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O'Donoghue L, Smolenski A. Roles of G proteins and their GTPase-activating proteins in platelets. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231420. [PMID: 38808367 PMCID: PMC11139668 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate blood cells supporting vascular function. They circulate in a quiescent state monitoring the vasculature for injuries. Platelets adhere to injury sites and can be rapidly activated to secrete granules and to form platelet/platelet aggregates. These responses are controlled by signalling networks that include G proteins and their regulatory guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Recent proteomics studies have revealed the complete spectrum of G proteins, GEFs, and GAPs present in platelets. Some of these proteins are specific for platelets and very few have been characterised in detail. GEFs and GAPs play a major role in setting local levels of active GTP-bound G proteins in response to activating and inhibitory signals encountered by platelets. Thus, GEFs and GAPs are highly regulated themselves and appear to integrate G protein regulation with other cellular processes. This review focuses on GAPs of small G proteins of the Arf, Rab, Ras, and Rho families, as well as of heterotrimeric G proteins found in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna O'Donoghue
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green 123, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Albert Smolenski
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green 123, Dublin 2, Ireland
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2
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Zhou Y, Dong J, Wang M, Liu Y. New insights of platelet endocytosis and its implication for platelet function. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 10:1308170. [PMID: 38264257 PMCID: PMC10803655 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1308170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis constitutes a cellular process in which cells selectively encapsulate surface substances into endocytic vesicles, also known as endosomes, thereby modulating their interaction with the environment. Platelets, as pivotal hematologic elements, play a crucial role not only in regulating coagulation and thrombus formation but also in facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis. Functioning as critical components in the circulatory system, platelets can internalize various endosomal compartments, such as surface receptors, extracellular proteins, small molecules, and pathogens, from the extracellular environment through diverse endocytic pathways, including pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. We summarize recent advancements in platelet endocytosis, encompassing the catalog of cargoes, regulatory mechanisms, and internal trafficking routes. Furthermore, we describe the influence of endocytosis on platelet regulatory functions and related physiological and pathological processes, aiming to offer foundational insights for future research into platelet endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianzeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Manole CG, Soare C, Ceafalan LC, Voiculescu VM. Platelet-Rich Plasma in Dermatology: New Insights on the Cellular Mechanism of Skin Repair and Regeneration. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:40. [PMID: 38255655 PMCID: PMC10817627 DOI: 10.3390/life14010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin's recognised functions may undergo physiological alterations due to ageing, manifesting as varying degrees of facial wrinkles, diminished tautness, density, and volume. Additionally, these functions can be disrupted (patho)physiologically through various physical and chemical injuries, including surgical trauma, accidents, or chronic conditions like ulcers associated with diabetes mellitus, venous insufficiency, or obesity. Advancements in therapeutic interventions that boost the skin's innate regenerative abilities could significantly enhance patient care protocols. The application of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is widely recognized for its aesthetic and functional benefits to the skin. Yet, the endorsement of PRP's advantages often borders on the dogmatic, with its efficacy commonly ascribed solely to the activation of fibroblasts by the factors contained within platelet granules. PRP therapy is a cornerstone of regenerative medicine which involves the autologous delivery of conditioned plasma enriched by platelets. This is achieved by centrifugation, removing erythrocytes while retaining platelets and their granules. Despite its widespread use, the precise sequences of cellular activation, the specific cellular players, and the molecular machinery that drive PRP-facilitated healing are still enigmatic. There is still a paucity of definitive and robust studies elucidating these mechanisms. In recent years, telocytes (TCs)-a unique dermal cell population-have shown promising potential for tissue regeneration in various organs, including the dermis. TCs' participation in neo-angiogenesis, akin to that attributed to PRP, and their role in tissue remodelling and repair processes within the interstitia of several organs (including the dermis), offer intriguing insights. Their potential to contribute to, or possibly orchestrate, the skin regeneration process following PRP treatment has elicited considerable interest. Therefore, pursuing a comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms at work, particularly those involving TCs, their temporal involvement in structural recovery following injury, and the interconnected biological events in skin wound healing and regeneration represents a compelling field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin G. Manole
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Ultrastructural Pathology Laboratory, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Soare
- Department of Oncological Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Cristina Ceafalan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology Laboratory, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad M. Voiculescu
- Department of Oncological Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Platzer H, Kubon KD, Diederichs S, Bork A, Gantz S, Schiltenwolf M, Renkawitz T, Bangert Y. [Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) : Compositional analysis with different dietary habits and timing of blood sampling]. ORTHOPADIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 52:907-915. [PMID: 37843575 PMCID: PMC10622356 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-023-04442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The variability of PRP is a major contributor to the lack of evidence regarding the therapeutic effect of PRP in musculoskeletal diseases. In a large study, we are currently investigating factors that may influence PRP variability. Interim results showed that concentrations of IL‑6, but not IGF‑1 or cellular constituents, were significantly decreased in PRP samples from vegans compared with omnivores and tended to be decreased compared to samples from vegetarians. This suggests that diet may have a significant influence on therapeutically active PRP constituents. However, the constituents studied here did not appear to be significantly affected by the timing of the sampling. Identification of significant variables affecting PRP composition will be critical to provide sufficient medical evidence for the therapeutic effects of PRP in orthopedic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrian Platzer
- Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Kristina Dorothea Kubon
- Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Alena Bork
- Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Simone Gantz
- Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Marcus Schiltenwolf
- Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Yannic Bangert
- Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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5
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Bravo-Iñiguez CE, Fritz JR, Shukla S, Sarangi S, Thompson DA, Amin SG, Tsaava T, Chaudhry S, Valentino SP, Hoffman HB, Imossi CW, Addorisio ME, Valdes-Ferrer SI, Chavan SS, Blanc L, Czura CJ, Tracey KJ, Huston JM. Vagus nerve stimulation primes platelets and reduces bleeding in hemophilia A male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3122. [PMID: 37264009 PMCID: PMC10235098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of coagulation factor VIII in hemophilia A disrupts clotting and prolongs bleeding. While the current mainstay of therapy is infusion of factor VIII concentrates, inhibitor antibodies often render these ineffective. Because preclinical evidence shows electrical vagus nerve stimulation accelerates clotting to reduce hemorrhage without precipitating systemic thrombosis, we reasoned it might reduce bleeding in hemophilia A. Using two different male murine hemorrhage and thrombosis models, we show vagus nerve stimulation bypasses the factor VIII deficiency of hemophilia A to decrease bleeding and accelerate clotting. Vagus nerve stimulation targets acetylcholine-producing T lymphocytes in spleen and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) on platelets to increase calcium uptake and enhance alpha granule release. Splenectomy or genetic deletion of T cells or α7nAChR abolishes vagal control of platelet activation, thrombus formation, and bleeding in male mice. Vagus nerve stimulation warrants clinical study as a therapy for coagulation disorders and surgical or traumatic bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Bravo-Iñiguez
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Jason R Fritz
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Shilpa Shukla
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY, 11040, USA
| | - Susmita Sarangi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY, 11040, USA
| | - Dane A Thompson
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Seema G Amin
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY, 11040, USA
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Saher Chaudhry
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sara P Valentino
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Hannah B Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Catherine W Imossi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Meghan E Addorisio
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sergio I Valdes-Ferrer
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Lionel Blanc
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Boulevard, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Christopher J Czura
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Jared M Huston
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Department of Science Education, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Boulevard, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
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6
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Golla K, Paul M, Lengyell TC, Simpson EM, Falet H, Kim H. A novel association between platelet filamin A and soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment proteins regulates granule secretion. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100019. [PMID: 37538498 PMCID: PMC10394388 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2022.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The molecular mechanisms that underpin platelet granule secretion remain poorly defined. Filamin A (FLNA) is an actin-crosslinking and signaling scaffold protein whose role in granule exocytosis has not been explored despite evidence that FLNA gene mutations confer platelet defects in humans. Methods and Results Using platelets from platelet-specific conditional Flna-knockout mice, we showed that the loss of FLNA confers a severe defect in alpha (α)- and dense (δ)-granule exocytosis, as measured based on the release of platelet factor 4 (aka CXCL4) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), respectively. This defect was observed following activation of both immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signaling by collagen-related peptide (CRP) and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by thrombin and the thromboxane mimetic U46619. CRP-induced spikes in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i were impaired in FLNA-null platelets relative to controls, confirming that FLNA regulates ITAM-driven proximal signaling. In contrast, GPCR-mediated spikes in [Ca2+]i in response to thrombin and U46619 were unaffected by FLNA. Normal platelet secretion requires complexing of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins synaptosomal-associated protein 23 (SNAP23) and syntaxin-11 (STX11). We determined that FLNA coimmunoprecipitates with both SNAP23 and STX11 upon platelet stimulation. Conclusion FLNA regulates GPCR-driven platelet granule secretion and associates with SNAP23 and STX11 in an activation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Golla
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manoj Paul
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tess C. Lengyell
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M. Simpson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hervé Falet
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hugh Kim
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Paul M, Golla K, Kim H. Gelsolin Modulates Platelet Dense Granule Secretion and Hemostasis via the Actin Cytoskeleton. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:219-230. [PMID: 36522181 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The mechanisms underlying platelet granule release are not fully understood. The actin cytoskeleton serves as the platelet's structural framework that is remodeled upon platelet activation. Gelsolin is a calcium-dependent protein that severs and caps existing actin filaments although its role in modulating platelet granule exocytosis is unknown. METHODS The hemostatic function of wild-type (WT) and gelsolin null (Gsn-/- ) mice was measured ex vivo by rotational thromboelastometry analysis of whole blood. Platelets were purified from WT and Gsn-/- mouse blood and activated with thrombin. Platelet aggregation was assessed by light-transmission aggregometry. Clot retraction was measured to assess outside-in integrin signaling. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and surface P-selectin were measured as markers of dense- and α-granule secretion, respectively. RESULTS The kinetics of agonist-induced aggregation, clot retraction, and ATP release were accelerated in Gsn-/- platelets relative to WT. However, levels of surface P-selectin were diminished in Gsn-/- platelets. ATP release was also accelerated in WT platelets pretreated with the actin-depolymerizing drug cytochalasin D, thus mimicking the kinetics observed in Gsn-/- platelets. Conversely, ATP release kinetics were normalized in Gsn-/- platelets treated with the actin polymerization agonist jasplakinolide. Rab27b and Munc13-4 are vesicle-priming proteins known to promote dense granule secretion. Co-immunoprecipitation indicates that the association between Rab27b and Munc13-4 is enhanced in Gsn-/- platelets. CONCLUSIONS Gelsolin regulates the kinetics of hemostasis by modulating the platelet's actin cytoskeleton and the protein machinery of dense granule exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Paul
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kalyan Golla
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hugh Kim
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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The use of platelet lysate to increase the growth-stimulating effect of the amniotic membrane <i>in vitro</i>. OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17816/ov108704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To work out the technique of saturation of the preserved amniotic membrane (AM) with platelet rich plasma (PRP) lysate and to evaluate the growth-stimulating effect of a combination of AM and PRP lysate in vitro.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the experiment, AM samples preserved in 3 ways were used: silicate drying, lyophilization, cryopreservation. PRP lysate was prepared on the basis of volunteers blood. During the exposure of AM with PRP lysate, the optimal saturation time of canned AM with lysate was determined, the volume of lysate that 1 cm2 of AM could adsorb was estimated. The growth-stimulating effect of AM transplants was evaluated in the culture of human buccal epithelium. The dynamics of cell growth was evaluated after 1, 2 and 3 days from the moment of sowing.
RESULTS: In the presence of PRP lysate, the mass of silicatedried AM increased 4.2 times, lyophilized AM 4.8 times, cryopreserved AM 1.8 times. AM samples obtained by lyophilization adsorbed PRP lysate most effectively. Five minutes of exposure with PRP lysate are enough to fully saturate the AM. AM without PRP lysate did not give a growth-stimulating effect.
CONCLUSIONS: When comparing experiments with PRP lysate without AM and AM with PRP lysate, it was found that the greatest stimulation of cell growth occurred when using lyophilized AM and PRP lysate. Saturation of cryopreserved AM with PRP lysate was ineffective, and when using silicate-dried AM impregnated with PRP lysate, the greatest growth-stimulating effect was observed on the 1st day.
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Makarov MS, Storozheva MV, Borovkova NV, Ponomarev IN. Growth-Stimulating Effect of Platelet Preparations Obtained by Different Methods on Human Fibroblast Culture. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 174:159-163. [PMID: 36437344 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the growth-stimulating effect of platelet-based preparations obtained by different methods on cultured human fibroblasts M-22. Platelet lysates prepared from platelet-rich plasma, platelet-poor plasma, concentrated suspension of platelets washed from plasma, and platelet-rich plasma activated with calcium chloride (ActPRP) were used. The volume of the platelet preparations was 10-500 μl per 104 cells. The most effective dose of platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma in cell culture was 20 μl, whereas for ActPRP, the most effective dose was 500 μl. Lysates of platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma in doses of 100-500 μl inhibited fibroblast growth and disturbed their structural integrity. At the same time, lysates of washed platelets in doses of 10-500 μl stimulated cell growth and preserved their viability. An inverse correlation was found between the number of cells in culture and the level of proinflammatory cytokines in the platelet preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Makarov
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M V Storozheva
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Borovkova
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - I N Ponomarev
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Natural Polyphenols May Normalize Hypochlorous Acid-Evoked Hemostatic Abnormalities in Human Blood. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040779. [PMID: 35453464 PMCID: PMC9028422 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During pathogen invasion, activated neutrophils secrete myeloperoxidase (MPO), which generates high local concentrations of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a strong antimicrobial agent. Prolonged or uncontrolled HOCl production may, however, affect hemostasis, manifesting in inhibition of platelet aggregation and thrombus formation and in elevated fibrin density and attenuated fibrinolysis. In this report, we investigated whether three plant-derived polyphenols with well-known antioxidant properties, i.e., quercetin (Que), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and resveratrol (Resv), at concentrations not affecting platelet responses per se, may normalize particular aspects of hemostasis disturbed by HOCl. Specifically, Que (5–25 μM) and EGCG (10–25 μM) abolished HOCl-evoked inhibition of platelet aggregation (assessed by an optical method), while the simultaneous incubation of platelet-rich plasma with Resv (10–25 μM) enhanced the inhibitory effect of HOCl. A similar effect was observed in the case of thrombus formation under flow conditions, evaluated in whole blood by confocal microscope. When plasma samples were incubated with HOCl, a notably higher density of fibrin (recorded by confocal microscope) was detected, an effect that was efficiently normalized by Que (5–25 μM), EGCG (10–25 μM), and Resv (5–25 μM) and which corresponded with the normalization of the HOCl-evoked prolongation of fibrinolysis, measured in plasma by a turbidimetric method. In conclusion, this report indicates that supplementation with Que and EGCG may be helpful in the normalization of hemostatic abnormalities during inflammatory states associated with elevated HOCl production, while the presence of Resv enhances the inhibitory action of HOCl towards platelets.
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11
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Czajka P, Przybyłkowski A, Nowak A, Postula M, Wolska M, Mirowska-Guzel D, Czlonkowska A, Eyileten C. Antiplatelet drugs and liver fibrosis. Platelets 2022; 33:219-228. [PMID: 33577391 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1883574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from an imbalance between extracellular matrix formation and degradation. The background of liver fibrosis is chronic inflammation and subsequent microcirculation disturbance including microthrombosis. Platelets actively participate in liver fibrosis not only as a part of the clotting system but also by releasing granules containing important mediators. In fact, platelets may play a dual role in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis as they are able to stimulate regeneration as well as aggravate the destruction of the liver. Recent studies revealed that antiplatelet therapy correlates with inhibition of liver fibrosis. However, liver impairment is associated with extensive coagulation disorders thus the safety of antiplatelet therapy is an area for detailed exploration. In this review, the role of platelets in liver fibrosis and accompanying hemostatic disorders are discussed. Additionally, results of animal and human studies on antiplatelet drugs in liver disorders and their potential therapeutic utility are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Czajka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Przybyłkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Wolska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czlonkowska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Kour A, Niranjan SK, Malayaperumal M, Surati U, Pukhrambam M, Sivalingam J, Kumar A, Sarkar M. Genomic Diversity Profiling and Breed-Specific Evolutionary Signatures of Selection in Arunachali Yak. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:254. [PMID: 35205299 PMCID: PMC8872319 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arunachali yak, the only registered yak breed of India, is crucial for the economic sustainability of pastoralist Monpa community. This study intended to determine the genomic diversity and to identify signatures of selection in the breed. Previously available double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing data of Arunachali yak animals was processed and 99,919 SNPs were considered for further analysis. The genomic diversity profiled based on nucleotide diversity, π (π = 0.041 in 200 bp windows), effective population size, Ne (Ne = 83) and Runs of homozygosity (ROH) (predominance of shorter length ROHs) was found to be optimum. Subsequently, 207 regions were identified to be under selective sweeps through de-correlated composite of multiple signals (DCMS) statistic which combined three individual test statistics viz. π, Tajima's D and |iHS| in non-overlapping 100 kb windows. Mapping of these regions revealed 611 protein-coding genes including KIT, KITLG, CDH12, FGG, FGA, FGB, PDGFRA, PEAR1, STXBP3, olfactory receptor genes (OR5K3, OR5H6 and OR1E1) and taste receptor genes (TAS2R1, TAS2R3 and TAS2R4). Functional annotation highlighted that biological processes like platelet aggregation and sensory perception were the most overrepresented and the associated regions could be considered as breed-specific signatures of selection in Arunachali yak. These findings point towards evolutionary role of natural selection in environmental adaptation of Arunachali yak population and provide useful insights for pursuing genome-wide association studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneet Kour
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang 790101, Arunachal Pradesh, India; (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Saket Kumar Niranjan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; (S.K.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Mohan Malayaperumal
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; (M.M.); (U.S.)
| | - Utsav Surati
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; (M.M.); (U.S.)
| | - Martina Pukhrambam
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang 790101, Arunachal Pradesh, India; (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Amod Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; (S.K.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang 790101, Arunachal Pradesh, India; (M.P.); (M.S.)
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13
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Annarapu GK, Nolfi-Donegan D, Reynolds M, Wang Y, Kohut L, Zuckerbraun B, Shiva S. Heme stimulates platelet mitochondrial oxidant production to induce targeted granule secretion. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102205. [PMID: 34891098 PMCID: PMC8661700 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolysis, a pathological component of many diseases, is associated with thrombosis and vascular dysfunction. Hemolytic products, including cell-free hemoglobin and free heme directly activate platelets. However, the effect of hemolysis on platelet degranulation, a central process in not only thrombosis, but also inflammatory and mitogenic signaling, remains less clear. Our group showed that hemoglobin-induced platelet activation involved the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). However, the molecular mechanism by which extracellular hemolysis induces platelet mtROS production, and whether these mtROS regulate platelet degranulation remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate using isolated human platelets that cell free heme is a more potent agonist for platelet activation than hemoglobin, and stimulates the release of a specific set of molecules, including the glycoprotein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), from the α-granule of platelets. We uncover the mechanism of heme-mediated platelet mtROS production which is dependent on the activation of platelet toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and leads to the downstream phosphorylation and inhibition of complex-V by the serine kinase Akt. Notably, inhibition of platelet TLR4 or Akt, or scavenging of mtROS prevents heme-induced granule release in vitro. Further, heme-dependent granule release is significantly attenuated in vivo in mice lacking TLR4 or those treated with the mtROS scavenger MitoTEMPO. These data elucidate a novel mechanism of TLR4-mediated mitochondrial regulation, establish the mechanistic link between hemolysis and platelet degranulation, and begin to define the heme and mtROS-dependent platelet secretome. These data have implications for hemolysis-induced thrombo-inflammatory signaling and for the consideration of platelet mitochondria as a therapeutic target in hemolytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowtham K Annarapu
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Deirdre Nolfi-Donegan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Michael Reynolds
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yinna Wang
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Lauryn Kohut
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Brian Zuckerbraun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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14
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Magruder M, Rodeo SA. Is Antiplatelet Therapy Contraindicated After Platelet-Rich Plasma Treatment? A Narrative Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211010510. [PMID: 34179207 PMCID: PMC8202276 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antiplatelet therapies are often withheld before and after platelet-rich plasma product (PRPP) administration due to theoretical concerns that therapies that inhibit the function of platelets would inhibit the effects of PRPP. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect that antiplatelet therapies have on the ability of PRPP to stimulate wound healing and tissue regeneration. Our hypothesis was that antiplatelet therapies would have highly heterogeneous effects on the biological activity of PRPP. Study Design Narrative review. Methods The Medline database was searched via PubMed to identify all studies related to PRPP and antiplatelet therapies, yielding 1417 publications. After the search was confined to articles published after 1995, there were 901 articles remaining. All abstracts were then screened to identify animal or human clinical studies that focused on growth factor or inflammatory cytokine production or treatment outcomes. We limited our analysis to studies reporting on orthopaedic pathologies and in vitro studies of antiplatelet therapies. Ultimately, 12 articles fit the search criteria. Results The majority of studies reported on the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as antiplatelet therapy. The majority of studies were in vitro analyses of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, or cell viability, whereas 1 study examined clinical outcomes in an animal model. None of the studies investigated clinical outcomes in humans. All of the studies showed no effect or mixed effects of antiplatelet therapies on PRPP efficacy. One study showed PRPP recovery to baseline function after a 1-week washout period. Conclusion The literature did not provide support for the common clinical practice of withholding antiplatelet therapies in patients being treated with PRPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Magruder
- Area of Concentration Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Area of Concentration Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Zaragozá C, Zaragozá F, Gayo-Abeleira I, Villaescusa L. Antiplatelet Activity of Coumarins: In Vitro Assays on COX-1. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103036. [PMID: 34069658 PMCID: PMC8161015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in developing new potent and safe antiplatelet agents. Coumarins are a family of polyphenolic compounds with several pharmacological activities, including platelet aggregation inhibition. However, their antiplatelet mechanism of action needs to be further elucidated. The aim of this study is to provide insight into the biochemical mechanisms involved in this activity, as well as to establish a structure-activity relationship for these compounds. With this purpose, the antiplatelet aggregation activities of coumarin, esculetin and esculin were determined in vitro in human whole blood and platelet-rich plasma, to set the potential interference with the arachidonic acid cascade. Here, the platelet COX activity was evaluated from 0.75 mM to 6.5 mM concentration by measuring the levels of metabolites derived from its activity (MDA and TXB2), together with colorimetric assays performed with the pure recombinant enzyme. Our results evidenced that the coumarin aglycones present the greatest antiplatelet activity at 5 mM and 6.5 mM on aggregometry experiments and inhibiting MDA levels.
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16
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Karampini E, Bierings R, Voorberg J. Orchestration of Primary Hemostasis by Platelet and Endothelial Lysosome-Related Organelles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1441-1453. [PMID: 32375545 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Megakaryocyte-derived platelets and endothelial cells store their hemostatic cargo in α- and δ-granules and Weibel-Palade bodies, respectively. These storage granules belong to the lysosome-related organelles (LROs), a heterogeneous group of organelles that are rapidly released following agonist-induced triggering of intracellular signaling pathways. Following vascular injury, endothelial Weibel-Palade bodies release their content into the vascular lumen and promote the formation of long VWF (von Willebrand factor) strings that form an adhesive platform for platelets. Binding to VWF strings as well as exposed subendothelial collagen activates platelets resulting in the release of α- and δ-granules, which are crucial events in formation of a primary hemostatic plug. Biogenesis and secretion of these LROs are pivotal for the maintenance of proper hemostasis. Several bleeding disorders have been linked to abnormal generation of LROs in megakaryocytes and endothelial cells. Recent reviews have emphasized common pathways in the biogenesis and biological properties of LROs, focusing mainly on melanosomes. Despite many similarities, LROs in platelet and endothelial cells clearly possess distinct properties that allow them to provide a highly coordinated and synergistic contribution to primary hemostasis by sequentially releasing hemostatic cargo. In this brief review, we discuss in depth the known regulators of α- and δ-granules in megakaryocytes/platelets and Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells, starting from transcription factors that have been associated with granule formation to protein complexes that promote granule maturation. In addition, we provide a detailed view on the interplay between platelet and endothelial LROs in controlling hemostasis as well as their dysfunction in LRO related bleeding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Karampini
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (E.K., R.B., J.V.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben Bierings
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (E.K., R.B., J.V.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.)
| | - Jan Voorberg
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory (E.K., R.B., J.V.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Experimental Vascular Medicine (J.V.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Frey C, Yeh PC, Jayaram P. Effects of Antiplatelet and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Medications on Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120912841. [PMID: 32426401 PMCID: PMC7218995 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120912841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has wide applications in orthopaedic care. Its beneficial effects are attributed to the growth factor profile from the platelet secretome. In theory, these effects would be diminished by medications that inhibit platelet activation and/or the subsequent release of growth factors. Purpose: To determine whether commonly used antiplatelets, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or anticoagulant medications affect platelet growth factor release in PRP. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 2. Method: A systematic review of the literature related to antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant drugs was performed following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We used the Downs and Black objective quality scoring system. The literature search consisted of PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Search terms consisted of 1 item selected from “platelet-rich plasma,” “platelet-derived growth factor,” and “platelet-rich plasma AND growth factor” combined with 1 item from “antiplatelet,” “aspirin,” “anticoagulant,” and “NSAID.” Only studies published within the past 25 years were included. Results: A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria: 7 studies detected no significant decrease in growth factors or mitogenesis, whereas 6 detected a decrease with antiplatelet agents, 1 detected mixed results with an antiplatelet agent, and 1 had mixed results with an antiplatelet agent/vasodilator. In terms of PRP activation, all 3 studies assessing collagen, the 2 studies analyzing adenosine diphosphate alone, and the 1 study investigating arachidonic acid found a decrease in growth factor concentration. Conclusion: Antiplatelet medications may decrease the growth factor release profile in a cyclooxygenase 1– and cyclooxygenase 2–dependent manner. Eight of 15 studies found a decrease in growth factors or mitogenesis. However, more studies are needed to comprehensively understand antiplatelet effects on the PRP secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Chia Yeh
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Prathap Jayaram
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Schmoker AM, Perez Pearson LM, Cruz C, Colon Flores LG, Branfeild S, Pagán Torres FD, Fonseca K, Cantres YM, Salgado Ramirez CA, Melendez LM, Ballif BA, Washington AV. Defining the TLT-1 interactome from resting and activated human platelets. J Proteomics 2020; 215:103638. [PMID: 31923473 PMCID: PMC7044047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) protein family forms a class of type I transmembrane proteins expressed in immune cells that play important roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. The TREM family member TREM-like transcript 1 (TLT-1, also TREML1) is expressed in megakaryocytes and packaged into platelet granules. TLT-1 binds fibrinogen and plays a role in bleeding initiated by inflammatory insults. Here, we describe a proteomics screen that maps the TLT-1 interactome in resting and activated human platelets. Several identified TLT-1 interactors are involved in cell adhesion and migration, as well as platelet activation. Select interactors, including β3-integrin, RACK1, GRB2, and Rabs 5A, 7, and 11A, were additionally characterized in co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting experiments. Finally, several phosphorylation sites were found on immunoprecipitated TLT-1, including Thr280, a novel, regulated site on a conserved residue near the TLT-1 ITIM regulatory sequence. SIGNIFICANCE: Platelet function relies on the secretion of active molecules from intracellular vesicles, or granules, which contain soluble and membrane-bound proteins that are essential for platelet aggregation, coagulation reactions, and pathogen defense mechanisms. TLT-1 is sequestered in α-granules and transported to the plasma membrane, where it plays a unique role in hemostasis after inflammatory insults. Despite the known importance of TLT-1 in platelet biology, our knowledge of TLT-1 mechanistic signaling is limited. This study defines the TLT-1 interactome in resting and active human platelets, identifying several novel TLT-1 interactors, as well as TLT-1 phosphorylation sites, all with likely signaling implications in platelet aggregation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Schmoker
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Leishla M Perez Pearson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, Department of Biology, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Claudia Cruz
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, Department of Biology, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Luis G Colon Flores
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, Department of Biology, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Siobhan Branfeild
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, Department of Biology, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Fabiola D Pagán Torres
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Karmen Fonseca
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Yadira M Cantres
- Translational Proteomics Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Carla A Salgado Ramirez
- Translational Proteomics Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Loyda M Melendez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA; Translational Proteomics Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - A Valance Washington
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, Department of Biology, San Juan, PR, USA.
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19
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Irmak G, Demirtaş TT, Gümüşderelioğlu M. Sustained release of growth factors from photoactivated platelet rich plasma (PRP). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 148:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Zhuang M, Song M, Liu D, Huang J, Sun B. Exogenous carbon monoxide suppresses LPS-Induced platelet SNAREs complex assembly and α-granule exocytosis via integrin αIIbβ3-Mediated PKCθ/Munc18a pathway. Exp Cell Res 2020; 386:111735. [PMID: 31751554 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Activation of coagulation occurs in sepsis and contributes to the development of thrombosis. Platelet α-granule exocytosis plays an important role in septic coagulation abnormalities. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and the underlying mechanisms of exogenous carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide-releasing molecules II (CORM-2)-liberated CO, on suppressing platelet α-granule exocytosis in sepsis. It was shown that CORM-2 weakened α-granule membrane fusion with platelet plasma membrane and attenuated α-granule contents exocytosis in LPS-Induced platelet. Further studies revealed that CORM-2 suppressed the expression of integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets stimulated by LPS. This was accompanied by a decrease in production and phosphorylation of PKCθ and Munc18a, SNARE complex assembly and subsequently platelet α-granule exocytosis. Taken together, we suggested that the potential mechanism of suppressive effect of CORM-2 on LPS-induced platelet SNAREs complex assembly and α-Granule Exocytosis might involve integrin αIIbβ3-mediated PKCθ/Munc18a pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Zhuang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu Province, China; Intensive Care Medicine, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, 214400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingming Song
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dadong Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiamin Huang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bingwei Sun
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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21
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Kerris EWJ, Hoptay C, Calderon T, Freishtat RJ. Platelets and platelet extracellular vesicles in hemostasis and sepsis. J Investig Med 2019; 68:813-820. [PMID: 31843956 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelets, cell fragments traditionally thought of as important only for hemostasis, substantially and dynamically contribute to the immune system's response to infection. In addition, there is increasing evidence that externally active platelet entities, including platelet granules and platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs), play a role not only in hemostasis, but also in inflammatory actions previously ascribed to platelets themselves. Given the functions of platelets and PEVs during inflammation and infection, their role in sepsis is being investigated. Sepsis is a condition marked by the dysregulation of the body's normal activation of the immune system in response to a pathogen. The mechanisms for controlling infection locally become detrimental to the host if they are applied systemically. Similar to cells traditionally ascribed to the immune system, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages, platelets are instrumental in helping a host clear an infection, but are also implicated in the uncontrolled amplification of the immune response that leads to sepsis. Clearly, the function of platelets is more complicated than its simple structure and primary role in hemostasis initially suggest. This review provides an overview of platelet and platelet extracellular vesicle structure and function, highlighting the complex role platelets and PEVs play in the body in the context of infection and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W J Kerris
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claire Hoptay
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thais Calderon
- Department of Medical Education, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Robert J Freishtat
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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22
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Garbin LC, Olver CS. Platelet-Rich Products and Their Application to Osteoarthritis. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 86:102820. [PMID: 32067662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a biological preparation made from the patient's own plasma that contains a platelet concentration above the whole blood baseline. Owing to the release of growth factors and other cytokines after degranulation, platelets have a central role in inflammation and in different stages of the healing process. For this reason, PRP-derived products have been used to enhance healing of musculoskeletal injuries and modulate progression of inflammatory processes, including osteoarthritis (OA). Osteoarthritis is one of the main causes of musculoskeletal disabilities in horses, and currently, there is no effective treatment for this disease. Treatments that focus on the modulation of inflammation and disease progression offer new hope for OA. Platelet-rich plasma provides a more practical and accessible option of therapy compared to other forms of biological treatment (i.e., stem cell therapies) and is believed to induce the production of functional matrix. However, several factors related to PRP production, including methods of preparation and application, and intraindividual variability, lead to an inconsistent product, precluding reliable conclusions about its efficacy for clinical use. The aim of this study was to review the benefits related to the clinical use of PRP in OA as well as factors that influence its use, the limitations of this treatment, and future directions of PRP research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Camargo Garbin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
| | - Christine S Olver
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Clinical Pathology Section, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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23
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Walsh TG, Wersäll A, Poole AW. Characterisation of the Ral GTPase inhibitor RBC8 in human and mouse platelets. Cell Signal 2019; 59:34-40. [PMID: 30880223 PMCID: PMC6510928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Ral GTPases, RalA and RalB, have been implicated in numerous cellular processes, but are most widely known for having regulatory roles in exocytosis. Recently, we demonstrated that deletion of both Ral genes in a platelet-specific mouse gene knockout caused a substantial defect in surface exposure of P-selectin, with only a relatively weak defect in platelet dense granule secretion that did not alter platelet functional responses such as aggregation or thrombus formation. We sought to investigate the function of Rals in human platelets using the recently described Ral inhibitor, RBC8. Initial studies in human platelets confirmed that RBC8 could effectively inhibit Ral GTPase activation, with an IC50 of 2.2 μM and 2.3 μM for RalA and RalB, respectively. Functional studies using RBC8 revealed significant, dose-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation, secretion (α- and dense granule), integrin activation and thrombus formation, while α-granule release of platelet factor 4, Ca2+ signalling or phosphatidylserine exposure were unaltered. Subsequent studies in RalAB-null mouse platelets pretreated with RBC8 showed dose-dependent decreases in integrin activation and dense granule secretion, with significant inhibition of platelet aggregation and P-selectin exposure at 10 μM RBC8. This study strongly suggests therefore that although RBC8 is useful as a Ral inhibitor in platelets, it is likely also to have off-target effects in the same concentration range as for Ral inhibition. So, whilst clearly useful as a Ral inhibitor, interpretation of data needs to take this into account when assessing roles for Rals using RBC8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony G Walsh
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
| | - Andreas Wersäll
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair W Poole
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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Makarov MS, Storozheva MV, Borovkova NV, Ponomarev IN. Growth-Stimulating Effect of Human Platelets Stabilized with Silver Nanoparticles. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 166:260-263. [PMID: 30488205 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied proliferative activity of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells on collagen matrices containing platelets stabilized with silver nanoparticles. Dose-dependent stimulation of the growth of stromal cells without their structural damage was observed in the presence of stabilized platelets in proportion of 20-120 mln per 105 multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The same doses of non-stabilized platelets produced less pronounced stimulation effect. In higher doses (≥180 mln) stabilized platelets inhibited cell proliferation and induced their damage. Stabilized platelets enhanced migration of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells; after formation of the monolayer, they actively colonized deep layer of the collagen matrix. The formed monolayer of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells survived over 14 days without appreciable cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Makarov
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M V Storozheva
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Borovkova
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - I N Ponomarev
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Abstract
Our understanding of fundamental biological processes within platelets is continually evolving. A critical feature of platelet biology relates to the intricate uptake, packaging and release of bioactive cargo from storage vesicles, essential in mediating a range of classical (haemostasis/thrombosis) and non-classical (regeneration/inflammation/metastasis) roles platelets assume. Pivotal to the molecular control of these vesicle trafficking events are the small GTPases of the Ras superfamily, which function as spatially distinct, molecular switches controlling essential cellular processes. Herein, we specifically focus on members of the Rab, Arf and Ras subfamilies, which comprise over 130 members and platelet proteomic datasets suggest that more than half of these are expressed in human platelets. We provide an update of current literature relating to trafficking roles for these GTPases in platelets, particularly regarding endocytic and exocytic events, but also vesicle biogenesis and provide speculative argument for roles that other related GTPases and regulatory proteins may adopt in platelets. Advances in our understanding of small GTPase function in the anucleate platelet has been hampered by the lack of specific molecular tools, but it is anticipated that this will be greatly accelerated in the years ahead and will be crucial to the identification of novel therapeutic targets controlling different platelet processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony G Walsh
- a From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Yong Li
- a From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Andreas Wersäll
- a From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Alastair W Poole
- a From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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26
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Mitrugno A, Rigg RA, Laschober NB, Ngo AT, Pang J, Williams CD, Aslan JE, McCarty OJ. Potentiation of TRAP-6-induced platelet dense granule release by blockade of P2Y 12 signaling with MRS2395. Platelets 2018; 29:383-394. [PMID: 28523947 PMCID: PMC6155984 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1316482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The release of ADP from platelet dense granules and its binding to platelet P2Y12 receptors is key to amplifying the initial hemostatic response and propagating thrombus formation. P2Y12 has thus emerged as a therapeutic target to safely and effectively prevent secondary thrombotic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome or a history of myocardial infarction. Pharmacological inhibition of P2Y12 receptors represents a useful approach to better understand the signaling mediated by these receptors and to elucidate the role of these receptors in a multitude of platelet hemostatic and thrombotic responses. The present work examined and compared the effects of four different P2Y12 inhibitors (MRS2395, ticagrelor, PSB 0739, and AR-C 66096) on platelet function in a series of in vitro studies of platelet dense granule secretion and trafficking, calcium generation, and protein phosphorylation. Our results show that in platelets activated with the PAR-1 agonist TRAP-6 (thrombin receptor-activating peptide), inhibition of P2Y12 with the antagonist MRS2395, but not ticagrelor, PSB 0739 or AR-C 66096, potentiated human platelet dense granule trafficking to the plasma membrane and release into the extracellular space, cytosolic Ca2+ influx, and phosphorylation of GSK3β-Ser9 through a PKC-dependent pathway. These results suggest that inhibition of P2Y12 with MRS2395 may act in concert with PAR-1 signaling and result in the aberrant release of ADP by platelet dense granules, thus reducing or counteracting the anticipated anti-platelet efficacy of this inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Mitrugno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR,
USA
| | - Rachel A. Rigg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole B. Laschober
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anh T.P. Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Joseph E. Aslan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR,
USA
| | - Owen J.T. McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR,
USA
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27
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Wersäll A, Williams CM, Brown E, Iannitti T, Williams N, Poole AW. Mouse Platelet Ral GTPases Control P-Selectin Surface Expression, Regulating Platelet-Leukocyte Interaction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:787-800. [PMID: 29437579 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RalA and RalB GTPases are important regulators of cell growth, cancer metastasis, and granule secretion. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Ral GTPases in platelets with the use of platelet-specific gene-knockout mouse models. APPROACH AND RESULTS This study shows that platelets from double knockout mice, in which both GTPases have been deleted, show markedly diminished (≈85% reduction) P-selectin translocation to the surface membrane, suggesting a critical role in α-granule secretion. Surprisingly, however, there were only minor effects on stimulated release of soluble α- and δ-granule content, with no alteration in granule count, morphology, or content. In addition, their expression was not essential for platelet aggregation or thrombus formation. However, absence of surface P-selectin caused a marked reduction (≈70%) in platelet-leukocyte interactions in blood from RalAB double knockout mice, suggesting a role for platelet Rals in platelet-mediated inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Platelet Ral GTPases primarily control P-selectin surface expression, in turn regulating platelet-leukocyte interaction. Ral GTPases could therefore be important novel targets for the selective control of platelet-mediated immune cell recruitment and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wersäll
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.).
| | - Chris M Williams
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
| | - Edward Brown
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
| | - Tommaso Iannitti
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
| | - Neil Williams
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
| | - Alastair W Poole
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
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28
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Estevez B, Du X. New Concepts and Mechanisms of Platelet Activation Signaling. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:162-177. [PMID: 28228483 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00020.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon blood vessel injury, platelets are exposed to adhesive proteins in the vascular wall and soluble agonists, which initiate platelet activation, leading to formation of hemostatic thrombi. Pathological activation of platelets can induce occlusive thrombosis, resulting in ischemic events such as heart attack and stroke, which are leading causes of death globally. Platelet activation requires intracellular signal transduction initiated by platelet receptors for adhesion proteins and soluble agonists. Whereas many platelet activation signaling pathways have been established for many years, significant recent progress reveals much more complex and sophisticated signaling and amplification networks. With the discovery of new receptor signaling pathways and regulatory networks, some of the long-standing concepts of platelet signaling have been challenged. This review provides an overview of the new developments and concepts in platelet activation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Estevez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoping Du
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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29
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Abstract
Platelets are classically known for their roles in bleeding control and occlusive thrombus formation causing ischemic tissue damage. Recently, nonclassical roles for platelets have been described, many of which may be mediated by the heterogeneous cargo that platelets secrete from granular stores upon activation. Using an in vitro model of ischemic injury to ventricular cardiomyocytes, we observed that platelets, through secreted factors, delayed the rate of cardiomyocyte death during ischemia. This protective effect appeared independent of platelet dense granule cargo, but required α-granule components stromal cell-derived factor-1α and transforming growth factor-β1. Protein kinase C activity within cardiomyocytes was responsible for mediating the protective signals initiated by the released platelet cargo. Importantly, pretreating platelets with a P2Y
12
antagonist, but not the cyclooxygenase inhibitor aspirin, substantially attenuated this protective effect. These findings therefore reveal a paradoxically protective role for platelet activation during cardiac ischemia and could have important implications for the use of antiplatelet therapeutics in the management of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony G Walsh
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair W Poole
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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30
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Respective contributions of single and compound granule fusion to secretion by activated platelets. Blood 2016; 128:2538-2549. [PMID: 27625359 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-705681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although granule secretion is pivotal in many platelet responses, the fusion routes of α and δ granule release remain uncertain. We used a 3D reconstruction approach based on electron microscopy to visualize the spatial organization of granules in unstimulated and activated platelets. Two modes of exocytosis were identified: a single mode that leads to release of the contents of individual granules and a compound mode that leads to the formation of granule-to-granule fusion, resulting in the formation of large multigranular compartments. Both modes occur during the course of platelet secretion. Single fusion events are more visible at lower levels of stimulation and early time points, whereas large multigranular compartments are present at higher levels of agonist and at later time points. Although α granules released their contents through both modes of exocytosis, δ granules underwent only single exocytosis. To define the underlying molecular mechanisms, we examined platelets from vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8) null mice. After weak stimulation, compound exocytosis was abolished and single exocytosis decreased in VAMP8 null platelets. Higher concentrations of thrombin bypassed the VAMP8 requirement, indicating that this isoform is a key but not a required factor for single and/or compound exocytosis. Concerning the biological relevance of our findings, compound exocytosis was observed in thrombi formed after severe laser injury of the vessel wall with thrombin generation. After superficial injury without thrombin generation, no multigranular compartments were detected. Our studies suggest that platelets use both modes of membrane fusion to control the extent of agonist-induced exocytosis.
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31
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Moriarty RD, Cox A, McCall M, Smith SGJ, Cox D. Escherichia coli induces platelet aggregation in an FcγRIIa-dependent manner. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:797-806. [PMID: 26669970 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of pathogen-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors on platelets has led to the emergence of the concept of platelets as important components of the host response to infection. Escherichia coli (E. coli)-mediated sepsis is a serious illness characterized by the occurrence of thrombocytopenia. Whereas there has been a wealth of research on platelet activation by Gram-positive bacteria, little is known about the mechanisms associated with Gram-negative bacteria-induced platelet activation with Gram-negative bacteria. OBJECTIVES To determine the mechanisms by which Gram-negative E. coli induces platelet aggregation. METHODS Induction of platelet aggregation with E. coli strain O157:H7 was tested in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), washed platelets, and serum depleted of complement factors. Platelet inhibitors (against αII b β3 , glycoprotein Ibα and FcγRIIa) were used. Platelet thromboxane synthesis was analyzed after E. coli stimulation. Cell binding assays were used to assess the ability of E. coli to support platelet adhesion. Trypsinization was used to determine the role of E. coli surface proteins. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION E. coli-induced aggregation in PRP was donor-dependent. E. coli O157:H7 induced aggregation with a lag time of 6.9 ± 1.3 min in an αII b β3 -dependent and FcγRIIa-dependent manner. Furthermore, this interaction was enhanced by the presence of complement, and was dependent on thromboxane synthesis. These results show E. coli to be a potent inducer of platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Moriarty
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Cox
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M McCall
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S G J Smith
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Cox
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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32
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Shin S. Unsolved Favorable Effect of Statin on Blood Viscosity. Korean Circ J 2016; 46:145-6. [PMID: 27014343 PMCID: PMC4805557 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2016.46.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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33
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Mahaut-Smith MP, Taylor KA, Evans RJ. Calcium Signalling through Ligand-Gated Ion Channels such as P2X1 Receptors in the Platelet and other Non-Excitable Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 898:305-29. [PMID: 27161234 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26974-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels on the cell surface are directly activated by the binding of an agonist to their extracellular domain and often referred to as ionotropic receptors. P2X receptors are ligand-gated non-selective cation channels with significant permeability to Ca(2+) whose principal physiological agonist is ATP. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms by which P2X1 receptors, a ubiquitously expressed member of the family of ATP-gated channels, can contribute to cellular responses in non-excitable cells. Much of the detailed information on the contribution of P2X1 to Ca(2+) signalling and downstream functional events has been derived from the platelet. The underlying primary P2X1-generated signalling event in non-excitable cells is principally due to Ca(2+) influx, although Na(+) entry will also occur along with membrane depolarization. P2X1 receptor stimulation can lead to additional Ca(2+) mobilization via a range of routes such as amplification of G-protein-coupled receptor-dependent Ca(2+) responses. This chapter also considers the mechanism by which cells generate extracellular ATP for autocrine or paracrine activation of P2X1 receptors. For example cytosolic ATP efflux can result from opening of pannexin anion-permeable channels or following damage to the cell membrane. Alternatively, ATP stored in specialised secretory vesicles can undergo quantal release via the process of exocytosis. Examples of physiological or pathophysiological roles of P2X1-dependent signalling in non-excitable cells are also discussed, such as thrombosis and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn P Mahaut-Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Kirk A Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard J Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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Williams CM, Savage JS, Harper MT, Moore SF, Hers I, Poole AW. Identification of roles for the SNARE-associated protein, SNAP29, in mouse platelets. Platelets 2015; 27:286-94. [PMID: 26587753 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2015.1100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are critical for maintaining vascular hemostasis, but also play a major role in the formation of occlusive cardiovascular and cerebrovascular thrombi under disease conditions. Secretion of platelet alpha and dense granules is a requirement for efficient thrombus formation. Understanding and targeting the mechanisms of secretion is important to aid the development of effective antithrombotics. SNAP29 is a tSNARE found in platelets, but whose role has not been defined. Using a platelet-specific SNAP29 knockout mouse model, we assessed the role of SNAP29 in platelet secretion and function under standardized conditions and also in in vitro and in vivo thrombosis. The data showed no major defects in SNAP29-null platelets, but revealed a minor defect in α-granule secretion and a significant increase in embolization rate of thrombi in vivo. These data suggest that SNAP29 contributes to the regulation of platelet α-granule secretion and thrombus stability, possibly partially masked by functional redundancy with other tSNAREs, such as SNAP23.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Williams
- a School of Physiology & Pharmacology , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - J S Savage
- a School of Physiology & Pharmacology , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK.,b Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), School of Cancer Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK
| | - M T Harper
- a School of Physiology & Pharmacology , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK.,c Department of Pharmacology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - S F Moore
- a School of Physiology & Pharmacology , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - I Hers
- a School of Physiology & Pharmacology , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - A W Poole
- a School of Physiology & Pharmacology , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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35
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Xu X, Sun B. Platelet granule secretion mechanisms: Are they modified in sepsis? Thromb Res 2015; 136:845-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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36
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Dewitte A, Tanga A, Villeneuve J, Lepreux S, Ouattara A, Desmoulière A, Combe C, Ripoche J. New frontiers for platelet CD154. Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 4:6. [PMID: 25763299 PMCID: PMC4355125 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-015-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of platelets extends beyond hemostasis. The pivotal role of platelets in inflammation has shed new light on the natural history of conditions associated with acute or chronic inflammation. Beyond the preservation of vascular integrity, platelets are essential to tissue homeostasis and platelet-derived products are already used in the clinics. Unanticipated was the role of platelets in the adaptative immune response, allowing a renewed conceptual approach of auto-immune diseases. Platelets are also important players in cancer growth and dissemination. Platelets fulfill most of their functions through the expression of still incompletely characterized membrane-bound or soluble mediators. Among them, CD154 holds a peculiar position, as platelets represent a major source of CD154 and as CD154 contributes to most of these new platelet attributes. Here, we provide an overview of some of the new frontiers that the study of platelet CD154 is opening, in inflammation, tissue homeostasis, immune response, hematopoiesis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Dewitte
- INSERM U1026, and Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France ; Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation II, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Annabelle Tanga
- INSERM U1026, and Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Villeneuve
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200 USA
| | | | - Alexandre Ouattara
- Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation II, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | | | - Christian Combe
- INSERM U1026, and Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France ; Service de Néphrologie Transplantation Dialyse, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Ripoche
- INSERM U1026, and Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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37
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Finkenstaedt-Quinn SA, Ge S, Haynes CL. Cytoskeleton dynamics in drug-treated platelets. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2803-9. [PMID: 25701419 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation is a key process in blood clot formation. During activation, platelets go through both chemical and physical changes, including secretion of chemical messengers and cellular shape change. Platelet shape change is mediated by the two major cytoskeletal elements in platelets, the actin matrix and microtubule ring. Most studies to date have evaluated these structures qualitatively, whereas this paper aims to provide a quantitative method of examining changes in these structures by fluorescently labeling the element of interest and performing single cell image analysis. The method described herein tracks the diameter of the microtubule ring and the circumference of the actin matrix as they change over time. Platelets were incubated with a series of drugs that interact with tubulin or actin, and the platelets were observed for variation in shape change dynamics throughout the activation process. Differences in shape change mechanics due to drug incubation were observable in each case.
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38
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Golebiewska EM, Harper MT, Williams CM, Savage JS, Goggs R, Fischer von Mollard G, Poole AW. Syntaxin 8 regulates platelet dense granule secretion, aggregation, and thrombus stability. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1536-45. [PMID: 25404741 PMCID: PMC4340400 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet secretion not only drives thrombosis and hemostasis, but also mediates a variety of other physiological and pathological processes. The ubiquitous SNARE machinery and a number of accessory proteins have been implicated in regulating secretion in platelet. Although several platelet SNAREs have been identified, further members of the SNARE family may be needed to fine-tune platelet secretion. In this study we identified expression of the t-SNARE syntaxin 8 (STX8) (Qc SNARE) in mouse and human platelets. In mouse studies, whereas STX8 was not essential for α-granule or lysosome secretion, Stx8−/− platelets showed a significant defect in dense granule secretion in response to thrombin and CRP. This was most pronounced at intermediate concentrations of agonists. They also showed an aggregation defect that could be rescued with exogenous ADP and increased embolization in Stx8−/− mice in vivo consistent with an important autocrine and paracrine role for ADP in aggregation and thrombus stabilization. STX8 therefore specifically contributes to dense granule secretion and represents another member of a growing family of genes that play distinct roles in regulating granule release from platelets and thus platelet function in thrombosis and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina M Golebiewska
- From the School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T Harper
- From the School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Williams
- From the School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua S Savage
- the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Goggs
- the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and
| | | | - Alastair W Poole
- From the School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom,
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39
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Golebiewska EM, Poole AW. Platelet secretion: From haemostasis to wound healing and beyond. Blood Rev 2014; 29:153-62. [PMID: 25468720 PMCID: PMC4452143 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation, platelets secrete more than 300 active substances from their intracellular granules. Platelet dense granule components, such as ADP and polyphosphates, contribute to haemostasis and coagulation, but also play a role in cancer metastasis. α-Granules contain multiple cytokines, mitogens, pro- and anti-inflammatory factors and other bioactive molecules that are essential regulators in the complex microenvironment of the growing thrombus but also contribute to a number of disease processes. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of secretion and the genetic regulation of granule biogenesis still remains incomplete. In this review we summarise our current understanding of the roles of platelet secretion in health and disease, and discuss some of the hypotheses that may explain how platelets may control the release of its many secreted components in a context-specific manner, to allow platelets to play multiple roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina M Golebiewska
- Medical Sciences Building, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Alastair W Poole
- Medical Sciences Building, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK.
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