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Lawisch GKDS, Dexheimer GM, Biolchi V, Seewald RA, Chies JAB. Prostate tumor markers: diagnosis, prognosis and management. Genet Mol Biol 2024; 46:e20230136. [PMID: 38407310 PMCID: PMC10895695 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the second most common type of cancer in the world. Nevertheless, diagnosis is still based on nonspecific methods, or invasive methods which makes clinical decision and diagnosis difficult, generating risk of both underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis. Given the high prevalence, morbidity and mortality of PCA, new strategies are needed for its diagnosis. A review of the literature on available biomarkers for PCA was performed, using the following terms: prostate cancer AND marker OR biomarker. The search was carried out in Pubmed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Clinical Trial. A total of 35 articles were used, and PHI (Prostate Health Index) and the 4Kscore tests were identified as the best well-established serum markers. These tests are based on the evaluation of expression levels of several molecules. For analysis of urine samples, Progensa, ExoDXProstate, and Mi Prostate Score Urine Test are available. All these tests have the potential to help diagnosis, avoiding unnecessary biopsies, but they are used only in association with digital rectal examination and PSA level data. The search for biomarkers that can help in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of PCA is still in its initial phase, requiring more efforts for an effective clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kniphoff da Silva Lawisch
- Universidade do Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, RS, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | - Rafael Armando Seewald
- Universidade do Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, RS, Brasil
- Hospital Bruno Born, Centro de Oncologia, Lajeado, RS, Brasil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Vahedian-Azimi A, Mohammadi SM, Heidari Beni F, Banach M, Guest PC, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Improved COVID-19 ICU admission and mortality outcomes following treatment with statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:579-595. [PMID: 34025827 PMCID: PMC8130467 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/132950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 1% of the world population has now been infected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). With cases still rising and vaccines just beginning to rollout, we are still several months away from seeing reductions in daily case numbers, hospitalisations, and mortality. Therefore, there is a still an urgent need to control the disease spread by repurposing existing therapeutics. Owing to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cardioprotective actions, statin therapy has been considered as a plausible approach to improve COVID-19 outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS We carried out a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of statins on 3 COVID-19 outcomes: intensive care unit (ICU) admission, tracheal intubation, and death. We systematically searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest databases using keywords related to our aims up to November 2, 2020. All published observational studies and randomised clinical trials on COVID-19 and statins were retrieved. Statistical analysis with random effects modelling was performed using STATA16 software. RESULTS The final selected studies (n = 24 studies; 32,715 patients) showed significant reductions in ICU admission (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.58-1.06; n = 10; I 2 = 58.5%) and death (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.55-0.88; n = 21; I 2 = 82.5%) outcomes, with no significant effect on tracheal intubation (OR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.57-1.11; n = 7; I 2= 89.0%). Furthermore, subgroup analysis suggested that death was reduced further by in-hospital application of stains (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22-0.73, n = 3; I 2 = 82.5%), compared with pre-hospital use (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60-0.98, n = 18; I 2 = 81.8%). CONCLUSIONS These findings call attention to the need for systematic clinical studies to assess both pre- and in-hospital use of statins as a potential means of reducing COVID-19 disease severity, particularly in terms of reduction of ICU admission and total mortality reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Vahedian-Azimi
- Trauma Research Centre, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Momeneh Mohammadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Farshad Heidari Beni
- Nursing Care Research Center (NCRC), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Paul C. Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biomedical Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Dragan J, Kania J, Salagierski M. Active surveillance in prostate cancer management: where do we stand now? Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:805-811. [PMID: 34025851 PMCID: PMC8130493 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.85252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men, with a steadily rising incidence, affecting on average one in six men during their lifetime. The increase in morbidity is related to the increasing overall life expectancy, prostate-specific antigen testing, implementation of new molecular markers for cancer detection and the more frequent application of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. There is growing evidence demonstrating that active surveillance (AS) is an alternative to immediate intervention in patients with very low- and low-risk prostate cancer. Ongoing reports from multiple studies have consistently demonstrated a very low rate of metastases and prostate cancer specific mortality in selected cohorts of patients. As a matter of fact, AS has been adopted by many institutions as a safe and effective management strategy. The aim of our review is to summarize the contemporary data on AS in patients affected with PCa with the intention to present the most clinically useful and pertinent AS protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Dragan
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Jagoda Kania
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Maciej Salagierski
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
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Mashhadikhan M, Lamouki R, Moslemi E, Izadi A. Considering blood samples for early diagnosis of prostate cancer by evaluating prostate cancer antigen 3 expression values. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrp.jcrp_25_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ren X. Genome-wide analysis reveals the emerging roles of long non-coding RNAs in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:588-594. [PMID: 31897174 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the most intractable human disease that is primarily caused by genetic alterations. Recently, the general application of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing technology has revealed various important roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer. This review summarizes the function, mechanism, diagnostic and treatment potential of lncRNAs identified through genome-wide analysis in cancer. Cell-, tissue- and development stage-specific expression patterns are major characteristics of cancer-associated lncRNAs, and various genetic alterations are also implicated. Microarray and sequencing analyses serve important roles in mechanistic studies of either nuclear or cytoplasmic lncRNAs. Collectively, genome-wide analysis is the inexorable trend of future studies or clinical applications of lncRNAs and offers a novel perspective regarding the prognosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Ren
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Lemos AEG, Matos ADR, Ferreira LB, Gimba ERP. The long non-coding RNA PCA3: an update of its functions and clinical applications as a biomarker in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6589-6603. [PMID: 31762940 PMCID: PMC6859920 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is an overexpressed prostate long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), transcribed from an intronic region at the long arm of human chromosome 9q21–22. It has been described that PCA3 modulates prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival through modulating androgen receptor (AR) signaling, besides controlling the expression of several androgen responsive and cancer-related genes, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and those regulating gene expression and cell signaling. Also, PCA3 urine levels have been successfully used as a PCa diagnostic biomarker. In this review, we have highlighted recent findings regarding PCA3, addressing its gene structure, putative applications as a biomarker, a proposed origin of this lncRNA, roles in PCa biology and expression patterns. We also updated data regarding PCA3 interactions with cancer-related miRNAs and expression in other tissues and diseases beyond the prostate. Altogether, literature data indicate aberrant expression and dysregulated activity of PCA3, suggesting PCA3 as a promising relevant target that should be even further evaluated on its applicability for PCa detection and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Emília Goulart Lemos
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas - Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline da Rocha Matos
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Etel Rodrigues Pereira Gimba
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas - Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Natureza (RCN), Instituto de Humanidades e Saúde, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ploussard G, de la Taille A. The role of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) in prostate cancer detection. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:1013-1020. [PMID: 30016891 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1502086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) score has been the first urine assay to obtain the Food and Drug Administration approval for guiding decisions regarding additional biopsies. Different aspects of this urinary assay (diagnostic performance, prognostic value, cost/benefit balance, integration with other molecular and imaging modalities) have now been well evaluated. Areas covered: This expert review will summarize current achievements and future perspectives provided by this urine biomarker. Expert commentary: The clinical benefit of the PCA3 score, in addition to the other established factors has been demonstrated before regarding biopsy decision making in men with persistent risk of prostate cancer. Its potential prognostic value also suggests its usefulness in selecting low risk patients for active surveillance protocols, however future daily-practice changing studies are needed. Economics assessment and additional value compared with other biomolecular and imaging modalities are still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre de la Taille
- b Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse- Oncopole , CHU Henri Mondor , APHP, Créteil , France.,c INSERM U955 Equipe 7 , Université Paris Val-de-Marne , Créteil , France
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Abstract
The use of active surveillance (AS) is increasing for favorable-risk prostate cancer. However, there remain challenges in patient selection for AS, due to the limitations of current clinical staging. In addition, monitoring protocols relying on serial biopsies is invasive and presents risks such as infection. For these reasons, there is substantial interest in identifying markers that can be used to improve AS selection and monitoring. In this article, we review the evidence on serum, urine and tissue markers in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Population Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,The Manhattan VA, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Tosoian
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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