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Bennink S, Pradel G. Vesicle dynamics during the egress of malaria gametocytes from the red blood cell. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 243:111372. [PMID: 33961918 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria parasites are obligate intracellular pathogens that live in human red blood cells harbored by a parasitophorous vacuole. The parasites need to exit from the red blood cell to continue life-cycle progression and ensure human-to-mosquito transmission. Two types of blood stages are able to lyse the enveloping red blood cell to mediate egress, the merozoites and the gametocytes. The intraerythrocytic parasites exit the red blood cell via an inside-out mode during which the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole ruptures prior to the red blood cell membrane. Membrane rupture is initiated by the exocytosis of specialized secretory vesicles following the perception of egress triggers. The molecular mechanisms of red blood cell egress have particularly been studied in malaria gametocytes. Upon activation by external factors, gametocytes successively discharge at least two types of vesicles, the osmiophilic bodies needed to rupture the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and recently identified egress vesicles that are important for the perforation of the erythrocyte membrane. In recent years, important components of the signaling cascades leading to red blood cell egress have been investigated and several proteins of the osmiophilic bodies have been identified. We here report on the newest findings on the egress of gametocytes from the red blood cell. We further focus on the content and function of the egress-related vesicles and discuss the molecular machinery that might drive vesicle discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bennink
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Biology 2, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Biology 2, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Rachidi N, Knippschild U, Späth GF. Dangerous Duplicity: The Dual Functions of Casein Kinase 1 in Parasite Biology and Host Subversion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:655700. [PMID: 33869086 PMCID: PMC8044801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.655700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) family members are serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in many biological processes and highly conserved in eukaryotes from protozoan to humans. Even though pathogens exploit host CK1 signaling pathways to survive, the role of CK1 in infectious diseases and host/pathogen interaction is less well characterized compared to other diseases, such as cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present the current knowledge on CK1 in protozoan parasites highlighting their essential role for parasite survival and their importance for host-pathogen interactions. We also discuss how the dual requirement of CK1 family members for parasite biological processes and host subversion could be exploited to identify novel antimicrobial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Rachidi
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Centre, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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3
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Adderley J, Williamson T, Doerig C. Parasite and Host Erythrocyte Kinomics of Plasmodium Infection. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:508-524. [PMID: 33593681 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a heavy public health and socioeconomic burden in tropical and subtropical regions. Increasing resistance against front-line treatments implies that novel targets for antimalarial intervention are urgently required. Protein kinases of both the parasites and their host cells possess strong potential in this respect. We present an overview of the updated kinome of Plasmodium falciparum, the species that is the largest contributor to malaria mortality, and of current knowledge pertaining to the function of parasite-encoded protein kinases during the parasite's life cycle. Furthermore, we detail recent advances in drug initiatives targeting Plasmodium kinases and outline the potential of protein kinases in the context of the growing field of host-directed therapies, which is currently being explored as a novel way to combat parasite drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Adderley
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Tayla Williamson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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4
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Taku I, Hirai T, Makiuchi T, Shinzawa N, Iwanaga S, Annoura T, Nagamune K, Nozaki T, Saito-Nakano Y. Rab5b-Associated Arf1 GTPase Regulates Export of N-Myristoylated Adenylate Kinase 2 From the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Plasmodium falciparum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:610200. [PMID: 33604307 PMCID: PMC7884776 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels human erythrocytes by exporting hundreds of parasite proteins. This remodeling is closely linked to the Plasmodium virulence-related functions and immune evasion. The N-terminal export signal named PEXEL (Plasmodium export element) was identified to be important for the export of proteins beyond the PVM, however, the issue of how these PEXEL-positive proteins are transported and regulated by Rab GTPases from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cell surface has remained poorly understood. Previously, we identified new aspects of the trafficking of N-myristoylated adenylate kinase 2 (PfAK2), which lacks the PEXEL motif and is regulated by the PfRab5b GTPase. Overexpression of PfRab5b suppressed the transport of PfAK2 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and PfAK2 was accumulated in the punctate compartment within the parasite. Here, we report the identification of PfRab5b associated proteins and dissect the pathway regulated by PfRab5b. We isolated two membrane trafficking GTPases PfArf1 and PfRab1b by coimmunoprecipitation with PfRab5b and via mass analysis. PfArf1 and PfRab1b are both colocalized with PfRab5b adjacent to the ER in the early erythrocytic stage. A super-resolution microgram of the indirect immunofluorescence assay using PfArf1 or PfRab1b- expressing parasites revealed that PfArf1 and PfRab1b are localized to different ER subdomains. We used a genetic approach to expresses an active or inactive mutant of PfArf1 that specifically inhibited the trafficking of PfAK2 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. While expression of PfRab1b mutants did not affect in the PfAK2 transport. In contrast, the export of the PEXEL-positive protein Rifin was decreased by the expression of the inactive mutant of PfRab1b or PfArf1. These data indicate that the transport of PfAK2 and Rifin were recognized at the different ER subdomain by the two independent GTPases: PfAK2 is sorted by PfArf1 into the pathway for the PV, and the export of Rifin might be sequentially regulated by PfArf1 and PfRab1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Taku
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hirai
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Makiuchi
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoaki Shinzawa
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Annoura
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Nagamune
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Siddiqui AA, Saha D, Iqbal MS, Saha SJ, Sarkar S, Banerjee C, Nag S, Mazumder S, De R, Pramanik S, Debsharma S, Bandyopadhyay U. Rab7 of Plasmodium falciparum is involved in its retromer complex assembly near the digestive vacuole. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129656. [PMID: 32512169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular protein trafficking is crucial for survival of cell and proper functioning of the organelles; however, these pathways are not well studied in the malaria parasite. Its unique cellular architecture and organellar composition raise an interesting question to investigate. METHODS The interaction of Plasmodium falciparum Rab7 (PfRab7) with vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 26 (PfVPS26) of retromer complex was shown by coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP). Confocal microscopy was used to show the localization of the complex in the parasite with respect to different organelles. Further chemical tools were employed to explore the role of digestive vacuole (DV) in retromer trafficking in parasite and GTPase activity of PfRab7 was examined. RESULTS PfRab7 was found to be interacting with retromer complex that assembled mostly near DV and the Golgi in trophozoites. Chemical disruption of DV by chloroquine (CQ) led to its disassembly that was further validated by using compound 5f, a heme polymerization inhibitor in the DV. PfRab7 exhibited Mg2+ dependent weak GTPase activity that was inhibited by a specific Rab7 GTPase inhibitor, CID 1067700, which prevented the assembly of retromer complex in P. falciparum and inhibited its growth suggesting the role of GTPase activity of PfRab7 in retromer assembly. CONCLUSION Retromer complex was found to be interacting with PfRab7 and the functional integrity of the DV was found to be important for retromer assembly in P. falciparum. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study explores the retromer trafficking in P. falciparum and describes amechanism to validate DV targeting antiplasmodial molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Azhar Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Debanjan Saha
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohd Shameel Iqbal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhra Jyoti Saha
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Sarkar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmoy Banerjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shiladitya Nag
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Somnath Mazumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rudranil De
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Saikat Pramanik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhashis Debsharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
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6
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Baker DA, Drought LG, Flueck C, Nofal SD, Patel A, Penzo M, Walker EM. Cyclic nucleotide signalling in malaria parasites. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170213. [PMID: 29263246 PMCID: PMC5746546 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic nucleotides 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3′, 5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are intracellular messengers found in most animal cell types. They usually mediate an extracellular stimulus to drive a change in cell function through activation of their respective cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases, PKA and PKG. The enzymatic components of the malaria parasite cyclic nucleotide signalling pathways have been identified, and the genetic and biochemical studies of these enzymes carried out to date are reviewed herein. What has become very clear is that cyclic nucleotides play vital roles in controlling every stage of the complex malaria parasite life cycle. Our understanding of the involvement of cyclic nucleotide signalling in orchestrating the complex biology of malaria parasites is still in its infancy, but the recent advances in our genetic tools and the increasing interest in signalling will deliver more rapid progress in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Baker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laura G Drought
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Christian Flueck
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stephanie D Nofal
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Avnish Patel
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Maria Penzo
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.,Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eloise M Walker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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7
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Lima WR, Martins DC, Parreira KS, Scarpelli P, Santos de Moraes M, Topalis P, Hashimoto RF, Garcia CRS. Genome-wide analysis of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum transcription factor PfNF-YB shows interaction with a CCAAT motif. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113987-114001. [PMID: 29371963 PMCID: PMC5768380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about transcription factor regulation during the Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic cycle. In order to elucidate the role of the P. falciparum (Pf)NF-YB transcription factor we searched for target genes in the entire genome. PfNF-YB mRNA is highly expressed in late trophozoite and schizont stages relative to the ring stage. In order to determine the candidate genes bound by PfNF-YB a ChIP-on-chip assay was carried out and 297 genes were identified. Ninety nine percent of PfNF-YB binding was to putative promoter regions of protein coding genes of which only 16% comprise proteins of known function. Interestingly, our data reveal that PfNF-YB binding is not exclusively to a canonical CCAAT box motif. PfNF-YB binds to genes coding for proteins implicated in a range of different biological functions, such as replication protein A large subunit (DNA replication), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (nucleic acid metabolism) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (intracellular transport).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wânia Rezende Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais-Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-Campus Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - David Correa Martins
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Kleber Simônio Parreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais-Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-Campus Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Pedro Scarpelli
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Santos de Moraes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pantelis Topalis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Hellas, Greece
| | - Ronaldo Fumio Hashimoto
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia R S Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase PKA is a well-characterized member of the serine-threonine protein AGC kinase family and is the effector kinase of cAMP signaling. As such, PKA is involved in the control of a wide variety of cellular processes including metabolism, cell growth, gene expression and apoptosis. cAMP-dependent PKA signaling pathways play important roles during infection and virulence of various pathogens. Since fluxes in cAMP are involved in multiple intracellular functions, a variety of different pathological infectious processes can be affected by PKA signaling pathways. Here, we highlight some features of cAMP-PKA signaling that are relevant to Plasmodium falciparum-infection of erythrocytes and present an update on AKAP targeting of PKA in PGE2 signaling via EP4 in Theileria annulata-infection of leukocytes and discuss cAMP-PKA signling in Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Haidar
- Cochin Institute, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - G. Ramdani
- Cochin Institute, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - E. J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - G. Langsley
- Cochin Institute, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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9
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Targeted disruption of CK1α in Toxoplasma gondii increases acute virulence in mice. Eur J Protistol 2016; 56:90-101. [PMID: 27567091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, encodes two casein kinase 1 (CK1) isoforms, CK1α and CK1β, with only CK1α having enzyme activity. Here we investigated the biological role of CK1α by construction of a CK1α deletion mutant (Δck1α) based on the type I parasite, and complement the mutant with restored expression of CK1α. Deletion of CK1α resulted in markedly defective parasite replication in vitro. Infected mice with Δck1α parasite caused suppression of IL-12 production, severe liver damage, higher tissue burdens, and short survival time relative to the CK1α-positive parental strain. Western blot analysis revealed that deletion of CK1α led to increased activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 in infected mice and bone marrow-derived microphages. The transcriptome analysis showed that deletion of CK1α may increase expression of rhoptry proteins (ROPs). Western blot showed enhanced expression of ROP16 in the Δck1α parasite as compared with the wild-type and complemented parasites. These findings demonstrated that deletion of CK1α may increase acute virulence of T. gondii in mice by increased expression of ROPs, activation of STAT3, and suppression of IL-12 production, which have important implications for elucidating regulation mechanism of virulence factors for T. gondii.
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10
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Rastogi R, Verma JK, Kapoor A, Langsley G, Mukhopadhyay A. Rab5 Isoforms Specifically Regulate Different Modes of Endocytosis in Leishmania. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14732-46. [PMID: 27226564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential functions of Rab5 isoforms in endocytosis are not well characterized. Here, we cloned, expressed, and characterized Rab5a and Rab5b from Leishmania and found that both of them are localized in the early endosome. To understand the role of LdRab5 isoforms in different modes of endocytosis in Leishmania, we generated transgenic parasites overexpressing LdRab5a, LdRab5b, or their dominant-positive (LdRab5a:Q93L and LdRab5b:Q80L) or dominant-negative mutants (LdRab5a:N146I and LdRab5b:N133I). Using LdRab5a or its mutants overexpressing parasites, we found that LdRab5a specifically regulates the fluid-phase endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase and also specifically induced the transport of dextran-Texas Red to the lysosomes. In contrast, cells overexpressing LdRab5b or its mutants showed that LdRab5b explicitly controls receptor-mediated endocytosis of hemoglobin, and overexpression of LdRab5b:WT enhanced the transport of internalized Hb to the lysosomes in comparison with control cells. To unequivocally demonstrate the role of Rab5 isoforms in endocytosis in Leishmania, we tried to generate null-mutants of LdRab5a and LdRab5b parasites, but both were lethal indicating their essential functions in parasites. Therefore, we used heterozygous LdRab5a(+/-) and LdRab5b(+/-) cells. LdRab5a(+/-) Leishmania showed 50% inhibition of HRP uptake, but hemoglobin endocytosis was uninterrupted. In contrast, about 50% inhibition of Hb endocytosis was observed in LdRab5b(+/-) cells without any significant effect on HRP uptake. Finally, we tried to identify putative LdRab5a and LdRab5b effectors. We found that LdRab5b interacts with clathrin heavy chain and hemoglobin receptor. However, LdRab5a failed to interact with the clathrin heavy chain, and interaction with hemoglobin receptor was significantly less. Thus, our results showed that LdRab5a and LdRab5b differentially regulate fluid phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir Rastogi
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India and
| | - Jitender Kumar Verma
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India and
| | - Anjali Kapoor
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India and
| | - Gordon Langsley
- the INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India and
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11
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Dorin-Semblat D, Demarta-Gatsi C, Hamelin R, Armand F, Carvalho TG, Moniatte M, Doerig C. Malaria Parasite-Infected Erythrocytes Secrete PfCK1, the Plasmodium Homologue of the Pleiotropic Protein Kinase Casein Kinase 1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139591. [PMID: 26629826 PMCID: PMC4668060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 1 (CK1) is a pleiotropic protein kinase implicated in several fundamental processes of eukaryotic cell biology. Plasmodium falciparum encodes a single CK1 isoform, PfCK1, that is expressed at all stages of the parasite’s life cycle. We have previously shown that the pfck1 gene cannot be disrupted, but that the locus can be modified if no loss-of-function is incurred, suggesting an important role for this kinase in intra-erythrocytic asexual proliferation. Here, we report on the use of parasite lines expressing GFP- or His-tagged PfCK1 from the endogenous locus to investigate (i) the dynamics of PfCK1 localisation during the asexual cycle in red blood cells, and (ii) potential interactors of PfCK1, so as to gain insight into the involvement of the enzyme in specific cellular processes. Immunofluorescence analysis reveals a dynamic localisation of PfCK1, with evidence for a pool of the enzyme being directed to the membrane of the host erythrocyte in the early stages of infection, followed by a predominantly intra-parasite localisation in trophozoites and schizonts and association with micronemes in merozoites. Furthermore, we present strong evidence that a pool of enzymatically active PfCK1 is secreted into the culture supernatant, demonstrating that PfCK1 is an ectokinase. Our interactome experiments and ensuing kinase assays using recombinant PfCK1 to phosphorylate putative interactors in vitro suggest an involvement of PfCK1 in many cellular processes such as mRNA splicing, protein trafficking, ribosomal, and host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Dorin-Semblat
- UMR S1134, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, 6 Rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasites, 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Romain Hamelin
- Proteomics Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Armand
- Proteomics Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Gil Carvalho
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800
| | - Marc Moniatte
- Proteomics Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Doerig
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800
- * E-mail:
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12
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Zade A, Sengupta M, Kondabagil K. Extensive in silico analysis of Mimivirus coded Rab GTPase homolog suggests a possible role in virion membrane biogenesis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:929. [PMID: 26441866 PMCID: PMC4569851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are the key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Many viruses and intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved to hijack the host Rab GTPase functions, mainly through activators and effector proteins, for their benefit. Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV) is one of the largest viruses and belongs to the monophyletic clade of nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). The inner membrane lining is integral to the APMV virion structure. APMV assembly involves extensive host membrane modifications, like vesicle budding and fusion, leading to the formation of a membrane sheet that is incorporated into the virion. Intriguingly, APMV and all group I members of the Mimiviridae family code for a putative Rab GTPase protein. APMV is the first reported virus to code for a Rab GTPase (encoded by R214 gene). Our thorough in silico analysis of the subfamily specific (SF) region of Mimiviridae Rab GTPase sequences suggests that they are related to Rab5, a member of the group II Rab GTPases, of lower eukaryotes. Because of their high divergence from the existing three isoforms, A, B, and C of the Rab5-family, we suggest that Mimiviridae Rabs constitute a new isoform, Rab5D. Phylogenetic analysis indicated probable horizontal acquisition from a lower eukaryotic ancestor followed by selection and divergence. Furthermore, interaction network analysis suggests that vps34 (a Class III PI3K homolog, coded by APMV L615), Atg-8 and dynamin (host proteins) are recruited by APMV Rab GTPase during capsid assembly. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that APMV Rab plays a role in the acquisition of inner membrane during virion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutraj Zade
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Mumbai, India
| | - Malavi Sengupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Mumbai, India
| | - Kiran Kondabagil
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Mumbai, India
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13
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Ezougou CN, Ben-Rached F, Moss DK, Lin JW, Black S, Knuepfer E, Green JL, Khan SM, Mukhopadhyay A, Janse CJ, Coppens I, Yera H, Holder AA, Langsley G. Plasmodium falciparum Rab5B is an N-terminally myristoylated Rab GTPase that is targeted to the parasite's plasma and food vacuole membranes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87695. [PMID: 24498355 PMCID: PMC3912013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) has a family of 11 Rab GTPases to regulate its vesicular transport. However, PfRab5B is unique in lacking a C-terminal geranyl-geranylation motif, while having N-terminal palmitoylation and myristoylation motifs. We show that the N-terminal glycine is required for PfRab5B myristoylation in vitro and when an N-terminal PfRab5B fragment possessing both acylation motifs is fused to GFP and expressed in transgenic P. falciparum parasites, the chimeric PfRab5B protein localizes to the plasma membrane. Upon substitution of the modified glycine by alanine the staining becomes diffuse and GFP is found in soluble subcellular fractions. Immuno-electron microscopy shows endogenous PfRab5B decorating the parasite's plasma and food vacuole membranes. Using reverse genetics rab5b couldn't be deleted from the haploid genome of asexual blood stage P. berghei parasites. The failure of PbRab5A or PbRab5C to complement for loss of PbRab5B function indicates non-overlapping roles for the three Plasmodium Rab5s, with PfRab5B involved in trafficking MSP1 to the food vacuole membrane and CK1 to the plasma membrane. We discuss similarities between Plasmodium Rab5B and Arabidopsis thaliana ARA6, a similarly unusual Rab5-like GTPase of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carinne Ndjembo Ezougou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Département d'Immunologie, Inflammation et Infection, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Fathia Ben-Rached
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Département d'Immunologie, Inflammation et Infection, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - David K. Moss
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jing-wen Lin
- Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Black
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Knuepfer
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith L. Green
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid M. Khan
- Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris J. Janse
- Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hélène Yera
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Département d'Immunologie, Inflammation et Infection, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Département d'Immunologie, Inflammation et Infection, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
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14
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Wright MH, Clough B, Rackham MD, Rangachari K, Brannigan JA, Grainger M, Moss DK, Bottrill AR, Heal WP, Broncel M, Serwa RA, Brady D, Mann DJ, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tewari R, Wilkinson AJ, Holder AA, Tate EW. Validation of N-myristoyltransferase as an antimalarial drug target using an integrated chemical biology approach. Nat Chem 2013; 6:112-21. [PMID: 24451586 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which leads to approximately one million deaths per annum worldwide. Chemical validation of new antimalarial targets is urgently required in view of rising resistance to current drugs. One such putative target is the enzyme N-myristoyltransferase, which catalyses the attachment of the fatty acid myristate to protein substrates (N-myristoylation). Here, we report an integrated chemical biology approach to explore protein myristoylation in the major human parasite P. falciparum, combining chemical proteomic tools for identification of the myristoylated and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteome with selective small-molecule N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors. We demonstrate that N-myristoyltransferase is an essential and chemically tractable target in malaria parasites both in vitro and in vivo, and show that selective inhibition of N-myristoylation leads to catastrophic and irreversible failure to assemble the inner membrane complex, a critical subcellular organelle in the parasite life cycle. Our studies provide the basis for the development of new antimalarials targeting N-myristoyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Wright
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2] Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Barbara Clough
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Mark D Rackham
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kaveri Rangachari
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - James A Brannigan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Munira Grainger
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - David K Moss
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Andrew R Bottrill
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Laboratory, University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - William P Heal
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2]
| | | | - Remigiusz A Serwa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Declan Brady
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - David J Mann
- 1] Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2] Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robin J Leatherbarrow
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2] Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [3]
| | - Rita Tewari
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anthony A Holder
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2] Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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15
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Lima WR, Holder AA, Garcia CRS. Melatonin signaling and its modulation of PfNF-YB transcription factor expression in Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13704-18. [PMID: 23839089 PMCID: PMC3742212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most severe tropical infectious diseases. More than 220 million people around the world have a clinical malaria infection and about one million die because of Plasmodium annually. This parasitic pathogen replicates efficiently in its human host making it difficult to eradicate. It is transmitted by mosquito vectors and so far mosquito control programs have not effectively eliminated this transmission. Because of malaria's enormous health and economic impact and the need to develop new control and eventual elimination strategies, a big research effort has been made to better understand the biology of this parasite and its interactions with its vertebrate host. Determination of the genome sequence and organization, the elucidation of the role of key proteins, and cell signaling studies have helped to develop an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that provide the parasite's versatility. The parasite can sense its environment and adapt to benefit its survival, indeed this is essential for it to complete its life cycle. For many years we have studied how the Plasmodium parasite is able to sense melatonin. In this review we discuss the melatonin signaling pathway and its role in the control of Plasmodium replication and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wânia Rezende Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508900, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Célia R. S. Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508900, Brazil; E-Mail:
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16
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Atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase implicated in regulating transition from pre-S-Phase asexual intraerythrocytic development of Plasmodium falciparum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:1171-8. [PMID: 23813392 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00028-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intraerythrocytic development of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum appears as a continuous flow through growth and proliferation. To develop a greater understanding of the critical regulatory events, we utilized piggyBac insertional mutagenesis to randomly disrupt genes. Screening a collection of piggyBac mutants for slow growth, we isolated the attenuated parasite C9, which carried a single insertion disrupting the open reading frame (ORF) of PF3D7_1305500. This gene encodes a protein structurally similar to a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase, except for two notable characteristics that alter the signature motif of the dual-specificity phosphatase domain, suggesting that it may be a low-activity phosphatase or pseudophosphatase. C9 parasites demonstrated a significantly lower growth rate with delayed entry into the S/M phase of the cell cycle, which follows the stage of maximum PF3D7_1305500 expression in intact parasites. Genetic complementation with the full-length PF3D7_1305500 rescued the wild-type phenotype of C9, validating the importance of the putative protein phosphatase PF3D7_1305500 as a regulator of pre-S-phase cell cycle progression in P. falciparum.
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17
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Lima WR, Moraes M, Alves E, Azevedo MF, Passos DO, Garcia CRS. The PfNF-YB transcription factor is a downstream target of melatonin and cAMP signalling in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:145-53. [PMID: 22804732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2012.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is responsible for the majority of deaths worldwide. The mechanism of cell cycle control within intra-erythrocytic stages has been examined as a potential means of a promising way to identifying how to stop parasite development in red blood cells. Our group determined that melatonin increases parasitemia in P. falciparum and P. chabaudi through a complex signalling cascade. In vertebrates, melatonin controls the expression of transcription factors, leading us to postulate rather that the indoleamine would affect PfNF-YB expression in human malaria parasites. We show here that PfNF-YB transcription factor is highly expressed and colocalized in the nucleus in mature parasites during intra-erythrocytic stages, thus suggesting an important role in cell division. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that melatonin and cAMP modulate the PfNF-YB transcription factor expression in P. falciparum at erythrocytic stages. In addition, PfNF-YB is found to be more ubiquitinated in the presence of melatonin. Finally, the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is able to modulate PfNF-YB expression as well. Taken together, our dada reinforce the role played by melatonin in the cell cycle control of P. falciparum and point this indolamine as a target to develop new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wânia R Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibition disrupts Rab5 localization and food vacuolar integrity in Plasmodium falciparum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 12:215-23. [PMID: 23223036 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00073-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The antimalarial agent fosmidomycin is a validated inhibitor of the nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis (methylerythritol 4-phosphate [MEP]) pathway in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Since multiple classes of prenyltransferase inhibitors kill P. falciparum, we hypothesized that protein prenylation was one of the essential functions of this pathway. We found that MEP pathway inhibition with fosmidomycin reduces protein prenylation, confirming that de novo isoprenoid biosynthesis produces the isoprenyl substrates for protein prenylation. One important group of prenylated proteins is small GTPases, such as Rab family members, which mediate cellular vesicular trafficking. We have found that Rab5 proteins dramatically mislocalize upon fosmidomycin treatment, consistent with a loss of protein prenylation. Fosmidomycin treatment caused marked defects in food vacuolar morphology and integrity, consistent with a defect in Rab-mediated vesicular trafficking. These results provide insights to the biological functions of isoprenoids in malaria parasites and may assist the rational selection of secondary agents that will be useful in combination therapy with new isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors.
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19
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Philip N, Vaikkinen HJ, Tetley L, Waters AP. A unique Kelch domain phosphatase in Plasmodium regulates ookinete morphology, motility and invasion. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44617. [PMID: 22957089 PMCID: PMC3434153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling through post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins is a process central to cell homeostasis, development and responses to external stimuli. The best characterised PTM is protein phosphorylation which is reversibly catalysed at specific residues through the action of protein kinases (addition) and phosphatases (removal). Here, we report characterisation of an orphan protein phosphatase that possesses a domain architecture previously only described in Plantae. Through gene disruption and the production of active site mutants, the enzymatically active Protein Phosphatase containing Kelch-Like domains (PPKL, PBANKA_132950) is shown to play an essential role in the development of an infectious ookinete. PPKL is produced in schizonts and female gametocytes, is maternally inherited where its absence leads to the development of a malformed, immotile, non-infectious ookinete with an extended apical protrusion. The distribution of PPKL includes focussed localization at the ookinete apical tip implying a link between its activity and the correct deployment of the apical complex and microtubule cytoskeleton. Unlike wild type parasites, ppkl– ookinetes do not have a pronounced apical distribution of their micronemes yet secretion of microneme cargo is unaffected in the mutant implying that release of microneme cargo is either highly efficient at the malformed apical prominence or secretion may also occur from other points of the parasite, possibly the pellicular pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Philip
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NP); (APW)
| | - Heli J. Vaikkinen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Tetley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Waters
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NP); (APW)
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20
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Haste NM, Talabani H, Doo A, Merckx A, Langsley G, Taylor SS. Exploring the Plasmodium falciparum cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PfPKA) as a therapeutic target. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:838-50. [PMID: 22626931 PMCID: PMC3967591 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the prototype mammalian kinases is PKA and various roles have been defined for PKA in malaria pathogenesis. The recently described phospho-proteomes of Plasmodium falciparum introduced a great volume of phospho-peptide data for both basic research and identification of new anti-malaria therapeutic targets. We discuss the importance of phosphorylations detected in vivo at different sites in the parasite R and C subunits of PKA and highlight the inhibitor sites in the parasite R subunit. The N-terminus of the parasite R subunit is predicted to be very flexible and we propose that phosphorylation at multiple sites in this region likely represent docking sites for interactions with other proteins, such as 14-3-3. The most significant observation when the P. falciparum C subunit is compared to mammalian C isoforms is lack of phosphorylation at a key site tail implying that parasite kinase activity is not regulated so tightly as mammalian PKA. Phosphorylation at sites in the activation loop could be mediating a number of processes from regulating parasite kinase activity, to mediating docking of other proteins. The important differences between Plasmodium and mammalian PKA isoforms that indicate the parasite kinase is a valid anti-malaria therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M. Haste
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Hana Talabani
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes Cité Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Alex Doo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0654, USA
| | - Anais Merckx
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes Cité Sorbonne, Paris, France
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, UMR 216-IRD, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes Cité Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Susan S. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0654, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0654, USA
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