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Fernando RC, Mazzotti DR, Azevedo H, Sandes AF, Rizzatti EG, de Oliveira MB, Alves VLF, Eugênio AIP, de Carvalho F, Dalboni MA, Martins DC, Colleoni GWB. Transcriptome Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Multiple Myeloma Patients Reveals Downregulation of Genes Involved in Cell Cycle Progression, Immune Response, and Bone Metabolism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1056. [PMID: 30705326 PMCID: PMC6355867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests a key role of tumor microenvironment, especially for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), in the maintenance and progression of multiple myeloma (MM), through direct and indirect interactions with tumor plasma cells. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the gene expression and functional alterations of MSC from MM patients (MM-MSC) in comparison with their normal counterparts from normal donors (ND-MSC). Gene expression analysis (Affymetrix) was performed in MM-MSC and ND-MSC after in vitro expansion. To validate these findings, some genes were selected to be evaluated by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR), and also functional in vitro analyses were performed. We demonstrated that MM-MSC have a distinct gene expression profile than ND-MSC, with 485 differentially expressed genes (DEG) - 280 upregulated and 205 downregulated. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the main enriched functions among downregulated DEG were related to cell cycle progression, immune response activation and bone metabolism. Four genes were validated by qPCR - ZNF521 and SEMA3A, which are involved in bone metabolism, and HLA-DRA and CHIRL1, which are implicated in the activation of immune response. Taken together, our results suggest that MM-MSC have constitutive abnormalities that remain present even in the absence of tumors cells. The alterations found in cell cycle progression, immune system activation, and osteoblastogenesis suggest, respectively, that MM-MSC are permanently dependent of tumor cells, might contribute to immune evasion and play an essential role in bone lesions frequently found in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Carlini Fernando
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Robles Mazzotti
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hatylas Azevedo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Bleker de Oliveira
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veruska Lia Fook Alves
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Isabel Pereira Eugênio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabrício de Carvalho
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Dalboni
- Departament of Post-Graduation in Medicine, University Nine of July, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Correa Martins
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Congnition, Federal University of ABC, UFABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Gisele Wally Braga Colleoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lima WR, Martins DC, Parreira KS, Scarpelli P, Santos de Moraes M, Topalis P, Hashimoto RF, Garcia CRS. Genome-wide analysis of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum transcription factor PfNF-YB shows interaction with a CCAAT motif. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113987-114001. [PMID: 29371963 PMCID: PMC5768380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about transcription factor regulation during the Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic cycle. In order to elucidate the role of the P. falciparum (Pf)NF-YB transcription factor we searched for target genes in the entire genome. PfNF-YB mRNA is highly expressed in late trophozoite and schizont stages relative to the ring stage. In order to determine the candidate genes bound by PfNF-YB a ChIP-on-chip assay was carried out and 297 genes were identified. Ninety nine percent of PfNF-YB binding was to putative promoter regions of protein coding genes of which only 16% comprise proteins of known function. Interestingly, our data reveal that PfNF-YB binding is not exclusively to a canonical CCAAT box motif. PfNF-YB binds to genes coding for proteins implicated in a range of different biological functions, such as replication protein A large subunit (DNA replication), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (nucleic acid metabolism) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (intracellular transport).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wânia Rezende Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais-Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-Campus Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - David Correa Martins
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Kleber Simônio Parreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais-Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-Campus Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Pedro Scarpelli
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Santos de Moraes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pantelis Topalis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Hellas, Greece
| | - Ronaldo Fumio Hashimoto
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia R S Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Marchi FA, Martins DC, Barros-Filho MC, Kuasne H, Busso Lopes AF, Brentani H, Trindade Filho JCS, Guimarães GC, Faria EF, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Lopes A, Rogatto SR. Multidimensional integrative analysis uncovers driver candidates and biomarkers in penile carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6707. [PMID: 28751665 PMCID: PMC5532302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular data generation and their combination in penile carcinomas (PeCa), a significant public health problem in poor and underdeveloped countries, remain virtually unexplored. An integrativemethodology combin ing genome-wide copy number alteration, DNA methylation, miRNA and mRNA expression analysis was performed in a set of 20 usual PeCa. The well-ranked 16 driver candidates harboring genomic alterations and regulated by a set of miRNAs, including hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR-34a and hsa-miR-130b, were significantly associated with over-represented pathways in cancer, such as immune-inflammatory system, apoptosis and cell cycle. Modules of co-expressed genes generated from expression matrix were associated with driver candidates and classified according to the over-representation of passengers, thus suggesting an alteration of the pathway dynamics during the carcinogenesis. This association resulted in 10 top driver candidates (AR, BIRC5, DNMT3B, ERBB4, FGFR1, PML, PPARG, RB1, TNFSF10 and STAT1) selected and confirmed as altered in an independent set of 33 PeCa samples. In addition to the potential driver genes herein described, shorter overall survival was associated with BIRC5 and DNMT3B overexpression (log-rank test, P = 0.026 and P = 0.002, respectively) highlighting its potential as novel prognostic marker for penile cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Correa Martins
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Helena Brentani
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliney F Faria
- Department of Urology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ademar Lopes
- A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital and Institute of Regional Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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De Souza Jacomini R, Martins DC, Da Silva FL, Costa AHR. GeNICE: A Novel Framework for Gene Network Inference by Clustering, Exhaustive Search, and Multivariate Analysis. J Comput Biol 2017. [PMID: 28636461 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2017.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene network (GN) inference from temporal gene expression data is a crucial and challenging problem in systems biology. Expression data sets usually consist of dozens of temporal samples, while networks consist of thousands of genes, thus rendering many inference methods unfeasible in practice. To improve the scalability of GN inference methods, we propose a novel framework called GeNICE, based on probabilistic GNs; the main novelty is the introduction of a clustering procedure to group genes with related expression profiles and to provide an approximate solution with reduced computational complexity. We use the defined clusters to perform an exhaustive search to retrieve the best predictor gene subsets for each target gene, according to multivariate criterion functions. GeNICE greatly reduces the search space because predictor candidates are restricted to one gene per cluster. Finally, a multivariate analysis is performed for each defined predictor subset to retrieve minimal subsets and to simplify the network. In our experiments with in silico generated data sets, GeNICE achieved substantial computational time reduction when compared to solutions without the clustering step, while preserving the gene expression prediction accuracy even when the number of clusters is small (about 50) relative to the number of genes (order of thousands). For a Plasmodium falciparum microarray data set, the prediction accuracy achieved by GeNICE was roughly 97%, while the respective topologies involving glycolytic and apicoplast seed genes had a very large intramodularity, very small interconnection between modules, and some module hub genes, reflecting small-world and scale-free topological properties, as expected.
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Martins DC, Albuquerque PMC, Silva FS, Rebêlo JMM. First record of Aglae caerulea (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini) in Brazilian Cerrado east of the Amazon Region, Maranhão State, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:554-6. [PMID: 26959953 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.06415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D C Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - P M C Albuquerque
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - F S Silva
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brazil
| | - J M M Rebêlo
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Clemente ACS, Guimarães RM, Martins DC, Gomes LAA, Caixeta F, Reis RGE, Rosa SDVF. Expression of genes associated with the biosynthetic pathways of abscisic acid, gibberellin, and ethylene during the germination of lettuce seeds. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:4703-15. [PMID: 25966245 DOI: 10.4238/2015.may.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Seed germination and dormancy are complex phenomena that are controlled by many genes and environmental factors. Such genes are indicated by phytohormones that interact with each other, and may cause dormancy or promote seed germination. The objective of this study was to investigate gene expression associated with the biosynthetic pathways of abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), and ethylene (ET) in dormant and germinated lettuce seeds. The expressions of LsNCED, LsGA3ox1, and ACO-B were evaluated in germinating and dormant seeds from the cultivars Everglades, Babá de Verão, Verônica, Salinas, Colorado, and Regina 71. The expressions of LsNCED, LsGA3ox1, and ACO-B were related to the biosynthesis of ABA, GA, and ET, respectively; therefore, the presence of these substances depends on genotype. LsNCED expression only occurred in dormant seeds, and was connected to dormancy. LsGA3ox1expression only occurred in germinated seeds, and was connected to germination. The ACO-B gene was involved in ET biosynthesis, and was expressed differently in germinated and dormant seeds, depending on the genotype, indicating different functions for different characteristics. Furthermore, sensitivity to phytohormones appeared to be more important than the expression levels of LsNCED, LsGA3ox1, or ACO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C S Clemente
- Laboratório Central de Sementes, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - R M Guimarães
- Laboratório Central de Sementes, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - D C Martins
- Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
| | - L A A Gomes
- Laboratório Central de Sementes, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - F Caixeta
- Laboratório Central de Sementes, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - R G E Reis
- Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brasil
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Martins DC, Chu V, Conde JP. The effect of the surface functionalization and the electrolyte concentration on the electrical conductance of silica nanochannels. Biomicrofluidics 2013; 7:34111. [PMID: 24404031 PMCID: PMC3702594 DOI: 10.1063/1.4811277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the conductance of nanochannels as a function of electrolyte concentration deviates from a linearly proportional relationship and approaches a value independent of the concentration as the electrolyte concentration is lowered. Most of the proposed models account for this behavior by considering a constant surface charge density and an ideal electrolyte solution. However, at low electrolyte concentrations, the ideal electrolyte approximation is no longer valid because the ions that result from the atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolution in water dominate the ionic concentration. In this paper, arrays of silica nanochannels were electrically characterized via conductance measurements. The conductance at low salt concentrations is modeled by a variable surface charge model that accounts for all ionic species in solution. This model was used to determine the variable surface charge of the bare silica nanochannels as well as of chemically modified nanochannels. The model correctly predicted the variation of the nanochannel conductance observed after silane (aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane) functionalization and single-strand DNA immobilization. Finally, pH modification of bulk KCl solutions was employed as an alternative method of changing the surface charge of silica nanochannels. Surface charge calculated from conductance measurements performed at different bulk pH values confirmed that the surface charge of the silica nanochannel walls is sensitive to the H(+) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Martins
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - V Chu
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J P Conde
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Martins DC, Stávale JN, Malheiros SM, Santiago LH, Roman LC, Aguiar KC. [Fraction of gemistocytic astrocytes and immunoexpression of p53 protein in astrocytomas grade II and III (WHO)]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2001; 59:926-31. [PMID: 11733839 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2001000600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two patients with astrocytomas, grade II or III WHO, were studied from 1990 to 1998. In all cases, histopathology showed that the astrocytomas had a gemistocytic component. The aims of this study were to establish the fraction of gemistocytic astrocytes, to investigate p53 protein immunoexpression and to evaluate correlations between these two parameters with the tumour outcome. Tumor cells were quantified at high-power magnification (x400). At least 1000 neoplastic cells (small neoplastic astrocytes plus gemistocytes) were counted in each specimen. The percentage of gemistocytes was defined as the gemistocytic index. Nuclear expression of p53 protein was evaluated in neoplastic astrocytes and gemistocytes. Both the frequency (7/22) as well the p53 immunoexpression indices in gemistocytes, regardless of the grade of the astrocytomas, were inferior from those reported in the literature. No correlation was found between the gemistocytic indices and the p53 immunoexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Martins
- Departamento de Patologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Cardoso LC, Martins DC, Figueiredo MD, Rosenthal D, Vaisman M, Violante AH, Carvalho DP. Ca(2+)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent H(2)O(2) generation is inhibited by iodide in human thyroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:4339-43. [PMID: 11549671 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.9.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A calcium and NAD(P)H-dependent H(2)O(2)-generating activity has been studied in paranodular thyroid tissues from four patients with cold thyroid nodules and from nine diffuse toxic goiters. H(2)O(2) generation was detected both in the particulate (P 3,000 g) and in the microsomal (P 100,000 g) fractions of paranodular tissue surrounding cold thyroid nodules (PN), with the same biochemical properties described for NADPH oxidase found in porcine and human thyroids. In PN tissues, the particulate NADPH oxidase activity (224 +/- 38 nmol H(2)O(2) x h(-1) x mg(-1) protein) was similar to that described for the porcine thyroid enzyme. However, no NADPH oxidase activity was detectable in the particulate fractions from eight diffuse toxic goiter patients treated with iodine before surgery; all but one also received propylthiouracil or methimazole in the preoperative period. Thyroid cytochrome c reductase (diffuse toxic goiters = 438 +/- 104 nmol NADP(+) x h(-1) x mg(-1) protein; PN = 78 +/- 10 nmol NADP(+) x h(-1) x mg(-1) protein) and thyroperoxidase (diffuse toxic goiters = 621 +/- 179 U x g(-1) protein; PN = 232 +/- 121 U x g(-1) protein) activities were unaffected by iodide. Thus, the human NADPH oxidase seems to be inhibited by iodinated compounds in vivo and probably is an enzyme involved in the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that thyroid NADPH oxidase is responsible for the production of H(2)O(2) necessary for thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Cardoso
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mende U, Semsarian C, Martins DC, Kagen A, Duffy C, Schoen FJ, Neer EJ. Dilated cardiomyopathy in two transgenic mouse lines expressing activated G protein alpha(q): lack of correlation between phospholipase C activation and the phenotype. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33:1477-91. [PMID: 11448136 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously described a transgenic mouse line (alpha(q)*52) in which cardiac-specific expression of activated G alpha(q)protein (HA alpha(q)*) leads to activation of phospholipase C beta (PLC beta), the immediate downstream target of HA alpha(q)*, with subsequent development of cardiac hypertrophy and dilation. We now describe a second, independent line in the same genetic background (alpha(q)*44h) with lower expression of HA alpha(q)* protein that ultimately results in the same phenotype: dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with severely impaired left ventricular systolic function (assessed by M-mode and 2D echocardiography), but with a much delayed disease onset. We asked if PLC activation correlates with the development of the phenotype. At 12-14 months, 65% of alpha(q)*44h mice still had normal cardiac function and ventricular weight/body weight ratios (VW/BW). However, their basal PLC activity, which began to increase in ventricles at 6 months, was threefold higher than in wild-type by 12 months. This increase was even more pronounced than in 2.5-month-old alpha(q)*52 mice, in which a twofold increase was accompanied by a 25% increase in VW/BW. Furthermore, at 12-14 months the increase in PLC activity in alpha(q)*44h mice with and without DCM was comparable. Thus, the delayed time course in alpha(q)*44h mice unmasked a lack of correlation between PLC activation and development of DCM in response to HA alpha(q)* expression, suggesting a role for additional pathways and/or mechanisms. It also revealed a differential temporal regulation of protein kinase C isoform expression. The markedly different ages of disease onset in these two mouse lines provide a model for studying both genetic modifying factors and potential environmental influences in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mende
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Divison, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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