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Urbaniak J, Kwiatkowski P. The molecular population structure of Swertia perennis (Gentianaceae) in Central Europe. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17059. [PMID: 37816773 PMCID: PMC10564900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogeographic analysis of Swertia perennis, a typical European subalpine springtime species, revealed the existence of at least five major phylogenetic lineages. A large phylogeographic separation exists among these geographical regions, which confirms the existence of glacial refugia in the Pyrenees, but also in the Eastern and Central Alps. The results obtained from the analyzes indicate the existence of three major differences between the populations of the Alps and the Pyrenees, but also between the populations of the Alps and those of other geographical regions (Carpathians, southern Czech Republic, Sudetes and northern Poland). The studied populations from the Black Forest and from north-eastern and southern Poland are a relic of the former wider distribution of these (periglacial) genetic groups within Swertia perennis. Our results also confirm the existence of biogeographical links between the Carpathians and the Hercynian Range and the Alps. Certainly, there was an exchange of genes between populations located in the eastern Alps, the Carpathians and the Hercynian ranges (Czech Republic, Jeseníky, Sudetes, Ore Mountains). This confirms previous results of comparative studies on the genetic diversity of populations of other vascular plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Urbaniak
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology, and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Urbaniak J, Kwiatkowski P. The Role of the Hercynian Mountains of Central Europe in Shaping Plant Migration Patterns in the Pleistocene-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3317. [PMID: 37765481 PMCID: PMC10537488 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The climatic changes that took place in Europe during the Quaternary period influenced plant habitats as well as their species and vegetation composition. In this article, biogeographical studies on Hercynian mountain plants that include data for the Alps, Carpathians, and European lowlands are reviewed in order to discuss the phylogeographical structure and divergence of the Hercynian populations from those in other European mountain ranges, Scandinavia, and lowlands. The analyzed studies show specific phylogeographical relations between the Hercynian mountains, Alps, Scandinavia, Carpathians, and European lowlands. The results also indicate that the genetic patterns of plant populations in the Hercynian Mountains may differ significantly in terms of origin. The main migration routes of species to the Hercynian ranges began in the Alps or Carpathians. Some species, such as Rubus chamaemorus L., Salix lapponum L., and Salix herbacea L., are glacial relics that may have arrived and settled in the Hercynian Mountains during the Ice Age and that survived in isolated habitats. The Hercynian Mountains are composed of various smaller mountain ranges and are a crossroads of migration routes from different parts of Europe; thus, intensive hybridization has occurred between the plant populations therein, which is indicated by the presence of several divergent genetic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Urbaniak
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland;
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Rešetnik I, Záveská E, Grgurev M, Bogdanović S, Bartolić P, Frajman B. Stability in the South, Turbulence Toward the North: Evolutionary History of Aurinia saxatilis (Brassicaceae) Revealed by Phylogenomic and Climatic Modelling Data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:822331. [PMID: 35360300 PMCID: PMC8964184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.822331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Balkan Peninsula played an important role in the evolution of many Mediterranean plants and served as a major source for post-Pleistocene colonisation of central and northern Europe. Its complex geo-climatic history and environmental heterogeneity significantly influenced spatiotemporal diversification and resulted in intricate phylogeographic patterns. To explore the evolutionary dynamics and phylogeographic patterns within the widespread eastern Mediterranean and central European species Aurinia saxatilis, we used a combination of phylogenomic (restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, RADseq) and phylogenetic (sequences of the plastid marker ndhF) data as well as species distribution models generated for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The inferred phylogenies retrieved three main geographically distinct lineages. The southern lineage is restricted to the eastern Mediterranean, where it is distributed throughout the Aegean area, the southern Balkan Peninsula, and the southern Apennine Peninsula, and corresponds to the species main distribution area during the LGM. The eastern lineage extends from the eastern Balkan Peninsula over the Carpathians to central Europe, while the central lineage occupies the central Balkan Peninsula. Molecular dating places the divergence among all the three lineages to the early to middle Pleistocene, indicating their long-term independent evolutionary trajectories. Our data revealed an early divergence and stable in situ persistence of the southernmost, eastern Mediterranean lineage, whereas the mainland, south-east European lineages experienced more complex and turbulent evolutionary dynamics triggered by Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Our data also support the existence of multiple glacial refugia in southeast Europe and highlight the central Balkan Peninsula not only as a cradle of lineage diversifications but also as a source of lineage dispersal. Finally, the extant genetic variation within A. saxatilis is congruent with the taxonomic separation of peripatric A. saxatilis subsp. saxatilis and A. saxatilis subsp. orientalis, whereas the taxonomic status of A. saxatilis subsp. megalocarpa remains doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rešetnik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Eliška Záveská
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marin Grgurev
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandro Bogdanović
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paolo Bartolić
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Božo Frajman
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Záveská E, Kirschner P, Frajman B, Wessely J, Willner W, Gattringer A, Hülber K, Lazić D, Dobeš C, Schönswetter P. Evidence for Glacial Refugia of the Forest Understorey Species Helleborus niger (Ranunculaceae) in the Southern as Well as in the Northern Limestone Alps. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683043. [PMID: 34040627 PMCID: PMC8141911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Glacial refugia of alpine and subnival biota have been intensively studied in the European Alps but the fate of forests and their understory species in that area remains largely unclear. In order to fill this gap, we aimed at disentangling the spatiotemporal diversification of disjunctly distributed black hellebore Helleborus niger (Ranunculaceae). We applied a set of phylogeographic analyses based on restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) data and plastid DNA sequences to a range-wide sampling of populations. These analyses were supplemented with species distribution models generated for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We used exploratory analyses to delimit genomically coherent groups and then employed demographic modeling to reconstruct the history of these groups. We uncovered a deep split between two major genetic groups with western and eastern distribution within the Southern Limestone Alps, likely reflecting divergent evolution since the mid-Pleistocene in two glacial refugia situated along the unglaciated southern margin of the Alps. Long-term presence in the Southern Limestone Alps is also supported by high numbers of private alleles, elevated levels of nucleotide diversity and the species' modeled distribution at the LGM. The deep genetic divergence, however, is not reflected in leaf shape variation, suggesting that the morphological discrimination of genetically divergent entities within H. niger is questionable. At a shallower level, populations from the Northern Limestone Alps are differentiated from those in the Southern Limestone Alps in both RADseq and plastid DNA data sets, reflecting the North-South disjunction within the Eastern Alps. The underlying split was dated to ca. 0.1 mya, which is well before the LGM. In the same line, explicit tests of demographic models consistently rejected the hypothesis that the partial distribution area in the Northern Limestone Alps is the result of postglacial colonization. Taken together, our results strongly support that forest understory species such as H. niger have survived the LGM in refugia situated along the southern, but also along the northern or northeastern periphery of the Alps. Being a slow migrator, the species has likely survived repeated glacial-interglacial circles in distributional stasis while the composition of the tree canopy changed in the meanwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Záveská
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | | | - Božo Frajman
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Wessely
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Willner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gattringer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Karl Hülber,
| | - Desanka Lazić
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Dobeš
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests, Vienna, Austria
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Giesecke T, Wolters S, van Leeuwen JFN, van der Knaap PWO, Leydet M, Brewer S. Postglacial change of the floristic diversity gradient in Europe. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5422. [PMID: 31780647 PMCID: PMC6882886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to cause a poleward spread of species, resulting in increased richness at mid to high latitudes and weakening the latitudinal diversity gradient. We used pollen data to test if such a change in the latitudinal diversity gradient occurred during the last major poleward shift of plant species in Europe following the end of the last glacial period. In contrast to expectations, the slope of the gradient strengthened during the Holocene. The increase in temperatures around 10 ka ago reduced diversity at mid to high latitude sites due to the gradual closure of forests. Deforestation and the introduction of agriculture during the last 5 ky had a greater impact on richness in central Europe than the earlier climate warming. These results do not support the current view that global warming alone will lead to a loss in biodiversity, and demonstrate that non-climatic human impacts on the latitudinal diversity gradient is of a greater magnitude than climate change. Climate-induced poleward shifts in plant distributions could flatten latitudinal diversity gradients. However, here the authors show that the spread of forests after the last ice age reduced diversity in central and northern Europe, and that human land-use over the past 5000 years strengthened the latitudinal gradient in plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Giesecke
- Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Steffen Wolters
- Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research, Viktoriastr. 26/28, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jacqueline F N van Leeuwen
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Alternbergrain 21, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pim W O van der Knaap
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Alternbergrain 21, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Leydet
- IMBE-CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, Avignon Université, Technopôle Arbois-Méditerranée, Bât. Villemin - BP 80, F-13545, Aix-en-Provence cedex 04, France
| | - Simon Brewer
- Geography Department, University of Utah, 260S. Central Campus, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Shallow Genetic Structure among the European Populations of the Six-Toothed Bark Beetle Ips sexdentatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae). FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The six-toothed bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus, is one of the most abundant scolytid species of the central and southern European countries. It mostly feeds on Pinus sp., whereas during population outbreaks it can also attack Picea sp. In spite of its broad distribution, its phylogeography has never been studied before. To do that, we employed an mtDNA marker on 489 individuals that covered most of its native range in Europe. Geographic distribution of the 86 haplotypes showed that at least three glacial refugia have played a significant role in shaping the currently observed pattern of genetic divergence in Europe, without excluding the contribution of minor refugial areas that acted in a similar manner. The revealed shallow structure can be considered an artifact of factors that reduced intraspecific diversity, at the same time favoring gene flow. As such, biological traits of the species itself (flying ability and host preference) and even human-mediated transport of wood seem to be the most prevailing and probable reasons that gave rise to the observed pattern.
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Scaldaferro MA, Barboza GE, Acosta MC. Evolutionary history of the chili pepper Capsicum baccatum L. (Solanaceae): domestication in South America and natural diversification in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marisel A Scaldaferro
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Argentina
| | - Gloria E Barboza
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Argentina
| | - M Cristina Acosta
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Argentina
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Carcaillet C, Blarquez O. Fire ecology of a tree glacial refugium on a nunatak with a view on Alpine glaciers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1281-1290. [PMID: 28805959 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In paleoecology, the function of biomass as a fire driver has become a focus of attention in cold ecosystems, and concerns have been raised about climate in this context. Little is known about the fire frequency and fire-plant relationships during glaciation when woodlands were limited and the climate was cold. Fire history and tree biomass were reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal and macroremains, respectively, archived in lake sediments from the western Alps. Two nunataks were investigated, both with lacustrine sediments covering the last 21 000 yr at least. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Lateglacial, fires occurred only on the nunatak sheltering woody plants. Cembra pine (Pinus cembra) and larch (Larix decidua) survived above glaciers during the LGM, thus evidencing a biological refugium and supporting the nunatak theory. We highlighted a long-term relationship between fires and dominant trees over the last 21 000 yr, where fire frequencies track the global climate and the local changes in tree biomass. Glacial climate (dry, cold) does not rule out fires. Fuel load and composition were significant fire drivers, with cembra pine dominating during colder periods with rare fires, and larch during the warmer Holocene with frequent fires. These findings increase knowledge of fire ecology in cold environments, and open perspectives in tree population genetics by considering new areas of tree glacial refugia in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carcaillet
- PSL Research University Paris, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 4-14 rue Ferrus, Paris, F-75014, France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (UMR5023 CNRS), Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, F-69622, France
- LTER Zone Atelier Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA France-Canada MONTABOR), Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Olivier Blarquez
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA France-Canada MONTABOR), Montpellier, F-34000, France
- Département de Géographie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Tausch S, Leipold M, Poschlod P, Reisch C. Molecular markers provide evidence for a broad-fronted recolonisation of the widespread calcareous grassland species Sanguisorba minor from southern and cryptic northern refugia. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:562-570. [PMID: 28387987 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcareous grasslands belong to the most species-rich and endangered habitats in Europe. However, little is known about the origin of the species typically occurring in these grasslands. In this study we analysed the glacial and post-glacial history of Sanguisorba minor, a typical plant species frequently occurring in calcareous grasslands. The study comprised 38 populations throughout the whole distribution range of the species across Europe. We used molecular markers (AFLP) and applied Bayesian cluster analysis as well as spatial principal components analysis (sPCA) to identify glacial refugia and post-glacial migration routes to Central Europe. Our study revealed significant differences in the level of genetic variation and the occurrence of rare fragments within populations of S. minor and a distinct separation of eastern and western lineages. The analyses uncovered traditional southern but also cryptic northern refugia and point towards a broad fronted post-glacial recolonisation. Based on these results we postulate that incomplete lineage sorting may have contributed to the detected pattern of genetic variation and that S. minor recolonised Central Europe post-glacially from Iberia and northern glacial refugia in France, Belgium or Germany. Our results highlight the importance of refugial areas for the conservation of intraspecific variation in calcareous grassland species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tausch
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Plant Sciences, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Leipold
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Plant Sciences, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Poschlod
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Plant Sciences, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Reisch
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Plant Sciences, Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
Phylogeographic analyses of plants in Europe have revealed common glacial refugia and migration routes for several trees and herbs with arctic-alpine distributions. The postglacial histories of dry grassland species in central Europe have rarely been analyzed, even though the extremely species-rich habitat is threatened. Sedum album (Crassulaceae) is a common inhabitant of rocky sites in central European dry grasslands. We inferred the phylogeographic history of S. album over its distribution range in Europe. Genetic diversity within and differentiation between 34 S. album populations was examined using AFLP markers. Population isolation was indicated based on the rarity of the fragments and by isolation-by-distance effects. We sequenced the trnL-trnF region in 32 populations and used chloroplast microsatellites to analyze chloroplast haplotype distributions. Two distinct S. album lineages were detected. One lineage was comprised of populations from eastern and central parts of central Europe, and the Apennine Peninsula. A second lineage was comprised of populations from the Iberian Peninsula and western and northern parts of central Europe. Glacial refugia were identified based on the accumulation of ancient chloroplast haplotypes, high diversity of AFLP fragments within populations, and high levels of rare fragments in Liguria, Serbia, the Apennine and Iberian peninsulas. Cryptic refugia were detected in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Isolation by distance was present all over the distribution range, and it was separately detected in southwestern and central Europe. In western Europe, where a contact zone between the two lineages can be expected, no isolation by distance was detected. Our results suggest migration routes of S. album northeastward from glacial refugia in southern Iberia, northward from the Apennine Peninsula, and northward and westward from the southeastern parts of central Europe. Therefore, central European grasslands were recently colonized by northern cryptic populations and source populations originating in the east and the Apennine Peninsula.
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Mráz P, Ronikier M. Biogeography of the Carpathians: evolutionary and spatial facets of biodiversity. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Mráz
- Herbarium and Department of Botany; Charles University; Benátská 2 12801 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michał Ronikier
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany; Polish Academy of Sciences; Lubicz 46 31-512 Kraków Poland
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