1
|
Tang Y, Rao P, Li S, Yu W, Wang R, Liu J. Individualized medication of venetoclax based on therapeutic drug monitoring in Chinese acute myeloid leukemia patients using an HPLC method. Anticancer Drugs 2024; 35:852-858. [PMID: 38995659 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method for therapeutic drug monitoring of venetoclax (VEN) and optimize regimens. METHODS The analysis required the extraction of a 50 μl plasma sample and the precipitation of proteins using acetonitrile extraction. The chromatographic method employed a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.5% KH 2 PO 4 (pH 3.5) (60/40, v/v) on a Diamond C 18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) column at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The quantitative method was validated based on standards described in 'Bioanalytical Method Validation: Guidance for Industry' published by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). RESULTS The calibration curve was linear ( R2 = 0.9998) over the range of 75-4800 ng/ml, with limits of quantification of 25 ng/ml. The coefficients of intraday and interday validation, specificity, recovery, and stability all met the criteria of FDA guidance. The method was successfully applied to analyze VEN concentrations in 30 cases of acute myeloid leukemia patients. The peak concentration ( Cmax ) was 1881.19 ± 756.61 ng/ml, while the trough concentration ( Cmin ) was 1212.69 ± 767.92 ng/ml in acute myeloid leukemia patients. CONCLUSION Our study establishes a simple, precise, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method for monitoring VEN and confirms its applicability for therapeutic drug monitoring of VEN in hematological cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Peng Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Shuojiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenxian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Ranran Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Jiatao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yared JA, Lee TY, Cooke CE, Johnson A, Summers A, Yang K, Liu S, Tang B, Onukwugha E. Disparity in treatment patterns among Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an analysis of patient and contextual factors. Leuk Lymphoma 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38323907 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2310150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
This study characterizes the patterns and timing of CLL treatment and, to our knowledge, is the first to identify social vulnerability factors associated with CLL treatment receipt in the Medicare population. A total of 3508 Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with CLL from 2017 to 2019 were identified. We reported the proportion of individuals who received CLL treatment and the time until the first CLL treatment receipt after the first observed claim with a CLL diagnosis. Logistic regression and time-to-event models provided adjusted odds ratios and hazard ratios associated with baseline individual-level and county-level factors. Sixteen percent of individuals received CLL treatment, and the median follow-up time was 540 d. The median time to receipt of CLL treatment was 61 d. Older age and residence in a county ranked high in social vulnerability (as defined by minority status and language) were negatively associated with treatment receipt and time to treatment receipt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Yared
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tsung-Ying Lee
- Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine E Cooke
- Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abree Johnson
- Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Summers
- Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri Yang
- Beigene USA, Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Sizhu Liu
- Beigene USA, Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
| | | | - Eberechukwu Onukwugha
- Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mattsson A, Sylvan SE, Axelsson P, Ellin F, Kjellander C, Larsson K, Lauri B, Lewerin C, Scharenberg C, Tätting L, Johansson H, Österborg A, Hansson L. Idelalisib (PI3Kδ inhibitor) therapy for patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A Swedish nation-wide real-world report on consecutively identified patients. Eur J Haematol 2023; 111:715-721. [PMID: 37501508 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the efficacy and toxicity of the PI3Kδ inhibitor idelalisib in combination with rituximab salvage therapy in consecutively identified Swedish patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-seven patients with relapsed/refractory disease were included. The median number of prior lines of therapy was 3 (range 1-11); the median age was 69 years (range 50-89); 22% had Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) >6 and 51% had del(17p)/TP53 mutation. The overall response rate was 65% (all but one was partial response [PR]). The median duration of therapy was 9.8 months (range 0.9-44.8). The median progression-free survival was 16.4 months (95% CI: 10.4-26.3) and median overall survival had not been reached (75% remained alive at 24 months of follow-up). The most common reason for cessation of therapy was colitis (n = 8, of which seven patients experienced grade ≥3 colitis). The most common serious adverse event was grade ≥3 infection, which occurred in 24 patients (65%). CONCLUSIONS Our real-world results suggest that idelalisib is an effective and relatively safe treatment for patients with advanced-stage CLL when no other therapies exist. Alternative dosing regimens and new PI3K inhibitors should be explored, particularly in patients who are double-refractory to inhibitors of BTK and Bcl-2.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- Sweden/epidemiology
- Rituximab
- Lymphoma, B-Cell
- Recurrence
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Mattsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Axelsson
- Department of Hematology, Helsingborg's Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ellin
- Department of Medicine, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Christian Kjellander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Capio St Göran Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Larsson
- Department of Hematology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Lauri
- Department of Hematology, Sunderby Hospital, Sunderbyn Luleå, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lewerin
- Section of Coagulation and Hematology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Love Tätting
- Department of Hematology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hemming Johansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laurenti L, Scarfò L, Frustaci AM, Sanna A, Iannella E, Caira M, Finsinger P, Schifano S, Neri B, Molica S, Mauro FR. Real-world evidence on venetoclax in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: The Italian experience. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41:621-630. [PMID: 36680368 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of adult leukemia in the western world. In Italy, venetoclax was approved for use in patients with CLL as monotherapy in 2017 and in combinations in 2019. As a result of this delayed approval, there are relatively few real-world studies from Italian clinical practice and much of the data are in heavily pretreated patients. We have collected the available studies in Italian routine practice. Three studies confirm the effectiveness and tolerability of this agent in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL and high-risk disease characteristics, many of whom had received prior B-cell receptor signaling treatment. Addition of rituximab to venetoclax produced more complete responses in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL, while higher disease burden and progression while receiving a prior Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor were both associated with poorer outcomes in patients treated with venetoclax. Venetoclax was well-tolerated with low discontinuation rates. No studies of venetoclax plus obinutuzumab for the first-line treatment of patients with CLL were available due to the short time since approval in Italy. Several cohorts addressed the impact of COVID-19 on patient management and outcomes, suggesting that treated patients and those in clinical observation had similar rates of COVID-19-related hospital admission, intensive care unit admission, and mortality. Overall, the responses and tolerance to venetoclax observed in the Italian real-world setting confirm the tolerability and effectiveness of venetoclax regimens in high-risk patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Laurenti
- Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy and Hematology, IRCCS Agostino Gemelli University Policlinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Lydia Scarfò
- Strategic Research Program on CLL, Division of Experimental Oncology, Università Vita Salute and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alnasser AI, Hefnawy MM, Al-Hossaini AM, Bin Jardan YA, El-Azab AS, Abdel-Aziz AM, Al-Obaid AM, Al-Suwaidan IA, Attwa MW, El-Gendy MA. LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of decitabine and venetoclax in rat plasma after SPE: Application to pharmacokinetic study. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101693. [PMID: 37559870 PMCID: PMC10407895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study developed a novel, sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method for the concurrent determination of DCB and VTX in rat plasma using encorafenib as internal standard (IS). To identify DCB, VTX, and IS, the positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used. Chromatographic separation was carried out using a reversed-phase Agilent Eclipse plus C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 µm) and an isocratic mobile phase made up of water with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (50:50, v/v, pH 3.2) at a flow rate of 0.30 mL/min for 3.0 min. Prior to analysis, the DCB and VTX with the IS were extracted from plasma using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. High recovery rates for DCB, VTX and IS were achieved using the C18 cartridge without interference from plasma endogenous. The developed method was validated as per the FDA guidelines over a linear concentration range in rat plasma from 5-3000 and 5-1000 ng/mL for DCB and VTX, respectively with r2 ≥ 0.998. For both drugs, the lower limits of detection (LLOD) were 2.0 ng/mL. After the HLOQ sample was injected, less than 20% of the LLOQ of DCB, VTX, and less than 5% of the IS carry-over in the blank sample was attained. The overall recoveries of DCB and VTX from rat plasma were in the range of 90.68-97.56%, and the mean RSD of accuracy and precision results was ≤6.84%. For the first time, the newly developed approach was effectively used in a pharmacokinetic study on the simultaneous oral administration of DCB and VTX in rats that received 15.0 mg/kg of DCB and 100.0 mg/kg of VTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz I. Alnasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Hossaini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel S. El-Azab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa M. Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Al-Obaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Al-Suwaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal A. El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shadman M, Manzoor BS, Sail K, Tuncer HH, Allan JN, Ujjani C, Emechebe N, Kamalakar R, Coombs CC, Leslie L, Barr PM, Brown JR, Eyre TA, Rampotas A, Schuh A, Lamanna N, Skarbnik A, Roeker LE, Bannerji R, Eichhorst B, Fleury I, Davids MS, Alhasani H, Jiang D, Hill BT, Schuster SJ, Brander DM, Pivneva I, Burne R, Guerin A, Mato AR. Treatment Discontinuation Patterns for Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Real-World Settings: Results From a Multi-Center International Study. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2023:S2152-2650(23)00107-6. [PMID: 37076367 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed treatment discontinuation patterns and reasons among chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients initiating first-line (1L) and second-line (2L) treatments in real-world settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using deidentified electronic medical records from the CLL Collaborative Study of Real-World Evidence, premature treatment discontinuation was assessed among FCR, BR, BTKi-based, and BCL-2-based regimen cohorts. RESULTS Of 1364 1L patients (initiated in 1997-2021), 190/13.9% received FCR (23.7% discontinued prematurely); 255/18.7% received BR (34.5% discontinued prematurely); 473/34.7% received BTKi-based regimens, of whom 28.1% discontinued prematurely; and 43/3.2% received venetoclax-based regimens, of whom 16.3% discontinued prematurely (venetoclax monotherapy: 7/0.5%, of whom 42.9% discontinued; VG/VR: 36/2.6%, of whom 11.1% discontinued). The most common reasons for treatment discontinuation were adverse events (FCR: 25/13.2%; BR: 36/14.1%; BTKi-based regimens: 75/15.9%) and disease progression (venetoclax-based: 3/7.0%). Of 626 2L patients, 20/3.2% received FCR (50.0% discontinued); 62/9.9% received BR (35.5% discontinued); 303/48.4% received BTKi-based regimens, of whom 38.0% discontinued; and 73/11.7% received venetoclax-based regimens, of whom 30.1% discontinued (venetoclax monotherapy: 27/4.3%, of whom 29.6% discontinued; VG/VR: 43/6.9%, of whom 27.9% discontinued). The most common reasons for treatment discontinuation were adverse events (FCR: 6/30.0%; BR: 11/17.7%; BTKi-based regimens: 60/19.8%; venetoclax-based: 6/8.2%). CONCLUSION The findings of this study highlight the continued need for tolerable therapies in CLL, with finite therapy offering a better tolerated option for patients who are newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory to prior treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Shadman
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Hande H Tuncer
- The Cancer Center at Lowell General Hospital, Lowell, MA
| | | | - Chaitra Ujjani
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Catherine C Coombs
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lori Leslie
- John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - Paul M Barr
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Toby A Eyre
- Churchill Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anna Schuh
- Churchill Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Lamanna
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Lindsey E Roeker
- CLL Program, Leukemia Service, Division of Hematologic Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Rajat Bannerji
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Barbara Eichhorst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology Köln Bonn, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen J Schuster
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anthony R Mato
- CLL Program, Leukemia Service, Division of Hematologic Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simon F, Giza A, Robrecht S, Fink AM, Cramer P, von Tresckow J, Fürstenau M, Goede V, Tausch E, Schneider C, Stilgenbauer S, Wendtner CM, Eichhorst B, Fischer K, Hallek M, Al-Sawaf O. Pooled analysis of first-line treatment with targeted agents in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia aged 80 years and older. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:3299-3306. [PMID: 36120898 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2123223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients aged 80 years and older make up a fifth of patients with CLL but are underrepresented in clinical trials. We analyzed the outcomes of these patients treated with targeted agents in the front-line setting in six trials of the German CLL Study Group. Targeted agents included venetoclax, ibrutinib, and idelalisib, mainly used in combination with anti-CD20 antibodies. Among 716 patients, 33 matched the selection criteria (5%). Of those, the majority had relevant comorbidity, organ dysfunctions, and/or high-/very high-risk disease. The overall response rate was 73%. The median progression-free survival was 49.2 months compared with those not reached in younger patients. There were 11 documented deaths of which two were deemed related to therapy. Additional results including 40 patients treated with BTK-inhibitors from the GCLLSG registry suggest that treatment with targeted agents is feasible and effective. Dedicated studies are warranted for this particular subgroup of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Simon
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Giza
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Robrecht
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Fink
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paula Cramer
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia von Tresckow
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Clinic for Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Moritz Fürstenau
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valentin Goede
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Oncogeriatrics, Center for Geriatric Medicine, St. Marien-Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eugen Tausch
- Division of CLL, Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christof Schneider
- Division of CLL, Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Division of CLL, Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Clemens-Martin Wendtner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Palliative Care, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, German CLL Study Group, Munich Clinic Schwabing, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Eichhorst
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kirsten Fischer
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Othman Al-Sawaf
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Walewska R, Parry-Jones N, Eyre TA, Follows G, Martinez-Calle N, McCarthy H, Parry H, Patten PEM, Riches JC, Hillmen P, Schuh AH. Guideline for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2022; 197:544-557. [PMID: 35313007 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Walewska
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Nilima Parry-Jones
- Department of Haematology, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Wales, UK
| | - Toby A Eyre
- Department of Haematology, Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Helen McCarthy
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Helen Parry
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Piers E M Patten
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Haematology, King's College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John C Riches
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter Hillmen
- St. James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anna H Schuh
- Department of Haematology, Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee C, Markarian A, Ladha F, Nakashima L, de Lemos M, Schaff K, Woo S, Gerrie A. Real-world incidence of venetoclax toxicities in British Columbia. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2022:10781552221084616. [DOI: 10.1177/10781552221084616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Venetoclax is used to treat relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (r/r CLL). Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is a serious toxicity associated with venetoclax, and real-world studies suggest that the incidence may be higher than in clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of venetoclax toxicities in British Columbia (BC). Methods Retrospective review of electronic medical charts for patient characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients treated with venetoclax for r/r CLL in BC. Patients were classified according to their risk for developing TLS. The incidence of TLS was categorized based on laboratory metrics or clinical diagnosis. Other non-TLS toxicities were also collected. Results Of 33 patients identified, 40%, 33%, and 27% were at low, intermediate, and high risk for TLS, respectively. Laboratory TLS occurred in 1/33 patients (3%), and no clinical TLS was reported. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities occurred in 19/33 patients (58%). Of these, neutropenia was the most common, occurring in 16 patients (84%) followed by thrombocytopenia, which occurred in 8 patients (42%). Conclusions The incidence of TLS in patients treated with venetoclax for r/r CLL in BC was lower than in other real-world studies. Findings may warrant further investigation to determine if the higher incidence of TLS in real-world reports may be mitigated through modifying TLS risk categorization and associated prophylactic measures. Neutropenia was the most common grade 3 or 4 venetoclax toxicity reported, and the incidence in BC is comparable to other centres.
Collapse
|
10
|
Quantification of Venetoclax for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Chinese Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients by a Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051607. [PMID: 35268708 PMCID: PMC8911561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax has emerged as a breakthrough for treatment of leukemia with a wide interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics. Herein, a rapid, sensitive, and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of venetoclax in plasma was developed and validated. The method was operated in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode to detect venetoclax at m/z transition 868.5 > 321.0 and IS at 875.5 > 321.0, respectively. Protein precipitation prior to injection into the LC-MS/MS and the analyte was separated on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column by gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the range of 25−8000 ng/mL. The specificity, recovery, matrix effect, and stability also met the acceptance criteria of FDA guidance. The method was successfully applied to analyze plasma in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of venetoclax in Chinese AML patient was 2966.0 ± 1595.0 ng/mL while the trough concentration (Cmin) was 1018.0 ± 729.4 ng/mL. Additionally, Cmax and Cmin showed a positive correlation with AST levels. Furthermore, Cmax was significantly higher in the older patients. The present method can be applied for TDM of venetoclax in treatment of hematological cancers.
Collapse
|
11
|
Treatment Options for Elderly/Unfit Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Era of Targeted Drugs: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215104. [PMID: 34768624 PMCID: PMC8584288 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) incidence increases with age reaching 37.9/100,000 in patients over 85 years. Although there is no standardized geriatric tool specifically validated for CLL, a correct framing of the fitness status is of critical importance to individualize treatment strategies. Based on the evidence available to date, frontline chemoimmunotherapy has an increasingly narrowing application, being eligible for candidacy only in elderly fit patients without or with minimal geriatric syndromes. On the other hand, treatment with BCR inhibitors, monotherapy, or in combination with anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g., obinutuzumab), must be preferred both for frontline and relapsed CLL not only in unfit patients, but also in fit patients with unmutated IGHV or harboring del(17p) and/or TP53 mutations/deletions. Second-generation inhibitors (e.g., acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, pirtobrutinib) are novel compounds that, due to their better safety profile and different specificity, will help physicians overcome some of the safety issues and treatment resistances. In the era of targeted therapies, treatment decisions in elderly and/or unfit patients with CLL must be a balance between efficacy and safety, carefully evaluating comorbidities and geriatric syndromes to ensure the best approach to improve both quality of life and life expectancy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Eyre TA, Hori S, Munir T. Treatment strategies for a rapidly evolving landscape in chronic lymphocytic leukemia management. Hematol Oncol 2021; 40:129-159. [PMID: 34713475 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of targeted therapies for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), treatment choice has expanded and patients are living longer. Careful consideration is needed regarding treatment duration and sequence, how best to meet patients' needs, balancing toxicities while improving long-term survival and maximizing depth of response. This review addresses these considerations and discusses current targeted treatment dilemmas. Targeted therapies have dramatically transformed the CLL treatment landscape. Two treatment paradigms have emerged using B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors (BCL2i) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK): (i) fixed duration and (ii) continuous treatment. The BCL2i venetoclax can attain deep remissions with a fixed-duration approach, resulting in high rates of undetectable minimal residual disease (uMRD) in treatment-naïve and relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients with CLL. BTKis such as ibrutinib and acalabrutinib achieve high objective response rates and long-term disease control, although they rarely attain complete response or uMRD status as monotherapy. Numerous studies are evaluating the clinical utility of BTKi and BCL2i as combination therapies, where deep remissions have been found to occur. MRD status may also be a useful marker for deciding when to stop continuous therapy, and randomized trials on MRD-guided treatment strategies are currently ongoing. The current treatment choice between continuous or fixed-duration therapy should be based on comorbidities, risks, preferences, and treatment goals, whilst areas of emerging clinical interest include the potential utility of BTKi-BCL2i combination therapies, as well as an MRD-guided treatment strategies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Eyre
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Talha Munir
- The Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A comprehensive approach to therapy of haematological malignancies in older patients. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2021; 8:e840-e852. [PMID: 34624238 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(21)00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Haematological malignancies are a heterogeneous group of diseases with diverse incidence. In Europe, the median age at diagnosis across all disease entities is 69 years. Incidence generally increases with age, reaching a maximum at 75-99 years, with the notable exceptions of Hodgkin lymphoma and acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Overall survival for patients aged 75 years and older with haematological malignancies is generally poor, particularly for acute leukaemias. Understanding the heterogeneity in outcomes for haematological malignancies, treatment challenges, and management of frailty and comorbidities among older patients could help physicians to better address the haematological cancer burden and mortality in ageing populations. The aim of this Series paper is to provide an updated overview of the knowledge accumulated over the past decade regarding treatment options and broader management considerations in older adults with haematological malignancies, focusing on the most common entities encountered across lymphoma, acute leukaemia, chronic leukaemia, and multiple myeloma disease categories. Future strategies, such as increasing enrolment rates of older adults in clinical trials and incorporating patient-reported outcome measurements in daily clinical practice, will assist in providing more individualised health care.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tong J, Zhao N, Hu X, Yao W, Cheng Y, Zhou L, Liu H, Geng L, Sun Z, Zheng C. Efficacy of Venetoclax Combined with Decitabine-Based Treatment for Heavily Pre-Treated Relapsed or Refractory AML Patients in a Real-World Setting. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5613-5621. [PMID: 34285581 PMCID: PMC8285225 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s316561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We report the efficacy and safety of venetoclax plus decitabine-based treatment in heavily pre-treated relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (RR-AML) in a real-world setting. Patients and Methods There were 22 patients in this study and the median age was 47.5 (12–84) years old, including 11 males and 11 females. Among them, 8 patients were relapsed AML including 2 patients relapsed after HSCT and 14 patients with primary refractory AML including 4 secondary AML. The median number of cycles of previous chemotherapy was 4 (range, 2–10). Results After a course of venetoclax plus decitabine-based treatment, 9 patients achieved complete remission (CR) and 1 patient achieved complete remission with incomplete haematological recovery (CRi). The overall response rate (ORR) was 45.5% and the CR rate was 40.9%, and the median time to reach CR/CRi was 21 (13–46) days. Four of the 10 CR/CRi patients relapsed again, and the median time of relapse was 5 (1.0–24) months. The one-year overall survival rate was 31.8%, and the median survival time was 6 months (95% CI, 1–9 months). The one-year overall survival rate of 10 CR/CRi patients was 59.1%, and the 12 NR patients was 10.4% (p=0.001). Nausea and vomiting occurred in 11 patients (50.0%). All patients had grade IV neutropenia and IV thrombocytopenia (100%). Pneumonia occurred in 14 patients (63.6%) and septicaemia occurred in 2 patients (9.0%). The cause of death in all patients was primary disease progression, and no patients died due to the side effects. Conclusion The efficacy of venetoclax plus decitabine-based treatment in the real-world treatment of heavily pre-treated RR-AML is similar to that in clinical trials, and the side effects are controllable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangquan Geng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimin Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Changcheng Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Autoimmune Cytopenia in CLL: Prognosis and Management in the Era of Targeted Therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 27:286-296. [PMID: 34398555 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is frequently associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia and, less frequently, with pure red cell aplasia and immune neutropenia. The emergence of these complications is related to an intertwined and complex relationship between patient, disease, and treatment characteristics. The prognostic repercussion of autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) in patients with CLL mainly depends on its response to therapy. For patients with AIC and nonactive CLL, treatment is as in primary, uncomplicated AIC, keeping in mind that no response is an indication for CLL therapy. The success of treating active CLL-related AIC widely relies on a flexible strategy that should include initial therapy with corticosteroids and a rapid shift to effective CLL therapy in nonresponding patients. Targeted therapies (e.g., ibrutinib) that have already demonstrated to be effective in CLL-related AIC will likely offer a unique possibility of treating both AIC and CLL as a single target.
Collapse
|
16
|
Eyre TA, Preston G, Kagdi H, Islam A, Nicholson T, Smith HW, Cursley AP, Ramroth H, Xing G, Gu L, Rajakumaraswamy N, Fegan C. A retrospective observational study to evaluate the clinical outcomes and routine management of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with idelalisib and rituximab in the UK and Ireland (RETRO-idel). Br J Haematol 2021; 194:69-77. [PMID: 34121184 PMCID: PMC8361941 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Idelalisib (IDL) is an oral first‐in‐class phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase delta (PI3Kδ) inhibitor approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) alongside rituximab (R) since 2014. However, little data exist on routine practice. The RETRO‐idel was a protocol‐led, retrospective study of 110 patients [n = 27 front‐line (1L)] who received IDL‐R. The primary end‐point was clinical overall response rate (ORR). The median (range) follow‐up of the whole cohort was 30·2 (0·1–51·9) months. The median (range) age was 72 (48–89) years. Tumour protein p53‐disruption was common [100% 1L, 32·5% relapsed/refractory (R/R)]. The best ORR (intention‐to‐treat) was 88·2% (1L 96·3%, R/R 85·5%). Overall, the median event‐free survival (mEFS) was 20·3 months and time‐to‐next treatment was 29·2 months. The mEFS for 1L patients was 18·7 months and R/R patients was 21·7 months. The 3‐year overall survival was 56·1% (95% confidence interval 45·7–65·3). IDL was discontinued in 87·3% (n = 96). More patients discontinued due to adverse events in the front‐line setting (1L 63·0% vs. R/R 44·6%) and due to progressive disease in R/R patients (20·5% vs. 3·7% in 1L). Lower respiratory tract infection/pneumonia were reported in 34·5% (Grade ≥3, 19·1%), diarrhoea in 30·9% (Grade ≥3, 6·4%), and colitis in 9·1% (Grade ≥3, 5·5%). Overall, these data describe clear efficacy for IDL‐R in routine practice. No new safety signals were identified, although careful management of known toxicities is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Eyre
- Haematology, Oxford University NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Huseini Kagdi
- Department of Haematology, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Amin Islam
- Haematology, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Westcliff-on-Sea, UK
| | - Toby Nicholson
- Department of Haematology, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, UK
| | - Harry W Smith
- Medical Affairs, Gilead Sciences Europe Ltd, London, UK
| | - Adam P Cursley
- Clinical Operations, Gilead Sciences Europe Ltd, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Guan Xing
- Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, USA
| | - Lin Gu
- Biostatistics, Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, USA
| | | | - Christopher Fegan
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thompson MC, Mato AR. Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia After Discontinuation of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:793-806. [PMID: 34174986 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) ibrutinib and acalabrutinib have led to durable responses for patients with both treatment-naïve and relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Many patients, however, ultimately discontinue BTKis due to toxicity or progressive CLL. This article reviews the two most common reasons for ibrutinib and acalabrutinib discontinuation, including adverse events as well as CLL progression. The data for specific CLL-directed therapies following BTKi discontinuation, including venetoclax, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, cellular therapies, and ongoing clinical trials, are reviewed. An evidence-based sequencing algorithm for treatment of CLL following BTKi discontinuation is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Thompson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 530 East 74th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Anthony R Mato
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 530 East 74th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation after prior targeted therapy for high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4113-4123. [PMID: 32882002 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) can cure previously treated high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients if they are suitable for transplant through the graft-versus-leukemia effect. However, since the emergence of targeted therapies, the role of alloHCT for high-risk CLL is less clear. To address this question, we evaluated 108 high-risk CLL patients who underwent alloHCT from 2010 to 2018. Thirty patients from the period of 2013 to 2018 received targeted therapy prior to alloHCT. The median age for the targeted therapy cohort was 60 years (range, 30-71 years), and 20% and 73% had complete and partial remission, respectively: 76% had del(17p), 46.2% had 5 or more cytogenetic abnormalities, and 78.9% were IGHV unmutated. The median number of prior therapies was 4 (range, 1-9). With a median follow-up time of 36 months (range, 10-72 months), the 3-year overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 87% and 69%, respectively. The 3-year cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality and relapse was 7% and 24%, respectively. For the control cohort of 78 patients who underwent alloHCT from 2010 to 2014 and received only chemoimmunotherapy prior to transplant, the 3-year OS and PFS were 69% and 58%, respectively. Patients treated with targeted therapy prior to alloHCT had a significantly higher number of circulating T and B cells and a lower ratio of CD4 regulatory T cells to CD4 conventional T cells early after transplant. In summary, despite multiple high-risk features, the clinical outcome of CLL patients who receive targeted therapy prior to transplant is excellent and alloHCT should be offered while the disease is under control.
Collapse
|
19
|
Rampotas A, Wilson MR, Lomas O, Denny N, Leary H, Ferguson G, McKay P, Ebsworth T, Miller J, Shah N, Martinez-Calle N, Bishton M, Everden A, Tucker D, El-Hassad E, Hennessy B, Doherty D, Prideaux S, Faryal R, Hayat A, Keohane C, Marr H, Gibb A, Pocock R, Lambert J, Lacey R, Elmusharaf N, Clifford R, Eyre TA. Treatment patterns and outcomes of unfit and elderly patients with Mantle cell lymphoma unfit for standard immunochemotherapy: A UK and Ireland analysis. Br J Haematol 2021; 194:365-377. [PMID: 33959947 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) presenting in elderly, unfit patients represents a clinical challenge. Front-line 'attenuated' or low-intensity immunochemotherapy is often employed, although outcomes are relatively unexplored. We report outcomes of attenuated immunochemotherapy in 95 patients with MCL across 19 centres in the UK and Ireland considered unfit for full-dose rituximab-bendamustine or rituximab-cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone (R-CHOP). Regimens examined were rituximab-cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisolone (R-CVP) (n = 19), dose-attenuated R-CHOP (n = 22), dose attenuated rituximab-bendamustine (n = 24) and rituximab-chlorambucil (n = 30). The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary outcomes included overall response, overall survival (OS) and toxicity. The median (range) age was 79 (58-89) years and 50% were aged ≥80 years. The median (range) Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatric score was 6 (0-24). The median PFS for all patients was 15 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 8·7-21·2) and median OS was 31·4 months (95% CI 19·7-43·2). By multivariable analysis (MVA), the only clinical factor associated with an inferior PFS was blastoid morphology [hazard ratio (HR) 2·90, P = 0·01). Notably, higher treatment intensity (R-CHOP/R-bendamustine composite) provided an independently superior PFS compared with R-CVP/R-chlorambucil (MVA HR 0·49, P = 0·02). Factors associated with inferior OS by MVA were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (HR 2·14, P = 0·04), blastoid morphology (HR 4·08, P = 0·001) and progression of disease at <24 months status (HR 5·68, P < 0·001). Overall, survival after front-line dose-attenuated immunochemotherapy is unsatisfactory. Clinical trials investigating novel agents such as Bruton tyrosine kinase and B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors in this specific clinical setting are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Rampotas
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Oxford University Graduate Academic School, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew R Wilson
- Department of Haematology, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Oliver Lomas
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Department of Haematology, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas Denny
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Oxford University Graduate Academic School, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather Leary
- Department of Haematology, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Graeme Ferguson
- Department of Haematology, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pamela McKay
- Department of Haematology, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tim Ebsworth
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Department of Haematology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Nimish Shah
- Department of Haematology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Mark Bishton
- Department of Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Angharad Everden
- Department of Haematology, Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | - David Tucker
- Department of Haematology, Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust, Truro, UK
| | - Ezzat El-Hassad
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Republic of Ireland
| | - Brian Hennessy
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Republic of Ireland
| | - Dearbhla Doherty
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Steve Prideaux
- Department of Haematology, Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, UK
| | - Rehman Faryal
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Amjad Hayat
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Clodagh Keohane
- Department of Haematology, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Helen Marr
- Department of Haematology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adam Gibb
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachael Pocock
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundations Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Lambert
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundations Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachel Lacey
- Department of Haematology, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nagah Elmusharaf
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ruth Clifford
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland
| | - Toby A Eyre
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mato AR, Roeker LE, Jacobs R, Hill BT, Lamanna N, Brander D, Shadman M, Ujjani CS, Yazdy MS, Perini GF, Pinilla-Ibarz JA, Barrientos J, Skarbnik AP, Torka P, Pu JJ, Pagel JM, Gohil S, Fakhri B, Choi M, Coombs CC, Rhodes J, Barr PM, Portell CA, Parry H, Garcia CA, Whitaker KJ, Winter AM, Sitlinger A, Khajavian S, Grajales-Cruz AF, Isaac KM, Shah P, Akhtar OS, Pocock R, Lam K, Voorhees TJ, Schuster SJ, Rodgers TD, Fox CP, Martinez-Calle N, Munir T, Bhavsar EB, Bailey N, Lee JC, Weissbrot HB, Nabhan C, Goodfriend JM, King AC, Zelenetz AD, Dorsey C, Bigelow K, Cheson BD, Allan JN, Eyre TA. Assessment of the Efficacy of Therapies Following Venetoclax Discontinuation in CLL Reveals BTK Inhibition as an Effective Strategy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3589-3596. [PMID: 32198151 PMCID: PMC8588795 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Venetoclax-based therapy is a standard-of-care option in first-line and relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Patient management following venetoclax discontinuation remains nonstandard and poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To address this, we conducted a large international study to identify a cohort of 326 patients who discontinued venetoclax and have been subsequently treated. Coprimary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival for the post-venetoclax treatments stratified by treatment type [Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi), PI3K inhibitor (PI3Ki), and cellular therapies]. RESULTS We identified patients with CLL who discontinued venetoclax in the first-line (4%) and relapsed/refractory settings (96%). Patients received a median of three therapies prior to venetoclax; 40% were BTKi naïve (n = 130), and 81% were idelalisib naïve (n = 263). ORR to BTKi was 84% (n = 44) in BTKi-naïve patients versus 54% (n = 30) in BTKi-exposed patients. We demonstrate therapy selection following venetoclax requires prior novel agent exposure consideration and discontinuation reasons. CONCLUSIONS For BTKi-naïve patients, selection of covalently binding BTKis results in high ORR and durable remissions. For BTKi-exposed patients, covalent BTK inhibition is not effective in the setting of BTKi resistance. PI3Kis following venetoclax do not appear to result in durable remissions. We conclude that BTKi in naïve or previously responsive patients and cellular therapies following venetoclax may be the most effective strategies.See related commentary by Rogers, p. 3501.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mato
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | | | - Ryan Jacobs
- Department of Hematology, Lymphoma Division, Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Brian T Hill
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nicole Lamanna
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center), New York, New York
| | | | - Mazyar Shadman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chaitra S Ujjani
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Maryam Sarraf Yazdy
- Georgetown University Hospital Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington D.C
| | | | | | | | | | - Pallawi Torka
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jeffrey J Pu
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - John M Pagel
- Center for Blood Disorders and Stem Cell Transplantation, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Satyen Gohil
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bita Fakhri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Choi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Catherine C Coombs
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joanna Rhodes
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul M Barr
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Craig A Portell
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Helen Parry
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christine A Garcia
- Hillman Cancer Pavilion, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Allison M Winter
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrea Sitlinger
- Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Krista M Isaac
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | | | - Kentson Lam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Timothy J Voorhees
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen J Schuster
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Christopher P Fox
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Martinez-Calle
- Clinical Haematology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Talha Munir
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Long Island City, New York
| | - Erica B Bhavsar
- Department of Haematology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Bailey
- Center for Blood Disorders and Stem Cell Transplantation, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jason C Lee
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center), New York, New York
| | - Hanna B Weissbrot
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center), New York, New York
| | | | | | - Amber C King
- Clinical Pharmacy Specialist-Leukemia, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrew D Zelenetz
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Colleen Dorsey
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kayla Bigelow
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bruce D Cheson
- Georgetown University Hospital Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington D.C
| | - John N Allan
- Department of Haematology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Toby A Eyre
- Department of Haematology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|