; Sironidae), and Siro carpaticus Rafalski, 1956 (2n = 52; Sironidae) was performed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with 18S rDNA probe was used to analyze the distribution of major ribosomal RNA genes in harvestmen. We confront the obtained cytogenetic data with current hypotheses on cyphophthalmid phylogeny to reconstruct their karyotype evolution. We conclude that the ancestral karyotype of harvestmen consisted of 2n = 30 elements with 1 chromosome pair bearing terminal rDNA clusters. The rDNA locus was multiplicated in the evolution of Cyphophthalmi. However, decreases as well as increases in the number of chromosomes have been detected in the karyotype evolution of Cyphophthalmi. Our data thus reveal unexpected diversity in cyphophthalmid karyotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Svojanovská
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Altmanová M, Rovatsos M, Kratochvíl L, Johnson Pokorná M. Minute Y chromosomes and karyotype evolution in Madagascan iguanas (Squamata: Iguania: Opluridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Altmanová
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Faculty of Science; Department of Ecology; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Rumburská 89 Liběchov Czech Republic
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20
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Sadílek D, Angus RB, Šťáhlavský F, Vilímová J. Comparison of different cytogenetic methods and tissue suitability for the study of chromosomes in Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera, Cimicidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2016; 10:731-752. [PMID: 28123691 PMCID: PMC5240521 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v10i4.10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the article we summarize the most common recent cytogenetic methods used in analysis of karyotypes in Heteroptera. We seek to show the pros and cons of the spreading method compared with the traditional squashing method. We discuss the suitability of gonad, midgut and embryo tissue in Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 chromosome research and production of figures of whole mitosis and meiosis, using the spreading method. The hotplate spreading technique has many advantages in comparison with the squashing technique. Chromosomal slides prepared from the testes tissue gave the best results, tissues of eggs and midgut epithelium are not suitable. Metaphase II is the only division phase in which sex chromosomes can be clearly distinguished. Chromosome number determination is easy during metaphase I and metaphase II. Spreading of gonad tissue is a suitable method for the cytogenetic analysis of holokinetic chromosomes of Cimex lectularius.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sadílek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Robert B. Angus
- Department of Life Sciences (Entomology), The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vilímová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Praha, Czech Republic
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