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Vahid ZF, Eskandani M, Dadashi H, Vandghanooni S, Rashidi MR. Recent advances in potential enzymes and their therapeutic inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e40756. [PMID: 39717593 PMCID: PMC11664286 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease, is clinically characterized by loss of memory and learning ability among other neurological deficits. Amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and neurofibrillary tangles involve in AD etiology. Meanwhile, enzymes and their inhibitors have become the focus of research in AD treatment. In this review, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AD were overviewed and various enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), β-secretase, γ-secretase, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were highlighted as potential targets for AD treatment. Several hybrid molecules with essential substructures derived from various chemotypes have demonstrated desired pharmacological activity. It is envisioned that the development of new drugs that inhibit enzymes involved in AD is a future trend in the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Dadashi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Vandghanooni
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Isidro F. Brain aging and Alzheimer's disease, a perspective from non-human primates. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:13145-13171. [PMID: 39475348 PMCID: PMC11552644 DOI: 10.18632/aging.206143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 11/07/2024]
Abstract
Brain aging is compared between Cercopithecinae (macaques and baboons), non-human Hominidae (chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas), and their close relative, humans. β-amyloid deposition in the form of senile plaques (SPs) and cerebral β-amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a frequent neuropathological change in non-human primate brain aging. SPs are usually diffuse, whereas SPs with dystrophic neurites are rare. Tau pathology, if present, appears later, and it is generally mild or moderate, with rare exceptions in rhesus macaques and chimpanzees. Behavior and cognitive impairment are usually mild or moderate in aged non-human primates. In contrast, human brain aging is characterized by early tau pathology manifested as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of paired helical filaments (PHFs), progressing from the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, temporal cortex, and limbic system to other brain regions. β-amyloid pathology appears decades later, involves the neocortex, and progresses to the paleocortex, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. SPs with dystrophic neurites containing PHFs and CAA are common. Cognitive impairment and dementia of Alzheimer's type occur in about 1-5% of humans aged 65 and about 25% aged 85. In addition, other proteinopathies, such as limbic-predominant TDP-43 encephalopathy, amygdala-predominant Lewy body disease, and argyrophilic grain disease, primarily affecting the archicortex, paleocortex, and amygdala, are common in aged humans but non-existent in non-human primates. These observations show that human brain aging differs from brain aging in non-human primates, and humans constitute the exception among primates in terms of severity and extent of brain aging damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferrer Isidro
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Reial Acadèmia de Medicina de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Yang C, Sun ZP, Jiang J, Cai XL, Wang Y, Wang H, Che C, Tu E, Pan AH, Zhang Y, Wang XP, Cui MZ, Xu XM, Yan XX, Zhang QL. Increased expression of the proapoptotic presenilin associated protein is involved in neuronal tangle formation in human brain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:25274. [PMID: 39455681 PMCID: PMC11512019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-77026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-associated protein (PSAP) is a mitochondrial proapoptotic protein as established in cell biology studies. It remains unknown whether it involves in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explored PASP expression in adult and aged human brains and its alteration relative to Alzheimer-disease (AD)-type neuropathology. In pathology-free brains, light PASP immunoreactivity (IR) occurred among largely principal neurons in the cerebrum and subcortical structures. In the brains with AD pathology, enhanced PSAP IR occurred in neuronal and neuritic profiles with a tangle-like appearance, with PSAP and pTau protein levels elevated in neocortical lysates relative to control. Neuronal/neuritic profiles with enhanced PSAP IR partially colocalized with pTau, but invariably with Amylo-Glo labelled tangles. The neuronal somata with enhanced PASP IR also showed diminished IR for casein kinase 1 delta (Ck1δ), a marker of granulovacuolar degeneration; and diminished IR for sortilin, which is normally expressed in membrane and intracellular protein sorting/trafficking organelles. In old 3xTg-AD mice with β-amyloid and pTau pathologies developed in the brain, PSAP IR in the cerebral sections exhibited no difference relative to wildtype mice. These findings indicate that PSAP upregulation is involved in the course of tangle formation especially in the human brain during aging and in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Lu Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chong Che
- GeneScience Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Changchun High-Tech Development Zone, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ai-Hua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mei-Zhen Cui
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Xue-Min Xu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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4
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Almeida ZL, Vaz DC, Brito RMM. Morphological and Molecular Profiling of Amyloid-β Species in Alzheimer's Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04543-4. [PMID: 39446217 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia around the world (~ 65%). Here, we portray the neuropathology of AD, biomarkers, and classification of amyloid plaques (diffuse, non-cored, dense core, compact). Tau pathology and its involvement with Aβ plaques and cell death are discussed. Amyloid cascade hypotheses, aggregation mechanisms, and molecular species formed in vitro and in vivo (on- and off-pathways) are described. Aβ42/Aβ40 monomers, dimers, trimers, Aβ-derived diffusible ligands, globulomers, dodecamers, amylospheroids, amorphous aggregates, protofibrils, fibrils, and plaques are characterized (structure, size, morphology, solubility, toxicity, mechanistic steps). An update on AD-approved drugs by regulatory agencies, along with new Aβ-based therapies, is presented. Beyond prescribing Aβ plaque disruptors, cholinergic agonists, or NMDA receptor antagonists, other therapeutic strategies (RNAi, glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, secretase modulators, Aβ aggregation inhibitors, and anti-amyloid vaccines) are already under clinical trials. New drug discovery approaches based on "designed multiple ligands", "hybrid molecules", or "multitarget-directed ligands" are also being put forward and may contribute to tackling this highly debilitating and fatal form of human dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida L Almeida
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Daniela C Vaz
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901, Leiria, Portugal.
- LSRE-LCM, Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering and Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Leiria, 2411-901, Portugal.
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui M M Brito
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Lasheen NN, Allam S, Elgarawany A, Aswa DW, Mansour R, Farouk Z. Limitations and potential strategies of immune checkpoint blockade in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:46. [PMID: 39313800 PMCID: PMC11421184 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-024-00933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) have no disease-modifying treatments, resulting in a global dementia crisis that affects more than 50 million people. Amyloid-beta (Aβ), tau, and alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) are three crucial proteins that are involved in the pathogenesis of these age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Only a few approved AD medications have been used in the clinic up to this point, and their results are only partial symptomatic alleviation for AD patients and cannot stop the progression of AD. Immunotherapies have attracted considerable interest as they target certain protein strains and conformations as well as promote clearance. Immunotherapies also have the potential to be neuroprotective: as they limit synaptic damage and spread of neuroinflammation by neutralizing extracellular protein aggregates. Lately, disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that can alter the pathophysiology that underlies AD with anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (e.g., aducanumab, lecanemab, gantenerumab, donanemab, solanezumab, crenezumab, tilavonemab). Similarly, in Parkinson's disease (PD), DMTs utilizing anti-αSyn (MAbs) (e.g., prasinezumab, cinpanemab,) are progressively being developed and evaluated in clinical trials. These therapies are based on the hypothesis that both AD and PD may involve systemic impairments in cell-dependent clearance mechanisms of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and alpha-synuclein (αSyn), respectively, meaning the body's overall inability to effectively remove Aβ and αSyn due to malfunctioning cellular mechanisms. In this review we will provide possible evidence behind the use of immunotherapy with MAbs in AD and PD and highlight the recent clinical development landscape of anti-Aβ (MAbs) and anti-αSyn (MAbs) from these clinical trials in order to better investigate the therapeutic possibilities and adverse effects of these anti-Aβ and anti-αSyn MAbs on AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha N Lasheen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Suez, Egypt.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Salma Allam
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, Suez, Egypt
| | | | - Darin W Aswa
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, Suez, Egypt
| | - Rana Mansour
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, Suez, Egypt
| | - Ziad Farouk
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, Suez, Egypt
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Ferrer I. Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathological Change in Aged Non-Primate Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8118. [PMID: 39125687 PMCID: PMC11311584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brain aging is characterized by the production and deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the form of senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy and the intracellular accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated tau (Hp-tau) to form neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and dystrophic neurites of senile plaques. The process progresses for years and eventually manifests as cognitive impairment and dementia in a subgroup of aged individuals. Aβ is produced and deposited first in the neocortex in most aged mammals, including humans; it is usually not accompanied by altered behavior and cognitive impairment. Hp-tau is less frequent than Aβ pathology, and NFTs are rare in most mammals. In contrast, NFTs are familiar from middle age onward in humans; NFTs first appear in the paleocortex and selected brain stem nuclei. NFTs precede for decades or years Aβ deposition and correlate with dementia in about 5% of individuals at the age of 65 and 25% at the age of 85. Based on these comparative data, (a) Aβ deposition is the most common Alzheimer's disease neuropathological change (ADNC) in the brain of aged mammals; (b) Hp-tau is less common, and NFTs are rare in most aged mammals; however, NFTs are the principal cytoskeletal pathology in aged humans; (c) NFT in aged humans starts in selected nuclei of the brain stem and paleocortical brain regions progressing to the most parts of the neocortex and other regions of the telencephalon; (d) human brain aging is unique among mammalian species due to the early appearance and dramatic progression of NFTs from middle age onward, matching with cognitive impairment and dementia in advanced cases; (e) neither mammalian nor human brain aging supports the concept of the amyloid cascade hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, carrer Feixa Llarga sn, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
- Reial Acadèmia de Medicina de Catalunya, carrer del Carme 47, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Meca AD, Boboc IKS, Mititelu-Tartau L, Bogdan M. Unlocking the Potential: Semaglutide's Impact on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease in Animal Models. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5929-5949. [PMID: 38921025 PMCID: PMC11202139 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Semaglutide (SEM), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has garnered increasing interest for its potential therapeutic effects in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). This review provides a comprehensive description of SEM's mechanism of action and its effects in preclinical studies of these debilitating conditions. In animal models of AD, SEM has proved beneficial effects on multiple pathological hallmarks of the disease. SEM administration has been associated with reductions in amyloid-beta plaque deposition and mitigation of neuroinflammation. Moreover, SEM treatment has been shown to ameliorate behavioral deficits related to anxiety and social interaction. SEM-treated animals exhibit improvements in spatial learning and memory retention tasks, as evidenced by enhanced performance in maze navigation tests and novel object recognition assays. Similarly, in animal models of PD, SEM has demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms. These include modulation of neuroinflammation, enhancement of mitochondrial function, and promotion of neurogenesis. Additionally, SEM has been shown to improve motor function and ameliorate dopaminergic neuronal loss, offering the potential for disease-modifying treatment strategies. Overall, the accumulating evidence from preclinical studies suggests that SEM holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach for AD and PD. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of SEM's neuroprotective effects and to translate these findings into clinical applications for the treatment of these devastating neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Daniela Meca
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.D.M.); (I.K.S.B.)
| | - Ianis Kevyn Stefan Boboc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.D.M.); (I.K.S.B.)
| | - Liliana Mititelu-Tartau
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Bogdan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.D.M.); (I.K.S.B.)
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Jácome D, Cotrufo T, Andrés-Benito P, Lidón L, Martí E, Ferrer I, Del Río JA, Gavín R. miR-519a-3p, found to regulate cellular prion protein during Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, as a biomarker of asymptomatic stages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167187. [PMID: 38653354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Clinical relevance of miRNAs as biomarkers is growing due to their stability and detection in biofluids. In this, diagnosis at asymptomatic stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a challenge since it can only be made at autopsy according to Braak NFT staging. Achieving the objective of detecting AD at early stages would allow possible therapies to be addressed before the onset of cognitive impairment. Many studies have determined that the expression pattern of some miRNAs is dysregulated in AD patients, but to date, none has been correlated with downregulated expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) during disease progression. That is why, by means of cross studies of miRNAs up-regulated in AD with in silico identification of potential miRNAs-binding to 3'UTR of human PRNP gene, we selected miR-519a-3p for our study. Then, in vitro experiments were carried out in two ways. First, we validated miR-519a-3p target on 3'UTR-PRNP, and second, we analyzed the levels of PrPC expression after using of mimic technology on cell culture. In addition, RT-qPCR was performed to analyzed miR-519a-3p expression in human cerebral samples of AD at different stages of disease evolution. Additionally, samples of other neurodegenerative diseases such as other non-AD tauopathies and several synucleinopathies were included in the study. Our results showed that miR-519a-3p overlaps with PRNP 3'UTR in vitro and promotes downregulation of PrPC. Moreover, miR-519a-3p was found to be up-regulated exclusively in AD samples from stage I to VI, suggesting its potential use as a novel label of preclinical stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayaneth Jácome
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tiziana Cotrufo
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pol Andrés-Benito
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain; Neurologic Diseases and Neurogenetics Group, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Lidón
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eulàlia Martí
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Functional Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERESP (Centro en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública), Spain.
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Senior Consultant Neuropathology, Service of Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Madrid, Spain.
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Dakterzada F, Jové M, Cantero JL, Mota‐Martorell N, Pamplona R, Piñoll‐Ripoll G. The shift in the fatty acid composition of the circulating lipidome in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3322-3333. [PMID: 38534027 PMCID: PMC11095469 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acids (FAs) are the building blocks of complex lipids and signaling compounds; the role of the lipidome fatty acid profile (LFA) in AD progression remains unclear. METHODS The LFA of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 289 participants (103 AD patients, 92 MCI patients, and 94 controls) was determined by GC-FID. The MCI subjects were followed up for 58 ± 12.5 months. RESULTS In controls, CSF has a more neuroprotective LFA than plasma. In CSF, a higher content of docosahexaenoic acid was associated with a reduced risk of MCI-to-AD progression. In plasma, higher oleic acid content was associated with lower risk of AD, MCI, and MCI-to-AD progression, whereas higher levels of vaccenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were associated with greater risk of AD and MCI, and higher rate of MCI-to-AD progression, respectively. DISCUSSION The circulating LFA is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. HIGHLIGHTS The lipidome fatty acid profile in CSF and plasma was markedly different. Higher levels of vaccenic acid and lower levels of oleic acid in plasma were associated with greater risk of Alzheimer's disease. In plasma, higher levels of oleic acid were associated with a reduced risk of MCI-to-AD progression. Higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid in CSF were associated with a lower risk of MCI-to-AD progression. Higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid in plasma were associated with a greater rate of MCI-to-AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Dakterzada
- Cognitive Disorders UnitCognition and Behavior Study Group, IRBLleidaHospital Universitari Santa MariaLleidaSpain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of LleidaLleidaSpain
| | - José Luís Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional NeurosciencePablo de Olavide UniversitySevilleSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | | | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of LleidaLleidaSpain
| | - Gerard Piñoll‐Ripoll
- Cognitive Disorders UnitCognition and Behavior Study Group, IRBLleidaHospital Universitari Santa MariaLleidaSpain
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Kon T, Ichimata S, Di Luca DG, Martinez-Valbuena I, Kim A, Yoshida K, Alruwaita AA, Kleiner G, Strafella AP, Forrest SL, Sato C, Rogaeva E, Fox SH, Lang AE, Kovacs GG. Multiple system atrophy with amyloid-β-predominant Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae141. [PMID: 38712319 PMCID: PMC11073746 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy is a neurodegenerative disease with α-synuclein pathology predominating in the striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems. Mixed pathologies are considered to be of low frequency and mostly comprise primary age-related tauopathy or low levels of Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathologic change. Therefore, the concomitant presence of different misfolded proteins in the same brain region is less likely in multiple system atrophy. During the neuropathological evaluation of 21 consecutive multiple system atrophy cases, we identified four cases exhibiting an unusual discrepancy between high Thal amyloid-β phase and low transentorhinal Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage. We mapped α-synuclein pathology, measured the size and number of glial cytoplasmic inclusions and compared the amyloid-β peptides between multiple system atrophy and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we performed α-synuclein seeding assay from the affected putamen samples. We performed genetic testing for APOE, MAPT, PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP. We refer to the four multiple system atrophy cases with discrepancy between amyloid-β and tau pathology as 'amyloid-β-predominant Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change-multiple system atrophy' to distinguish these from multiple system atrophy with primary age-related tauopathy or multiple system atrophy with typical Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change. As most multiple system atrophy cases with mixed pathologies reported in the literature, these cases did not show a peculiar clinical or MRI profile. Three amyloid-β-predominant Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change-multiple system atrophy cases were available for genetic testing, and all carried the APOE ɛ4 allele. The extent and severity of neuronal loss and α-synuclein pathology were not different compared with typical multiple system atrophy cases. Analysis of amyloid-β peptides revealed more premature amyloid-β plaques in amyloid-β-predominant Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change-multiple system atrophy compared with Alzheimer's disease. α-Synuclein seeding amplification assay showed differences in the kinetics in two cases. This study highlights a rare mixed pathology variant of multiple system atrophy in which there is an anatomical meeting point of amyloid-β and α-synuclein, i.e. the striatum or cerebellum. Since biomarkers are entering clinical practice, these cases will be recognized, and the clinicians have to be informed that the prognosis is not necessarily different than in pure multiple system atrophy cases but that the effect of potential α-synuclein-based therapies might be influenced by the co-presence of amyloid-β in regions where α-synuclein also aggregates. We propose that mixed pathologies should be interpreted not only based on differences in the clinical phenotype but also on whether protein depositions regionally overlap, potentially leading to a different response to α-synuclein-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shojiro Ichimata
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Daniel G Di Luca
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ivan Martinez-Valbuena
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Ain Kim
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Koji Yoshida
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Abdullah A Alruwaita
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
- Neurology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Galit Kleiner
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Movement Disorders and Spasticity Management Clinic, Pamela and Paul Austin Centre for Neurology and Behavioral Support, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Shelley L Forrest
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Susan H Fox
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Edmund J Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and Rossy Program in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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11
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Dakterzada F, Jové M, Huerto R, Carnes A, Sol J, Pamplona R, Piñol-Ripoll G. Cerebrospinal fluid neutral lipids predict progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2024; 46:683-696. [PMID: 37999901 PMCID: PMC10828158 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic, metabolic, and clinical evidence links lipid dysregulation to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of lipids in the pathophysiological processes of AD and its clinical progression is unclear. We investigated the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lipidome and the pathological hallmarks of AD, progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD, and the rate of cognitive decline in MCI patients. The CSF lipidome was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in an LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS platform for 209 participants: 91 AD, 92 MCI, and 26 control participants. The MCI patients were followed up for a median of 58 (± 12.5) months to evaluate their clinical progression to AD. Forty-eight (52.2%) MCI patients progressed to AD during follow-up. We found that higher CSF levels of hexacosanoic acid and ceramide Cer(d38:4) were associated with an increased risk of amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) positivity in CSF, while levels of phosphatidylethanolamine PE(40:0) were associated with a reduced risk. Higher CSF levels of sphingomyelin SM(30:1) were positively associated with pathological levels of phosphorylated tau in CSF. Cholesteryl ester CE(11D3:1) and an unknown lipid were recognized as the most associated lipid species with MCI to AD progression. Furthermore, TG(O-52:2) was identified as the lipid most strongly associated with the rate of progression. Our results indicate the involvement of membrane and intracellular neutral lipids in the pathophysiological processes of AD and the progression from MCI to AD dementia. Therefore, CSF neutral lipids can be used as potential prognostic markers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Dakterzada
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Cognition and Behaviour Study Group, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Rovira Roure No 44. 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Raquel Huerto
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Cognition and Behaviour Study Group, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Rovira Roure No 44. 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Carnes
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Cognition and Behaviour Study Group, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Rovira Roure No 44. 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Sol
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut Català de La Salut, Lleida, Spain
- Research Support Unit Lleida, Fundació Institut Universitari Per a La Recerca a L'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol I Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gerard Piñol-Ripoll
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Cognition and Behaviour Study Group, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Rovira Roure No 44. 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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12
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Bermejo-Pareja F, del Ser T. Controversial Past, Splendid Present, Unpredictable Future: A Brief Review of Alzheimer Disease History. J Clin Med 2024; 13:536. [PMID: 38256670 PMCID: PMC10816332 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The concept of Alzheimer disease (AD)-since its histological discovery by Alzheimer to the present day-has undergone substantial modifications. Methods: We conducted a classical narrative review of this field with a bibliography selection (giving preference to Medline best match). Results: The following subjects are reviewed and discussed: Alzheimer's discovery, Kraepelin's creation of a new disease that was a rare condition until the 1970's, the growing interest and investment in AD as a major killer in a society with a large elderly population in the second half of the 20th century, the consolidation of the AD clinicopathological model, and the modern AD nosology based on the dominant amyloid hypothesis among many others. In the 21st century, the development of AD biomarkers has supported a novel biological definition of AD, although the proposed therapies have failed to cure this disease. The incidence of dementia/AD has shown a decrease in affluent countries (possibly due to control of risk factors), and mixed dementia has been established as the most frequent etiology in the oldest old. Conclusions: The current concept of AD lacks unanimity. Many hypotheses attempt to explain its complex physiopathology entwined with aging, and the dominant amyloid cascade has yielded poor therapeutic results. The reduction in the incidence of dementia/AD appears promising but it should be confirmed in the future. A reevaluation of the AD concept is also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- CIBERNED, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Research i+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodoro del Ser
- Alzheimer’s Centre Reina Sofia—CIEN Foundation, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
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13
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Del Tredici K, Schön M, Feldengut S, Ghebremedhin E, Kaufman SK, Wiesner D, Roselli F, Mayer B, Amunts K, Braak H. Early CA2 Tau Inclusions Do Not Distinguish an Age-Related Tauopathy from Early Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 101:1333-1353. [PMID: 39302368 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Neuropathologic studies of brains from autopsy series show tau inclusions (pretangles, neuropils threads, neurofibrillary tangles) are detectable more than a decade before amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and develop in a characteristic manner that forms the basis for AD staging. An alternative position views pathological tau without Aβ deposition as a 'primary age-related tauopathy' (PART) rather than prodromal AD. Recently, an early focus of tau inclusions in the Ammon's horn second sector (CA2) with relative sparing of CA1 that occurs before tau inclusions develop in the entorhinal cortex (EC) was proposed as an additional feature of PART. Objective To test the 'definite PART' hypothesis. Methods We used AT8-immunohistochemistry in 100μm sections to examine the EC, transentorhinal cortex (TRE), and Ammon's horn in 325 brains with tau inclusions lacking Aβ deposits (average age at death 66.7 years for females, 66.4 years for males). Results 100% of cases displayed tau inclusions in the TRE. In 89% of cases, the CA1 tau rating was greater than or equal to that in CA2. In 25%, CA2 was devoid of tau inclusions. Only 4% displayed a higher tau score in CA2 than in the TRE, EC, and CA1. The perforant path also displayed early tau changes. APOE genotyping was available for 199/325 individuals. Of these, 44% had an ɛ4 allele that placed them at greater risk for developing later NFT stages and, therefore, clinical AD. Conclusions Our new findings call into question the PART hypothesis and are consistent with the idea that our cases represent prodromal AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Feldengut
- Clinical Neuroanatomy/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Estifanos Ghebremedhin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah K Kaufman
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diana Wiesner
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heiko Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Ferrer I. Amyloid-β Pathology Is the Common Nominator Proteinopathy of the Primate Brain Aging. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:S153-S164. [PMID: 39031364 PMCID: PMC11380266 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Senile plaques, mainly diffuse, and cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) angiopathy are prevalent in the aging brain of non-human primates, from lemurs to non-human Hominidae. Aβ but not hyper-phosphorylated tau (HPtau) pathology is the common nominator proteinopathy of non-human primate brain aging. The abundance of Aβ in the aging primate brain is well tolerated, and the impact on cognitive functions is usually limited to particular tasks. In contrast, human brain aging is characterized by the early appearance of HPtau pathology, mainly forming neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neurites of neuritic plaques, and neuropil threads, preceding Aβ deposits by several decades and by its severity progressing from selected nuclei of the brain stem, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus to the limbic system, neocortex, and other brain regions. Neurofibrillary tangles correlate with cognitive impairment and dementia in advanced cases. Aβ pathology is linked in humans to altered membrane protein and lipid composition, particularly involving lipid rafts. Although similar membrane alterations are unknown in non-human primates, membrane senescence is postulated to cause the activated β-amyloidogenic pathway, and Aβ pathology is the prevailing signature of non-human and human primate brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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García-Ribas G, Garay-Albizuri P, Stiauren-Fernández ES, Pérez-Trapote F, Zea-Sevilla MA. [The new age of neurodegenerative diseases. The basis of the new approaches]. Rev Neurol 2023; 77:277-281. [PMID: 38010785 PMCID: PMC10831702 DOI: 10.33588/rn.7711.2023290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The detection by biomarkers of the pathophysiological and molecular processes involved in misfolding protein diseases making it possible to delineate the natural history of these processes. The great majority of protein misfolding diseases have a prolonged preclinical phase, in which the biological changes are patent. The clinical manifestations (i.e., phenotypes) do not have a univocal correspondence with the underlying pathology, despite the fact that pathological eponyms have been used for the description of the clinical syndromes, which has favored diagnostic inaccuracy. In order to perform an adequate clinical management, we must know the 3 planes that currently define the most common neurodegenerative processes. Diagnostic accuracy will be a prerequisite for new therapies aimed at modifying the course of brain protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G García-Ribas
- Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, España
| | | | | | | | - M A Zea-Sevilla
- Findación CIEN. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
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16
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Dakterzada F, Jové M, Huerto R, Carnes A, Sol J, Pamplona R, Piñol-Ripoll G. Changes in Plasma Neutral and Ether-Linked Lipids Are Associated with The Pathology and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1728-1738. [PMID: 37196122 PMCID: PMC10529749 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant lipid metabolism has been strongly linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, the role of lipids in the pathophysiological processes of AD and their clinical progression is unclear. We hypothesized that plasma lipids are associated with the pathological hallmarks of AD, progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD, and the rate of cognitive decline in MCI patients. To evaluate our hypotheses, we analysed the plasma lipidome profile by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in an LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS platform for 213 subjects recruited consecutively: 104 AD, 89 MCI, and 20 control subjects. Forty-seven (52.8%) MCI patients progressed to AD during follow-up (58 ± 12.5 months). We found that higher plasma levels of sphingomyelin SM(36:0) and diglyceride DG(44:3) were associated with an increased risk of amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) positivity in CSF, while levels of SM(40:1) were associated with a reduced risk. Higher plasma levels of ether-linked triglyceride TG(O-60:10) were negatively associated with pathological levels of phosphorylated tau in CSF. Plasma levels of fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acid FAHFA(34:0) and ether-linked phosphatidylcholine PC(O-36:1) were positively associated with pathological levels of total tau in CSF. Regarding the plasma lipids most associated with progression from MCI to AD, our analysis detected phosphatidyl-ethanolamine plasmalogen PE(P-36:4), TG(59:12), TG(46:0), and TG(O-62:7). Furthermore, TG(O-62:7) was the lipid that was most strongly associated with the rate of progression. In conclusion, our results indicate that neutral and ether-linked lipids are involved in the pathophysiological processes of AD and the progression from MCI to AD dementia, suggesting the involvement of lipid-mediated antioxidant mechanisms in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Dakterzada
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Clinical Neuroscience Research, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Raquel Huerto
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Clinical Neuroscience Research, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Anna Carnes
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Clinical Neuroscience Research, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Sol
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
- Institut Català de la Salut, Lleida, Spain.
- Research Support Unit Lleida, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Lleida, Spain.
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Gerard Piñol-Ripoll
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Clinical Neuroscience Research, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
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17
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Fedele E. Anti-Amyloid Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease and the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14499. [PMID: 37833948 PMCID: PMC10578107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the majority of (pre)clinical efforts to find an effective therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) focused on clearing the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) from the brain since, according to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the peptide was (and it is still considered by many) the pathogenic determinant of this neurodegenerative disorder. However, as reviewed in this article, results from the numerous clinical trials that have tested anti-Aβ therapies to date indicate that this peptide plays a minor role in the pathogenesis of AD. Indeed, even Aducanumab and Lecanemab, the two antibodies recently approved by the FDA for AD therapy, as well as Donanemab showed limited efficacy on cognitive parameters in phase III clinical trials, despite their capability of markedly lowering Aβ brain load. Furthermore, preclinical evidence demonstrates that Aβ possesses several physiological functions, including memory formation, suggesting that AD may in part be due to a loss of function of this peptide. Finally, it is generally accepted that AD could be the result of many molecular dysfunctions, and therefore, if we keep chasing only Aβ, it means that we cannot see the forest for the trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Fedele
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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18
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Loika Y, Loiko E, Culminskaya I, Kulminski AM. Exome-Wide Association Study Identified Clusters of Pleiotropic Genetic Associations with Alzheimer's Disease and Thirteen Cardiovascular Traits. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1834. [PMID: 37895183 PMCID: PMC10606283 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular traits might share underlying causes. We sought to identify clusters of cardiovascular traits that share genetic factors with AD. We conducted a univariate exome-wide association study and pair-wise pleiotropic analysis focused on AD and 16 cardiovascular traits-6 diseases and 10 cardio-metabolic risk factors-for 188,260 UK biobank participants. Our analysis pinpointed nine genetic markers in the APOE gene region and four loci mapped to the CDK11, OBP2B, TPM1, and SMARCA4 genes, which demonstrated associations with AD at p ≤ 5 × 10-4 and pleiotropic associations at p ≤ 5 × 10-8. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we grouped the phenotypes from these pleiotropic associations into seven clusters. Lipids were divided into three clusters: low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. This split might differentiate the lipid-related mechanisms of AD. The clustering of body mass index (BMI) with weight but not height indicates that weight defines BMI-AD pleiotropy. The remaining two clusters included (i) coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction; and (ii) hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We found that all AD protective alleles were associated with larger weight and higher DM risk. Three of the four (75%) clusters of traits, which were significantly correlated with AD, demonstrated antagonistic genetic heterogeneity, characterized by different directions of the genetic associations and trait correlations. Our findings suggest that shared genetic factors between AD and cardiovascular traits mostly affect them in an antagonistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Loika
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (E.L.); (I.C.); (A.M.K.)
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19
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Dakterzada F, Benítez ID, Targa A, Carnes A, Pujol M, Jové M, Mínguez O, Vaca R, Sánchez-de-la-Torre M, Barbé F, Pamplona R, Piñol-Ripoll G. Cerebrospinal fluid lipidomic fingerprint of obstructive sleep apnoea in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:134. [PMID: 37550750 PMCID: PMC10408111 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has a high prevalence in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both conditions have been shown to be associated with lipid dysregulation. However, the relationship between OSA severity and alterations in lipid metabolism in the brains of patients with AD has yet to be fully elucidated. In this context, we examined the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lipidome of patients with suspected OSA to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers and to provide insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the effect of OSA on AD. METHODS The study included 91 consecutive AD patients who underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) to diagnose severe OSA (apnoea-hypopnea index ≥ 30/h). The next morning, CSF samples were collected and analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in an LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS platform. RESULTS The CSF levels of 11 lipid species were significantly different between AD patients with (N = 38) and without (N = 58) severe OSA. Five lipids (including oxidized triglyceride OxTG(57:2) and four unknown lipids) were significantly correlated with specific PSG measures of OSA severity related to sleep fragmentation and hypoxemia. Our analyses revealed a 4-lipid signature (including oxidized ceramide OxCer(40:6) and three unknown lipids) that provided an accuracy of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.71-0.89) in the detection of severe OSA. These lipids increased the discriminative power of the STOP-Bang questionnaire in terms of the area under the curve (AUC) from 0.61 (0.50-0.74) to 0.85 (0.71-0.93). CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a CSF lipidomic fingerprint that allows the identification of AD patients with severe OSA. Our findings suggest that an increase in central nervous system lipoxidation may be the principal mechanism underlying the association between OSA and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Dakterzada
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Cognition and Behaviour Study Group, Santa Maria University Hospital, IRBLleida, Rovira Roure No. 44, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Iván D Benítez
- Group of Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriano Targa
- Group of Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Carnes
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Cognition and Behaviour Study Group, Santa Maria University Hospital, IRBLleida, Rovira Roure No. 44, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Montse Pujol
- Group of Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Olga Mínguez
- Group of Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rafi Vaca
- Group of Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-de-la-Torre
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Group of Precision Medicine in Chronic Diseases, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova and Santa María, IRBLleida, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ferran Barbé
- Group of Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Gerard Piñol-Ripoll
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Cognition and Behaviour Study Group, Santa Maria University Hospital, IRBLleida, Rovira Roure No. 44, Lleida, 25198, Spain.
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Noto S. Perspectives on Aging and Quality of Life. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2131. [PMID: 37570372 PMCID: PMC10418952 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11152131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging of the world's population and the health problems accompanying it are becoming increasingly severe. Healthcare policies in developed countries focus on how to prevent and treat diseases associated with aging and how to maintain quality of life. Typical age-related diseases include deafness, cataracts, osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, and dementia. Although the mechanisms by which these diseases develop differ, they are all caused by the accumulation of molecular and cellular damage over time. In addition, age-related diseases can cause a decline in physical and mental functions and the ability to perform activities of daily living, as well as the loss of roles in society and a sense of fulfillment in life. Therefore, there is a need for treatment and measures to accurately grasp and maintain quality of life. This review aims to introduce areas and representative papers expected to be contributed to the special issue of "Aging and Quality of Life".
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Noto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 9503198, Japan
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21
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Ghareghani M, Rivest S. The Synergistic Potential of Combining PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors with NOD2 Agonists in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10905. [PMID: 37446081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our research over the past decade has compellingly demonstrated the potential of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) receptor agonists in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. These agonists facilitate the conversation of pro-inflammatory monocytes into patrolling monocytes, leading to the efficient clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the AD-affected cerebrovascular system. This approach surpasses the efficacy of targeting Aβ formation, marking a significant shift in therapeutic strategies. Simultaneously, inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 immune check point or glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), which modulates PD-1, have emerged as potent AD treatment modalities. PD-1 inhibitor exhibits a profound potential in monocytes' recruitment to the AD-afflicted brain. Recent evidence suggests that an integrated approach, combining the modulation of NOD2 and PD-1, could yield superior outcomes. This innovative combinatorial therapeutic approach leverages the potential of MDP to act as a catalyst for the conversion of inflammatory monocytes into patrolling monocytes, with the subsequent recruitment of these patrolling monocytes into the brain being stimulated by the PD-1 inhibitor. These therapeutic interventions are currently under preclinical investigation by pharmaceutical entities, underscoring the promise they hold. This research advocates for the modulation, rather than suppression, of the innate immune system as a promising pharmacological strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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22
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Andrés-Benito P, Íñigo-Marco I, Brullas M, Carmona M, del Rio JA, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E, Povedano M, Ferrer I. Proteostatic modulation in brain aging without associated Alzheimer's disease-and age-related neuropathological changes. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:3295-3330. [PMID: 37179123 PMCID: PMC10449282 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS (Phospho)proteomics of old-aged subjects without cognitive or behavioral symptoms, and without AD-neuropathological changes and lacking any other neurodegenerative alteration will increase understanding about the physiological state of human brain aging without associate neurological deficits and neuropathological lesions. METHODS (Phospho)proteomics using conventional label-free- and SWATH-MS (Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry) has been assessed in the frontal cortex (FC) of individuals without NFTs, senile plaques (SPs) and age-related co-morbidities classified by age (years) in four groups; group 1 (young, 30-44); group 2 (middle-aged: MA, 45-52); group 3 (early-elderly, 64-70); and group 4 (late-elderly, 75-85). RESULTS Protein levels and deregulated protein phosphorylation linked to similar biological terms/functions, but involving different individual proteins, are found in FC with age. The modified expression occurs in cytoskeleton proteins, membranes, synapses, vesicles, myelin, membrane transport and ion channels, DNA and RNA metabolism, ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS), kinases and phosphatases, fatty acid metabolism, and mitochondria. Dysregulated phosphoproteins are associated with the cytoskeleton, including microfilaments, actin-binding proteins, intermediate filaments of neurons and glial cells, and microtubules; membrane proteins, synapses, and dense core vesicles; kinases and phosphatases; proteins linked to DNA and RNA; members of the UPS; GTPase regulation; inflammation; and lipid metabolism. Noteworthy, protein levels of large clusters of hierarchically-related protein expression levels are stable until 70. However, protein levels of components of cell membranes, vesicles and synapses, RNA modulation, and cellular structures (including tau and tubulin filaments) are markedly altered from the age of 75. Similarly, marked modifications occur in the larger phosphoprotein clusters involving cytoskeleton and neuronal structures, membrane stabilization, and kinase regulation in the late elderly. CONCLUSIONS Present findings may increase understanding of human brain proteostasis modifications in the elderly in the subpopulation of individuals not having AD neuropathological change and any other neurodegenerative change in any telencephalon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Andrés-Benito
- Neurologic Diseases and Neurogenetics Group - Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBE LL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Ignacio Íñigo-Marco
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), diSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marta Brullas
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- Neuropathology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- Neuropathology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - José Antonio del Rio
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology Group, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Science Park Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08007, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), diSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), diSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Mónica Povedano
- Neurologic Diseases and Neurogenetics Group - Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBE LL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- Neuropathology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
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23
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Pérez-Martínez DA. [Lecanemab in Alzheimer's disease: are we really before a shift in the prognosis of the disease?]. Rev Neurol 2023; 76:185-188. [PMID: 36908031 PMCID: PMC10364063 DOI: 10.33588/rn.7606.2023055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Pérez-Martínez
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
- Hospital Universitario La Luz, Madrid, España
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I F. The unique neuropathological vulnerability of the human brain to aging. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101916. [PMID: 36990284 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), argyrophilic grain disease (AGD), aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG), limbic predominant TDP-43 proteinopathy (LATE), and amygdala-predominant Lewy body disease (LBD) are proteinopathies that, together with hippocampal sclerosis, progressively appear in the elderly affecting from 50% to 99% of individuals aged 80 years, depending on the disease. These disorders usually converge on the same subject and associate with additive cognitive impairment. Abnormal Tau, TDP-43, and α-synuclein pathologies progress following a pattern consistent with an active cell-to-cell transmission and abnormal protein processing in the host cell. However, cell vulnerability and transmission pathways are specific for each disorder, albeit abnormal proteins may co-localize in particular neurons. All these alterations are unique or highly prevalent in humans. They all affect, at first, the archicortex and paleocortex to extend at later stages to the neocortex and other regions of the telencephalon. These observations show that the phylogenetically oldest areas of the human cerebral cortex and amygdala are not designed to cope with the lifespan of actual humans. New strategies aimed at reducing the functional overload of the human telencephalon, including optimization of dream repair mechanisms and implementation of artificial circuit devices to surrogate specific brain functions, appear promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferrer I
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Emeritus Researcher of the Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Jové M, Mota-Martorell N, Obis È, Sol J, Martín-Garí M, Ferrer I, Portero-Otin M, Pamplona R. Ether Lipid-Mediated Antioxidant Defense in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:293. [PMID: 36829852 PMCID: PMC9952080 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the richest tissues in lipid content and diversity of the human body is the brain. The human brain is constitutively highly vulnerable to oxidative stress. This oxidative stress is a determinant in brain aging, as well as in the onset and progression of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Glycerophospholipids are the main lipid category widely distributed in neural cell membranes, with a very significant presence for the ether lipid subclass. Ether lipids have played a key role in the evolution of the human brain compositional specificity and functionality. Ether lipids determine the neural membrane structural and functional properties, membrane trafficking, cell signaling and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Here, we explore the idea that ether lipids actively participate in the pathogenesis of sAD. Firstly, we evaluate the quantitative relevance of ether lipids in the human brain composition, as well as their role in the human brain evolution. Then, we analyze the implications of ether lipids in neural cell physiology, highlighting their inherent antioxidant properties. Finally, we discuss changes in ether lipid content associated with sAD and their physiopathological implications, and propose a mechanism that, as a vicious cycle, explains the potential significance of ether lipids in sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Natàlia Mota-Martorell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Èlia Obis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Sol
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- Research Support Unit (USR), Catalan Institute of Health (ICS), Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAP JGol), E-25007 Lleida, Spain
| | - Meritxell Martín-Garí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona (UB), E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Neuropathology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Network Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Lleida University (UdL), E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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