1
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Peter N, Lichter J, Hagvall L, Bock U, Blömeke B. Common fragrance chemicals activate dendritic cells in coculture with keratinocytes. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 37088539 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrances are important contact allergens; however, investigation of their skin sensitization potency has been challenging in new approach methods (NAMs). Many fragrance chemicals are susceptible to autoxidation or can be metabolized by enzymes constitutively expressed in skin keratinocytes. Strong sensitizers can be formed in both of these processes. Further, keratinocytes can modulate the dendritic cell (DC) activation and maturation potential, a key event in the acquisition of contact allergy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the 2D coculture model consisting of keratinocytes and DCs using different weak to moderate sensitizing fragrance chemicals. Further, to investigate fragrances and related oxidation products in the in vitro model and compare to in vivo data. METHODS Chemicals were tested in the coculture activation test (COCAT), consisting of HaCaT keratinocytes and THP-1 cells. THP-1 cell surface expression of costimulatory and adhesion molecules (CD86 and CD54) collected after 24 h incubation with the chemicals was analysed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Twenty-four molecules were tested positive, three were negative (n = 27). Four pairs were evaluated, with aldehydes showing a 6- to 13-fold stronger responses compared to their corresponding alcohols. CONCLUSIONS Results provide insight into the activation of DC in their natural environment of keratinocytes. α,β-Unsaturated alcohols were classified as weaker sensitizers compared to their corresponding aldehydes. In sum, testing of fragrances retrieved results in good agreement with in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Peter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jutta Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Udo Bock
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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2
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Sahli F, Vileno B, Gourlaouen C, Giménez-Arnau E. Autoxidized citronellol: Free radicals as potential sparkles to ignite the fragrance induced skin sensitizing pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113201. [PMID: 35671905 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Citronellol, one of the most used fragrance compounds worldwide, is one ingredient of Fragrance Mix II used to assess skin allergy to fragrances in dermatitis patients. Pure citronellol is non-allergenic. Main issue is it autoxidizes when exposed to air becoming then allergenic. The increased skin sensitizing potency of air-exposed citronellol has been attributed to the hydroperoxides detected at high concentrations in the oxidation mixtures. It has been postulated that such hydroperoxides can give rise to specific antigens, although chemical mechanisms involved and the pathogenesis are far from being unraveled. Hydroperoxides are believed to react with skin proteins through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. Here, insights on the potential radicals involved in skin sensitization to citronellol hydroperoxides are given. The employed tool is a multispectroscopic approach based on (i) electron paramagnetic resonance and spin trapping, that confirmed the formation of oxygen- and carbon-radicals when exposing reconstructed human epidermis to concentrations of hydroperoxides close to those used for patch testing patients with air-oxidized citronellol; (ii) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, that proved the reaction with amino acids such as cysteine and histidine, known to be involved in radical processes and (iii) density functional theory calculations, that gave an overview on the preferential paths for radical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Sahli
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Vileno
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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3
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Johansen JD, Bonefeld CM, Schwensen JFB, Thyssen JP, Uter W. Novel insights into contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1162-1171. [PMID: 35183605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis is a common disease, caused by repeated skin contact to contact allergens or irritants, resulting in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and/or irritant contact dermatitis. Attempts have been made to identify biomarkers to distinguish irritant and allergic patch test reactions, which could aid diagnosis. Some promising candidates have recently been identified, but verification and validation in clinical cases still need to be done. New causes of ACD are constantly recognized. In this review, 10 new contact allergens from recent years, were identified, several relating to anti-age products. Frequent allergens causing considerable morbidity in the population such as the preservative methylisothiazolinone (MI) have been regulated in EU. A significant drop in cases has been seen, while high rates are still occurring in other areas such as North America. Other frequent causes are fragrance allergens especially widely used terpenes and acrylates used in medical devises for control of diabetes. These represent unsolved problems. Recent advances in immunology have opened for a better understanding of the complexity of contact dermatitis, especially ACD. The disease may be more heterogenous that previous understood with several subtypes. With the rapidly evolving molecular understanding of the disease, the potential for development of new drugs for personalized treatment of contact dermatitis is considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy. Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - C M Bonefeld
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - J F B Schwensen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy. Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy. Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - W Uter
- Dept. of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Univ. Erlangen / Nürnberg; Waldstr. 6 91054 Erlangen, GERMANY
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4
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Ogueta IA, Christensson JB, Giménez-Arnau E, Brans R, Wilkinson M, Stingeni L, Foti C, Aerts O, Svedman C, Gonçalo M, Giménez-Arnau A. Limonene and linalool hydroperoxides review: pros and cons for routine patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:1-12. [PMID: 35122274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Limonene and linalool are among the most common fragrance terpenes used in products of everyday life. They are pre-haptens forming hydroperoxides (Lim-OOHs, Lin-OOHs) upon oxidation inducing frequent positive patch test reactions in patients with dermatitis. Still, they are not yet routinely tested in Europe. This review evaluates the patch testing experience with Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs by answering key questions such as whether hydroperoxide patch testing is warranted, understand difficulties or challenges related to the reading and interpretation of hydroperoxide patch test results with currently available material, assessing their relevance. Studies are increasingly pointing out to high percentages of positive reactions in patients consecutively patch tested with these oxidized products. An association between a positive clinical history and a strong patch test reaction has been described, but problems with doubtful/irritant reactions have also been reported. Considering the high frequencies of relevant positive reactions, the incorporation of Lim-OOHs 0.3% and Lin-OOHs 1% in the baseline series could be discussed and is maybe justified. Since exposure, sensitization and elicitation limits of Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in the products still need to be better determined, an assessment of previous exposure, possible sensitizations and reactions may help to improve the clinical assessment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ogueta
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Johanna Brared Christensson
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Citysjukhuset +7, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Olivier Aerts
- University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Vileno B, Port-Lougarre Y, Giménez-Arnau E. Electron paramagnetic resonance and spin trapping to detect free radicals from allergenic hydroperoxides in contact with the skin: from the molecule to the tissue. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:241-253. [PMID: 34982482 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A major research topic consists of revealing the contribution of radical-mediated reactions in dermatological diseases related to xenobiotic-induced stress, to succeed risk assessment procedures protecting producers and consumers. Allergic contact dermatitis is the clinically relevant consequence of skin sensitization, one of the most critical occupational and environmental health issues related to xenobiotics exposure. The first key event identified for the skin sensitization process to a chemical is its aptitude to react with epidermal proteins and form antigenic structures that will further trigger the immune response. Many chemical sensitizers are suspected to react through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. This review focuses on recent progress we have accomplished over the last few years studying radical intermediates derived from skin sensitizing chemicals by electron paramagnetic resonance in combination with the spin trapping technique. Our work is carried out "from the molecule", performing studies in solution, "to the tissue", by the development of a methodology on a reconstructed human epidermis model, very close in terms of histology and metabolic/enzymatic activity to real human epidermis, that can be used as suitable biological tissue model. The benefits are to test chemicals under conditions close to human use and real-life sensitization exposures and benefit from the 3D microenvironment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Port-Lougarre
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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6
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Sukakul T, Bruze M, Mowitz M, Antelmi A, Bergendorff O, Björk J, Dahlin J, Hamnerius N, Hauksson I, Isaksson M, Lejding T, Pontén A, Svedman C. Contact allergy to oxidized linalool and oxidized limonene: Patch testing in consecutive patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:15-24. [PMID: 34561893 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to oxidized (ox.) linalool and ox. limonene has been reported to have a high prevalence, raising the question of inclusion into the baseline series. However, several important issues should be clarified and further investigated before inclusion can be warranted. OBJECTIVES To report the trends of ox. terpenes allergy in patients with dermatitis, features of the patch test reactions, and clinical characteristics of the patients. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 5773 patients was performed. All patients were patch tested with baseline series, individual ingredients of fragrance mix I and II, ox. linalool, and ox. limonene from 2013 to 2020. RESULTS The prevalence rates of contact allergy to ox. linalool and ox. limonene were 7.0% and 5.1%, respectively. Significantly increasing trends of contact allergy were observed. More than 95% of contact allergy cases were identified on Day 3/4. Patients with contact allergy to ox. linalool and ox. limonene were significantly younger than those with contact allergy to other fragrances and were predominantly female. Strong reactions were associated with older age and multiple fragrance allergies. CONCLUSIONS Contact allergy to ox. linalool and ox. limonene is becoming increasingly important, and findings show intriguing features. More studies concerning the clinical relevance before recommending these substances for screening are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Bergendorff
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Studies Sweden, Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nils Hamnerius
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Inese Hauksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tina Lejding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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7
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Pilkington SM. The importance of keratinocyte-dendritic cell interactions in understanding fragrance allergy. Br J Dermatol 2021; 184:1000-1001. [PMID: 33600000 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Pilkington
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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