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Strandmoe AL, Bremer J, Diercks GFH, Gostyński A, Ammatuna E, Pas HH, Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Huls GA, Heeringa P, Laman JD, Horváth B. Beyond the skin: B cells in pemphigus vulgaris, tolerance and treatment. Br J Dermatol 2024; 191:164-176. [PMID: 38504438 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljae107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare autoimmune bullous disease characterized by blistering of the skin and mucosa owing to the presence of autoantibodies against the desmosome proteins desmoglein 3 and occasionally in conjunction with desmoglein 1. Fundamental research into the pathogenesis of PV has revolutionized its treatment and outcome with rituximab, a B-cell-depleting therapy. The critical contribution of B cells to the pathogenesis of pemphigus is well accepted. However, the exact pathomechanism, mechanisms of onset, disease course and relapse remain unclear. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the fundamental research progress that has unfolded over the past few centuries to give rise to current and emerging therapies. Furthermore, we summarize the multifaceted roles of B cells in PV, including their development, maturation and antibody activity. Finally, we explored how these various aspects of B-cell function contribute to disease pathogenesis and pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Strandmoe
- Departments of Medical Biology and Pathology
- Dermatology (Centre for Blistering Diseases)
| | | | - Gilles F H Diercks
- Departments of Medical Biology and Pathology
- Dermatology (Centre for Blistering Diseases)
| | - Antoni Gostyński
- Dermatology (Centre for Blistering Diseases)
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention; University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon D Laman
- Departments of Medical Biology and Pathology
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2
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Lee EG, Oh JE. From neglect to spotlight: the underappreciated role of B cells in cutaneous inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328785. [PMID: 38426103 PMCID: PMC10902158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin, covering our entire body as its largest organ, manifests enormous complexities and a profound interplay of systemic and local responses. In this heterogeneous domain, B cells were considered strangers. Yet, recent studies have highlighted their existence in the skin and their distinct role in modulating cutaneous immunity across various immune contexts. Accumulating evidence is progressively shedding light on the significance of B cells in maintaining skin health and in skin disorders. Herein, we integrate current insights on the systemic and local contributions of B cells in three prevalent inflammatory skin conditions: Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), and Atopic Dermatitis (AD), underscoring the previously underappreciated importance of B cells within skin immunity. Moreover, we address the potential adverse effects of current treatments used for skin diseases, emphasizing their unintentional consequences on B cells. These comprehensive approaches may pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies that effectively address the intricate nature of skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gang Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- BioMedical Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Huang R, Hu L, Jiang F. Study of cytokine-induced immunity in bullous pemphigoid: recent developments. Ann Med 2023; 55:2280991. [PMID: 38109924 PMCID: PMC10732206 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2280991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an organ-specific disease. Its pathogenesis has not been clearly studied yet; However, studies in recent years have shown that its pathogenesis is related to T helper cells. The pathogenesis of BP is mainly related to Th2 and Th17-related cytokines. IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 cause eosinophil recruitment, promote antibody production, trigger pruritus and promote blister formation and other symptoms. IL-17 and IL-23 promote the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) by related cells, which causes dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ) separation to form bullae and blisters, and can persist in BP inflammation. The serum concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 are related to the prognosis of BP. In this paper, we focus on the role of related cytokines in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid and the relationship between the related cytokine populations secreted by three major T helper cells-helper T lymphocytes 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17. A better understanding of the biological and immunological functions of cytokines associated with BP patients will provide opportunities for therapeutic targets in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lingyu Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fuqiong Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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4
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Yuan Q, Yang W, Zhang X. Immune cells in pemphigus vulgaris and bullous Pemphigoid: From pathogenic roles to targeting therapies. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110694. [PMID: 37523970 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are two major subtypes of autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBD), characterized by blisters and erosions of skin and/or mucous membranes with dysregulated immune activity. Current literature established that T and B cells are the main executors of PV and BP. Emerging evidence revealed that macrophages and related cytokines also contribute to these diseases. While the role of lymphocytes on PV and BP is well established, the definitive functions of macrophages in disease progression are not fully understood. Furthermore, current status of clinical trials targeting immune cells is poorly recapitulated in PV and BP. In this review, we summarized current knowledge in this rapidly advancing field, with emphasis on the individual functions of immune cells and their interactions, as well as ongoing clinical trials targeting immune cells, to provide novel insights in mechanistic understanding and clinical management of PV and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wanchun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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5
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Kokubu H, Takahashi T, Kabuto M, Kouzaki H, Fujimoto N. Analysis of IL-10 and IL-35 in dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor-related bullous pemphigoid. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1569-1574. [PMID: 37424368 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The association between immunoregulatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10 or IL-35, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i)-related bullous pemphigoid (BP) has not been evaluated. Serum IL-10 and IL-35 levels were measured in 39 patients with BP (24 males and 15 females; 6 DPP4i-related and 33 DPP4i-unrelated BP patients) and 10 healthy controls. The number of CD26+ cells in the dermis around bulla on sections was counted immunohistochemically for 12 patients (six patients with DPP4i-related BP and six randomly sampled patients with DPP4i-unrelated BP). Patients with DPP4i-related BP had lower levels of serum eosinophils (DPP4i-related vs. DPP4i-unrelated BP: 476.1 ± 234.0 vs. 911.3 ± 948.8/μL; p = 0.537) and a higher rate of infiltrating CD26+ cells (32.9 ± 7.1% vs. 15.7 ± 4.4%; p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in serum IL-10 (6.77 ± 0.24 vs. 6.84 ± 0.20 pg/mL), serum IL-35 (2.63 ± 0.17 vs. 2.63 ± 0.21 pg/mL), serum anti-BP180NC16a antibodies (67.31 ± 37.4 vs. 76.18 ± 54.59 U/mL) and Bullous Pemphigoid Disease Area Index before treatment in this study. Serum IL-10 and IL-35 levels do not increase in patients with BP and may not be a candidate for a therapeutic target for BP. An increase in CD26+ cells might be associated with DPP4i-related BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Kokubu
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Miho Kabuto
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kouzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Noriki Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Xiong H, Tang Z, Xu Y, Shi Z, Guo Z, Liu X, Tan G, Ai X, Guo Q. CD19 +CD24 highCD27 + B cell and interleukin 35 as potential biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Adv Rheumatol 2022; 62:48. [PMID: 36494762 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-022-00279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that associates with aberrant activation of B lymphocytes and excessive autoantibodies. Interleukin 10 (IL-10)/interleukin 35 (IL-35) and IL-10/IL-35-producing regulatory B cells have been demonstrated to possess immunosuppressive functions during systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we detected the proportion of CD19+CD24highCD27+ B cells as well as IL-10 and IL-35 levels in peripheral blood of SLE patients and healthy individuals, and investigated their relations with clinical features of SLE. METHODS 41 SLE patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited. The patients were divided into groups based on SLEDAI score, anti-dsDNA antibody, rash, nephritis and hematological disorder. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of CD24hiCD27+ B cells. ELISA was used to detect serum levels of IL-10 and IL-35. RESULTS Our results showed that the CD19+CD24highCD27+ B population was decreased in active SLE patients, and anti-correlated with the disease activity. Of note, we found significant increase of IL-10 and decrease of IL-35 in SLE patients with disease activity score > 4, lupus nephritis or hematological disorders compared to those without related clinical features. CONCLUSIONS Reduced CD19+CD24highCD27+ B cells expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Moreover, we supposed that IL-35 instead of IL-10 played a crucial role in immune regulation during SLE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zengqi Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenrui Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixuan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhen Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuechen Ai
- Department of Dermatology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
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7
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Matsuda M, Shimizu S, Kitatani K, Nabe T. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Allergen Immunotherapy-Treated Mice Suppressed IL-5 Production from Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:1373. [PMID: 36422624 PMCID: PMC9693437 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT), such as subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), is a treatment targeting the causes of allergic diseases. The roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs), bilayer lipid membrane blebs released from all types of cells, in AIT have not been clarified. To examine the roles of EVs in SCIT, it was analyzed whether (1) EVs are phenotypically changed by treatment with SCIT, and (2) EVs derived from SCIT treatment suppress the function of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), which are major cells contributing to type 2 allergic inflammation. As a result, (1) expression of CD9, a canonical EV marker, was highly up-regulated by SCIT in a murine model of asthma; and (2) IL-5 production from ILC2s in vitro was significantly decreased by the addition of serum EVs derived from SCIT-treated but not non-SCIT-treated mice. In conclusion, it was indicated that EVs were transformed by SCIT, changing to a suppressive phenotype of type 2 allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Takeshi Nabe
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge cho, Hirakata 573-0101, Japan
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8
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Matsumura Y, Watanabe R, Fujimoto M. Suppressive mechanisms of regulatory B cells in mice and humans. Int Immunol 2022; 35:55-65. [PMID: 36153768 PMCID: PMC9918854 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells include immune-suppressive fractions, called regulatory B cells (Bregs), which regulate inflammation primarily through an interleukin 10 (IL-10)-mediated inhibitory mechanism. Several B-cell fractions have been reported as IL-10-producing Bregs in murine disease models and human inflammatory responses including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, cancer and organ-transplant rejection. Although the suppressive functions of Bregs have been explored through the hallmark molecule IL-10, inhibitory cytokines and membrane-binding molecules other than IL-10 have also been demonstrated to contribute to Breg activities. Transcription factors and surface antigens that are characteristically expressed in Bregs are also being elucidated. Nevertheless, defining Bregs is still challenging because their active periods and differentiation stages vary among disease models. The identity of the diverse Breg fractions is also under debate. In the first place, since regulatory functions of Bregs are mostly evaluated by ex vivo stimulation, the actual in vivo phenotypes and functions may not be reflected by the ex vivo observations. In this article, we provide a historical overview of studies that established the characteristics of Bregs and review the various suppressive mechanisms that have been reported to be used by Bregs in murine and human disease conditions. We are only part-way through but the common phenotypes and functions of Bregs are still emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsumura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,Department of Integrative Medicine for Allergic and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Koneczny I, Yilmaz V, Lazaridis K, Tzartos J, Lenz TL, Tzartos S, Tüzün E, Leypoldt F. Common Denominators in the Immunobiology of IgG4 Autoimmune Diseases: What Do Glomerulonephritis, Pemphigus Vulgaris, Myasthenia Gravis, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Autoimmune Encephalitis Have in Common? Front Immunol 2021; 11:605214. [PMID: 33584677 PMCID: PMC7878376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG4 autoimmune diseases (IgG4-AID) are an emerging group of autoimmune diseases that are caused by pathogenic autoantibodies of the IgG4 subclass. It has only recently been appreciated, that members of this group share relevant immunobiological and therapeutic aspects even though different antigens, tissues and organs are affected: glomerulonephritis (kidney), pemphigus vulgaris (skin), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (hematologic system) muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) in myasthenia gravis (peripheral nervous system) and autoimmune encephalitis (central nervous system) to give some examples. In all these diseases, patients’ IgG4 subclass autoantibodies block protein-protein interactions instead of causing complement mediated tissue injury, patients respond favorably to rituximab and share a genetic predisposition: at least five HLA class II genes have been reported in individual studies to be associated with several different IgG4-AID. This suggests a role for the HLA class II region and specifically the DRβ1 chain for aberrant priming of autoreactive T-cells toward a chronic immune response skewed toward the production of IgG4 subclass autoantibodies. The aim of this review is to provide an update on findings arguing for a common pathogenic mechanism in IgG4-AID in general and to provide hypotheses about the role of distinct HLA haplotypes, T-cells and cytokines in IgG4-AID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Koneczny
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vuslat Yilmaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Konstantinos Lazaridis
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - John Tzartos
- Tzartos NeuroDiagnostics, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tobias L Lenz
- Research Group for Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Socrates Tzartos
- Tzartos NeuroDiagnostics, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Fang H, Li Q, Wang G. The role of T cells in pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Wang WM, Guo L, Jin HZ. Role of B cells in immune-mediated dermatoses. Mol Immunol 2020; 126:95-100. [PMID: 32795664 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although T cells are considered as the central component in immune-mediated diseases, supportive evidence has demonstrated that B cells also contribute to the progression of these diseases. B cells are divided into various subsets according to their secreted cytokines. Different B cell subsets play diverse roles in immune-mediated dermatoses. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are defined functionally by their ability to secrete IL-10, which has been revealed to contribute to immunological tolerance. Drugs that deplete B cells, such as rituximab, are now used for the treatment of several immune-mediated dermatoses. In this review, we present and discuss the current knowledge on the roles of B cells in several immune-mediate dermatoses including psoriasis, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, and dermatomyositis, atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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12
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Chen A, Yoshizaki A, Miyagaki T, Streilein RD, Tedder TF, Hall RP. Regulatory B10 Cells Increase after Rituximab Therapy but Not after Conventional Immunosuppression in Patients with Pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:443-446. [PMID: 32628952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Japan, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Dermatology, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Robert D Streilein
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas F Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Russell P Hall
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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13
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Debes GF, McGettigan SE. Skin-Associated B Cells in Health and Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 202:1659-1666. [PMID: 30833422 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the skin was believed to be devoid of B cells, and studies of the skin immune system have largely focused on other types of leukocytes. Exciting recent data show that B cells localize to the healthy skin of humans and other mammalian species with likely homeostatic functions in host defense, regulation of microbial communities, and wound healing. Distinct skin-associated B cell subsets drive or suppress cutaneous inflammatory responses with important clinical implications. Localized functions of skin-associated B cell subsets during inflammation comprise Ab production, interactions with skin T cells, tertiary lymphoid tissue formation, and production of proinflammatory cytokines but also include immunosuppression by providing IL-10. In this review, we delve into the intriguing new roles of skin-associated B cells in homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun F Debes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Shannon E McGettigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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14
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Yang M, Wu H, Zhao M, Chang C, Lu Q. The pathogenesis of bullous skin diseases. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 2:100014. [PMID: 32743502 PMCID: PMC7388362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bullous skin diseases are a group of dermatoses characterized by blisters and bullae in the skin and mucous membranes. The etiology and pathogenesis of bullous skin diseases are not completely clear. The most common are pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid (BP). Autoantibodies play critical roles in their pathogenesis. Abnormalities in the adhesion between keratinocytes in patients with pemphigus leads to acantholysis and formation of intra-epidermal blisters. Anti-desmoglein autoantibodies are present both in the circulation and skin lesions of patients with pemphigus. The deficient adhesion of keratinocytes to the basement membrane in BP patients gives rise to subepidermal blisters. Autoantibodies against the components of hemidesmosome can be detected in BP patients. Many novel therapeutics based on knowledge of the pathogenesis have emerged in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital, Hollywood, FL, 33021, USA
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
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15
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Cao T, Shao S, Fang H, Li B, Wang G. Role of Regulatory Immune Cells and Molecules in Autoimmune Bullous Dermatoses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1746. [PMID: 31428090 PMCID: PMC6688483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune bullous dermatoses (AIBD) include a series of typical organ-specific autoimmune diseases characterized by extensive mucocutaneous blisters. It is generally accepted to be caused by pathological autoantibodies that directly target specific adhesion components of the skin or the adjacent mucous membranes. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are critically involved in the misguided immune response against self-antigens. Recent studies have indicated that the dysfunction of regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, and complement regulatory proteins that play essential roles in maintaining a healthy immune environment is also closely related to immune disorders in AIBD. It is important to summarize these studies, elucidate the changes in these regulatory immune cells and molecules for the pathogenesis of AIBD, and reveal the mechanisms by which they lose their ability to regulate immune disorders. In this review, we highlight the role of regulatory immune cells and molecules in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, the two most representative forms of AIBD, and indicate issues that should be addressed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Brosseau C, Colas L, Magnan A, Brouard S. CD9 Tetraspanin: A New Pathway for the Regulation of Inflammation? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2316. [PMID: 30356731 PMCID: PMC6189363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD9 belongs to the tetraspanin superfamily. Depending on the cell type and associated molecules, CD9 has a wide variety of biological activities such as cell adhesion, motility, metastasis, growth, signal transduction, differentiation, and sperm-egg fusion. This review focuses on CD9 expression by hematopoietic cells and its role in modulating cellular processes involved in the regulation of inflammation. CD9 is functionally very important in many diseases and is involved either in the regulation or in the mediation of the disease. The role of CD9 in various diseases, such as viral and bacterial infections, cancer and chronic lung allograft dysfunction, is discussed. This review focuses also on its interest as a biomarker in diseases. Indeed CD9 is primarily known as a specific exosome marker however, its expression is now recognized as an anti-inflammatory marker of monocytes and macrophages. It was also described as a marker of murine IL-10-competent Breg cells and IL-10-secreting CD9+ B cells were associated with better allograft outcome in lung transplant patients, and identified as a new predictive biomarker of long-term survival. In the field of cancer, CD9 was both identified as a favorable prognostic marker or as a predictor of metastatic potential depending on cancer types. Finally, this review discusses strategies to target CD9 as a therapeutic tool. Because CD9 can have opposite effects depending on the situation, the environment and the pathology, modulating CD9 expression or blocking its effects seem to be a new promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Brosseau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Luc Colas
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut du Thorax, Plateforme Transversale d'Allergologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Magnan
- Institut du Thorax, Plateforme Transversale d'Allergologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut du thorax, Inserm UMR 1087, CNRS UMR 6291, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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17
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Marino M, Bartoccioni E, Alboini PE, Evoli A. Rituximab in myasthenia gravis: a “to be or not to be” inhibitor of T cell function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1413:41-48. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariapaola Marino
- Istituto di Patologia Generale; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Emanuela Bartoccioni
- Istituto di Patologia Generale; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | | | - Amelia Evoli
- Istituto di Neurologia; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
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18
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Ticha O, Moos L, Wajant H, Bekeredjian-Ding I. Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 Characterizes TLR9-Driven Formation of Interleukin-10-Producing B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1951. [PMID: 29403470 PMCID: PMC5780339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell-derived interleukin-10 (IL-10) production has been described as a hallmark for regulatory function in B lymphocytes. However, there is an ongoing debate on the origin of IL-10-secreting B cells and lack of specific surface markers has turned into an important obstacle for studying human B regulatory cells. In this study, we propose that tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) expression can be used for enrichment of IL-10-secreting B cells. Our data confirm that IL-10 production can be induced by TLR9 stimulation with CpG ODN and that IL-10 secretion accompanies differentiation of peripheral blood B cells into plasma blasts. We further show that CpG ODN stimulation induces TNFR2 expression, which correlates with IL-10 secretion and terminal differentiation. Indeed, flow cytometric sorting of TNFR2+ B cells revealed that TNFR2+ and TNFR2− fractions correspond to IL-10+ and IL-10− fractions, respectively. Furthermore, CpG-induced TNFR2+ B cells were predominantly found in the IgM+ CD27+ B cell subset and spontaneously released immunoglobulin. Finally, our data corroborate the functional impact of TNFR2 by demonstrating that stimulation with a TNFR2 agonist significantly augments IL-10 and IL-6 production in B cells. Altogether, our data highlight a new role for TNFR2 in IL-10-secreting human B lymphocytes along with the potential to exploit this finding for sorting and isolation of this currently ill-defined B cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ticha
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Lukas Moos
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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19
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Liu Y, Li L, Xia Y. BP180 Is Critical in the Autoimmunity of Bullous Pemphigoid. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1752. [PMID: 29276517 PMCID: PMC5727044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is by far the most common autoimmune blistering dermatosis that mainly occurs in the elderly. The BP180 is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is highly immunodominant in BP. The structure and location of BP180 indicate that it is a significant autoantigen and plays a key role in blister formation. Autoantibodies from BP patients react with BP180, which leads to its degradation and this has been regarded as the central event in BP pathogenesis. The consequent blister formation involves the activation of complement-dependent or -independent signals, as well as inflammatory pathways induced by BP180/anti-BP180 autoantibody interaction. As a multi-epitope molecule, BP180 can cause dermal-epidermal separation via combining each epitope with specific immunoglobulin, which also facilitates blister formation. In addition, some inflammatory factors can directly deplete BP180, thereby leading to fragility of the dermal-epidermal junction and blister formation. This review summarizes recent investigations on the role of BP180 in BP pathogenesis to determine the potential targets for the treatment of patients with BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Hashimoto T, Mizoguchi A. Interleukin-10-producing B-cells in autoimmune bullous diseases. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:1119-1120. [PMID: 28504377 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hashimoto
- Kurume University Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - A Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Dart JK. The 2016 Bowman Lecture Conjunctival curses: scarring conjunctivitis 30 years on. Eye (Lond) 2017; 31:301-332. [PMID: 28106896 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is in two sections. The first section summarises 35 conditions, both common and infrequent, causing cicatrising conjunctivitis. Guidelines for making a diagnosis are given together with the use of diagnostic tests, including direct and indirect immunofluorescence, and their interpretation. The second section evaluates our knowledge of ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid, which is the commonest cause of cicatrizing conjunctivitis in most developed countries. The clinical characteristics, demographics, and clinical signs of the disease are described. This is followed by a review and re-evaluation of the pathogenesis of conjunctival inflammation in mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), resulting in a revised hypothesis of the autoimmune mechanisms causing inflammation in ocular MMP. The relationship between inflammation and scarring in MMP conjunctiva is described. Recent research, describing the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and retinoic acid (RA) in both the initiation and perpetuation of profibrotic activity in MMP conjunctival fibroblasts is summarised and the potential for antifibrotic therapy, using ALDH inhibition, is discussed. The importance of the management of the ocular surface in MMP is briefly summarised. This is followed with the rationale for the use of systemic immunomodulatory therapy, currently the standard of care for patients with active ocular MMP. The evidence for the use of these drugs is summarised and guidelines given for their use. Finally, the areas for research and innovation in the next decade are reviewed including the need for better diagnostics, markers of disease activity, and the potential for biological and topical therapies for both inflammation and scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dart
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and The UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Corneal and External Disease Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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