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Echeverria-Villalobos M, Guevara Y, Mitchell J, Ryskamp D, Conner J, Bush M, Periel L, Uribe A, Weaver TE. Potential perioperative cardiovascular outcomes in cannabis/cannabinoid users. A call for caution. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1343549. [PMID: 38978789 PMCID: PMC11228818 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1343549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabis is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances. Its components act through several pathways, producing a myriad of side effects, of which cardiovascular events are the most life-threatening. However, only a limited number of studies address cannabis's perioperative impact on patients during noncardiac surgery. Methods Studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases using relevant keyword combinations pertinent to the topic. Results Current evidence shows that cannabis use may cause several cardiovascular events, including abnormalities in cardiac rhythm, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cerebrovascular events. Additionally, cannabis interacts with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, decreasing their efficacy. Finally, the interplay of cannabis with inhalational and intravenous anesthetic agents may lead to adverse perioperative cardiovascular outcomes. Conclusions The use of cannabis can trigger cardiovascular events that may depend on factors such as the duration of consumption, the route of administration of the drug, and the dose consumed, which places these patients at risk of drug-drug interactions with anesthetic agents. However, large prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to further elucidate gaps in the body of knowledge regarding which patient population has a greater risk of perioperative complications after cannabis consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yosira Guevara
- Department of Anesthesiology, St Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Brighton, MA, United States
| | - Justin Mitchell
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David Ryskamp
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joshua Conner
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Margo Bush
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Luis Periel
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NW, United States
| | - Alberto Uribe
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tristan E. Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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2
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Socała K, Jakubiec M, Abram M, Mlost J, Starowicz K, Kamiński RM, Ciepiela K, Andres-Mach M, Zagaja M, Metcalf CS, Zawadzki P, Wlaź P, Kamiński K. TRPV1 channel in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and its potential as a molecular target for the development of new antiseizure drug candidates. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 240:102634. [PMID: 38834133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Identification of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as capsaicin receptor, in 1997 was a milestone achievement in the research on temperature sensation and pain signalling. Very soon after it became evident that TRPV1 is implicated in a wide array of physiological processes in different peripheral tissues, as well as in the central nervous system, and thereby could be involved in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that modulation of TRPV1 may also affect seizure susceptibility and epilepsy. This channel is localized in brain regions associated with seizures and epilepsy, and its overexpression was found both in animal models of seizures and in brain samples from epileptic patients. Moreover, modulation of TRPV1 on non-neuronal cells (microglia, astrocytes, and/or peripheral immune cells) may have an impact on the neuroinflammatory processes that play a role in epilepsy and epileptogenesis. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview of currently available data on TRPV1 as a possible molecular target for epilepsy management, trying to identify research gaps and future directions. Overall, several converging lines of evidence implicate TRPV1 channel as a potentially attractive target in epilepsy research but more studies are needed to exploit the possible role of TRPV1 in seizures/epilepsy and to evaluate the value of TRPV1 ligands as candidates for new antiseizure drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin PL 20-033, Poland.
| | - Marcin Jakubiec
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Michał Abram
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Jakub Mlost
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Cracow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Cracow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - Rafał M Kamiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciepiela
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland; Selvita S.A., Bobrzyńskiego 14, Cracow PL 30-348, Poland
| | - Marta Andres-Mach
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin PL 20-090, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zagaja
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin PL 20-090, Poland
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Przemysław Zawadzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin PL 20-033, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kamiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
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3
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Wright NJD. A review of the direct targets of the cannabinoids cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. AIMS Neurosci 2024; 11:144-165. [PMID: 38988890 PMCID: PMC11230856 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2024009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Marijuana has been used by humans for thousands of years for both medicinal and recreational purposes. This included the treatment of pain, inflammation, seizures, and nausea. In the 1960s, the structure of the principal psychoactive ingredient Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was determined, and over the next few decades, two cannabinoid receptors were characterized along with the human endocannabinoid system and what it affects. This includes metabolism, the cardiovascular and reproductive systems, and it is involved in such conditions as inflammation, cancer, glaucoma, and liver and musculoskeletal disorders. In the central nervous system, the endocannabinoid system has been linked to appetite, learning, memory, and conditions such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, stroke, multiple sclerosis, neurodegeneration, addiction, and epilepsy. It was the profound effectiveness of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, to relieve the symptoms of Dravet syndrome, a severe form of childhood epilepsy, that recently helped spur marijuana research. This has helped substantially to change society's attitude towards this potential source of useful drugs. However, research has also revealed that the actions of endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and the phytocannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, were not just due to interactions with the two cannabinoid receptors but by acting directly on many other targets including various G-protein receptors and cation channels, such as the transient receptor potential channels for example. This mini-review attempts to survey the effects of these 4 important cannabinoids on these currently identified targets.
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4
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Bo Y, Zhao X, Li L. Cardiotoxic effects of common and emerging drugs: role of cannabinoid receptors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:413-434. [PMID: 38505994 DOI: 10.1042/cs20231156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity has become one of the most common and detrimental health concerns, which causes significant loss to public health and drug resources. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) have recently achieved great attention for their vital roles in the regulation of heart health and disease, with mounting evidence linking CBRs with the pathogenesis and progression of drug-induced cardiotoxicity. This review aims to summarize fundamental characteristics of two well-documented CBRs (CB1R and CB2R) from aspects of molecular structure, signaling and their functions in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, we describe the roles of CB1R and CB2R in the occurrence of cardiotoxicity induced by common drugs such as antipsychotics, anti-cancer drugs, marijuana, and some emerging synthetic cannabinoids. We highlight the 'yin-yang' relationship between CB1R and CB2R in drug-induced cardiotoxicity and propose future perspectives for CBR-based translational medicine toward cardiotoxicity curation and clinical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Bo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Castro-da-Silva MLRD, Farias-de-França AP, Ravazoli I, Oliveira KC, Orsi VDC, Yoshida EH, Tavares RVDS, Oshima-Franco Y. Multi targets of cannabidiol (CBD) on skeletal mammalian and avian neuromuscular preparations. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-10. [PMID: 38054804 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2290675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) has been used in diseases that affect the central nervous system. Its effects on the peripheral synapses are of great interest, since endocannabinoid receptors are expressed in muscles. CBD (0.3 mM) was analysed using mammalian and avian neuromuscular preparations, through myographic techniques in complementary protocols. Mammalian cells were examined by light microscopy while exogenous acetylcholine (40 µM) and potassium chloride (100 mM) were added into avian preparations, before and at the end of experiments. Pharmacological tools such as atropine (2 µM), polyethylene glycol (PEG 400, 20 µM), Ca2+ (1.8 mM), F55-6 (20 µg/mL), and nifedipine (1.3 mM) were assessed with CBD. In mice, CBD causes a facilitatory effect and paralysis, whereas in avian, paralysis. Concluding, CBD is responsible for activated or inhibited channels, for ACh release via muscarinic receptor modulation, and by the inhibition of nicotinic receptors leading to neuromuscular blockade, with no damage to striated muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valéria de Campos Orsi
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Edson Hideaki Yoshida
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil
| | | | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil
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6
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Gillett L, Johnson-Sasso C, Miller B, Shakowski C, Walker LA, Tompkins C. Arrhythmic Effects of Cannabis in Ischemic Heart Disease. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:867-876. [PMID: 35353598 PMCID: PMC10589466 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Cannabis use is increasing worldwide, especially among older individuals at risk for chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, little is known about the arrhythmic effects of cannabis use in IHD. Accordingly, we prospectively assessed the relationship between cannabis use, heart rate (HR), and arrhythmias in healthy age-matched controls and subjects with IHD. Methods: Healthy controls (n=37, 57% men) and subjects with IHD (myocardial infarction ≥3 months ago; n=24, 58% men) who used cannabis wore a Zio® (iRhythm Technologies) monitor for 14 days. Noncannabis using ischemic subjects (n=35, 51% males) wore Zio monitors for standard clinical indications. Baseline HR was compared with average HR measured for 4 h following consumption and changes in HR and frequency of arrhythmias were correlated with cannabis use. Results: In controls, HR increased 20 min (4.99±6.7 bpm, p=0.08) after use, then declined 4 h following use (-7.4±7.7, p<0.001). Conversely, subjects with IHD showed minimal HR increase (1.6±3.9 bpm) and blunted HR decline (-3.4±5.6 bpm, p<0.001). Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) (29.7% vs. 58.3%; p=0.04) and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) (5.6% vs. 47.8%, p=0.01) were the most frequently occurring arrhythmias in controls and IHD subjects, respectively. Incidence of SVT decreased as cannabis use increased in both groups. Conversely, NSVT tended to increase with increased use in controls, and was significantly more prevalent in IHD. However, overall arrhythmia burden did not differ between cannabis users and nonusers with IHD. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that chronic cannabis use is associated with only mild HR changes, which are blunted in IHD. In addition, our data suggest that among cannabis users, arrhythmias are more frequent in IHD subjects that in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Gillett
- Continuing Medical Education, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Cecelia Johnson-Sasso
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Miller
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Courtney Shakowski
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lori A. Walker
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine Tompkins
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Marchetti B, Bilel S, Tirri M, Corli G, Roda E, Locatelli CA, Cavarretta E, De-Giorgio F, Marti M. Acute Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory Effects of JWH-018 in Awake and Freely Moving Mice: Mechanism of Action and Possible Antidotal Interventions? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7515. [PMID: 37108687 PMCID: PMC10142259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
JWH-018 is the most known compound among synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) used for their psychoactive effects. SCs-based products are responsible for several intoxications in humans. Cardiac toxicity is among the main side effects observed in emergency departments: SCs intake induces harmful effects such as hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, breathing impairment, and dyspnea. This study aims to investigate how cardio-respiratory and vascular JWH-018 (6 mg/kg) responses can be modulated by antidotes already in clinical use. The tested antidotes are amiodarone (5 mg/kg), atropine (5 mg/kg), nifedipine (1 mg/kg), and propranolol (2 mg/kg). The detection of heart rate, breath rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and pulse distention are provided by a non-invasive apparatus (Mouse Ox Plus) in awake and freely moving CD-1 male mice. Tachyarrhythmia events are also evaluated. Results show that while all tested antidotes reduce tachycardia and tachyarrhythmic events and improve breathing functions, only atropine completely reverts the heart rate and pulse distension. These data may suggest that cardiorespiratory mechanisms of JWH-018-induced tachyarrhythmia involve sympathetic, cholinergic, and ion channel modulation. Current findings also provide valuable impetus to identify potential antidotal intervention to support physicians in the treatment of intoxicated patients in emergency clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Marchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.M.); (S.B.); (M.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.M.); (S.B.); (M.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Micaela Tirri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.M.); (S.B.); (M.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Giorgia Corli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.M.); (S.B.); (M.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Elisa Roda
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.R.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.R.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy;
- Mediterrranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioetics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.M.); (S.B.); (M.T.); (G.C.)
- Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of Anti-Drug Policies, 00186 Rome, Italy
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8
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Steiger LJ, Tsintsadze T, Mattheisen GB, Smith SM. Somatic and terminal CB1 receptors are differentially coupled to voltage-gated sodium channels in neocortical neurons. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112247. [PMID: 36933217 PMCID: PMC10106091 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous cannabinoid signaling is vital for important brain functions, and the same pathways can be modified pharmacologically to treat pain, epilepsy, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Endocannabinoid-mediated changes to excitability are predominantly attributed to 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) acting presynaptically via the canonical cannabinoid receptor, CB1. Here, we identify a mechanism in the neocortex by which anandamide (AEA), another major endocannabinoid, but not 2-AG, powerfully inhibits somatically recorded voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) currents in the majority of neurons. This pathway involves intracellular CB1 that, when activated by anandamide, decreases the likelihood of recurrent action potential generation. WIN 55,212-2 similarly activates CB1 and inhibits VGSC currents, indicating that this pathway is also positioned to mediate the actions of exogenous cannabinoids on neuronal excitability. The coupling between CB1 and VGSCs is absent at nerve terminals, and 2-AG does not block somatic VGSC currents, indicating functional compartmentalization of the actions of two endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Steiger
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Timur Tsintsadze
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Glynis B Mattheisen
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Stephen M Smith
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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9
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Hiniesto-Iñigo I, Castro-Gonzalez LM, Corradi V, Skarsfeldt MA, Yazdi S, Lundholm S, Nikesjö J, Noskov SY, Bentzen BH, Tieleman DP, Liin SI. Endocannabinoids enhance hK V7.1/KCNE1 channel function and shorten the cardiac action potential and QT interval. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104459. [PMID: 36796231 PMCID: PMC9958262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotype-positive patients who suffer from the cardiac channelopathy Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) may display a spectrum of clinical phenotypes, with often unknown causes. Therefore, there is a need to identify factors influencing disease severity to move towards an individualized clinical management of LQTS. One possible factor influencing the disease phenotype is the endocannabinoid system, which has emerged as a modulator of cardiovascular function. In this study, we aim to elucidate whether endocannabinoids target the cardiac voltage-gated potassium channel KV7.1/KCNE1, which is the most frequently mutated ion channel in LQTS. METHODS We used two-electrode voltage clamp, molecular dynamics simulations and the E4031 drug-induced LQT2 model of ex-vivo guinea pig hearts. FINDINGS We found a set of endocannabinoids that facilitate channel activation, seen as a shifted voltage-dependence of channel opening and increased overall current amplitude and conductance. We propose that negatively charged endocannabinoids interact with known lipid binding sites at positively charged amino acids on the channel, providing structural insights into why only specific endocannabinoids modulate KV7.1/KCNE1. Using the endocannabinoid ARA-S as a prototype, we show that the effect is not dependent on the KCNE1 subunit or the phosphorylation state of the channel. In guinea pig hearts, ARA-S was found to reverse the E4031-prolonged action potential duration and QT interval. INTERPRETATION We consider the endocannabinoids as an interesting class of hKV7.1/KCNE1 channel modulators with putative protective effects in LQTS contexts. FUNDING ERC (No. 850622), Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada Research Chairs and Compute Canada, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hiniesto-Iñigo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Laura M Castro-Gonzalez
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Valentina Corradi
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark A Skarsfeldt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samira Yazdi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Siri Lundholm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Nikesjö
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sergei Yu Noskov
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bo Hjorth Bentzen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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10
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The Old and the New: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Alterations Induced by Acute JWH-018 Administration Compared to Δ 9-THC-A Preclinical Study in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021631. [PMID: 36675144 PMCID: PMC9865969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several new psychoactive substances (NPS) are responsible for intoxication involving the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Among NPS, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) provoked side effects in humans characterized by tachycardia, arrhythmias, hypertension, breathing difficulty, apnoea, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest. Therefore, the present study investigated the cardio-respiratory (MouseOx Plus; EMKA electrocardiogram (ECG) and plethysmography TUNNEL systems) and vascular (BP-2000 systems) effects induced by 1-naphthalenyl (1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone (JWH-018; 0.3-3-6 mg/kg) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC; 0.3-3-6 mg/kg), administered in awake CD-1 male mice. The results showed that higher doses of JWH-018 (3-6 mg/kg) induced deep and long-lasting bradycardia, alternated with bradyarrhythmia, spaced out by sudden episodes of tachyarrhythmias (6 mg/kg), and characterized by ECG electrical parameters changes, sustained bradypnea, and systolic and transient diastolic hypertension. Otherwise, Δ9-THC provoked delayed bradycardia (minor intensity tachyarrhythmias episodes) and bradypnea, also causing a transient and mild hypertensive effect at the tested dose range. These effects were prevented by both treatment with selective CB1 (AM 251, 6 mg/kg) and CB2 (AM 630, 6 mg/kg) receptor antagonists and with the mixture of the antagonists AM 251 and AM 630, even if in a different manner. Cardio-respiratory and vascular symptoms could be induced by peripheral and central CB1 and CB2 receptors stimulation, which could lead to both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems activation. These findings may represent a starting point for necessary future studies aimed at exploring the proper antidotal therapy to be used in SCs-intoxicated patient management.
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11
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Isaev D, Yang KHS, Shabbir W, Howarth FC, Oz M. Capsaicin Inhibits Multiple Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Rabbit Ventricular Cardiomyocytes in TRPV1-Independent Manner. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101187. [PMID: 36297299 PMCID: PMC9611941 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from chili pepper which is responsible for its hot, pungent taste. It exerts multiple pharmacological actions, including pain-relieving, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and antioxidant effects. Previous studies have shown that capsaicin significantly affects the contractility and automaticity of the heart and alters cardiovascular functions. In this study, the effects of capsaicin were investigated on voltage-gated ion currents in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Capsaicin inhibited rapidly activated (IKr) and slowly activated (IKs) K+ currents and transient outward (Ito) K+ current with IC50 values of 3.4 µM,14.7 µM, and 9.6 µM, respectively. In addition, capsaicin, at higher concentrations, suppressed voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ currents and inward rectifier IK1 current with IC50 values of 42.7 µM, 34.9 µM, and 38.8 µM, respectively. Capsaicin inhibitions of INa, IL-Ca, IKr, IKs, Ito, and IK1 were not reversed in the presence of capsazepine (3 µM), a TRPV1 antagonist. The inhibitory effects of capsaicin on these currents developed gradually, reaching steady-state levels within 3 to 6 min, and the recoveries were usually incomplete during washout. In concentration-inhibition curves, apparent Hill coefficients higher than unity suggested multiple interaction sites of capsaicin on these channels. Collectively, these findings indicate that capsaicin affects cardiac electrophysiology by acting on a diverse range of ion channels and suggest that caution should be exercised when capsaicin is administered to carriers of cardiac channelopathies or to individuals with arrhythmia-prone conditions, such as ischemic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Isaev
- Department of Cellular Membranology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, 01024 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Waheed Shabbir
- Department of Cellular Membranology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, 01024 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Abu Dhabi 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +965-99758003
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12
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Dalle S, Schouten M, Meeus G, Slagmolen L, Koppo K. Molecular networks underlying cannabinoid signaling in skeletal muscle plasticity. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3517-3540. [PMID: 35862111 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system is ubiquitously present and is classically considered to engage in neural and immunity processes. Yet, the role of the cannabinoid system in the whole body and tissue metabolism via central and peripheral mechanisms is increasingly recognized. The present review provides insights in (i) how cannabinoid signaling is regulated via receptor-independent and -dependent mechanisms and (ii) how these signaling cascades (might) affect skeletal muscle plasticity and physiology. Receptor-independent mechanisms include endocannabinoid metabolism to eicosanoids and the regulation of ion channels. Alternatively, endocannabinoids can act as ligands for different classic (cannabinoid receptor 1 [CB1 ], CB2 ) and/or alternative (e.g., TRPV1, GPR55) cannabinoid receptors with a unique affinity, specificity, and intracellular signaling cascade (often tissue-specific). Antagonism of CB1 might hold clues to improve oxidative (mitochondrial) metabolism, insulin sensitivity, satellite cell growth, and muscle anabolism, whereas CB2 agonism might be a promising way to stimulate muscle metabolism and muscle cell growth. Besides, CB2 ameliorates muscle regeneration via macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, induction of MyoD and myogenin expression and antifibrotic mechanisms. Also TRPV1 and GPR55 contribute to the regulation of muscle growth and metabolism. Future studies should reveal how the cannabinoid system can be targeted to improve muscle quantity and/or quality in conditions such as ageing, disease, disuse, and metabolic dysregulation, taking into account challenges that are inherent to modulation of the cannabinoid system, such as central and peripheral side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moniek Schouten
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gitte Meeus
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Slagmolen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Inhibiting Endocannabinoid Hydrolysis as Emerging Analgesic Strategy Targeting a Spectrum of Ion Channels Implicated in Migraine Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084407. [PMID: 35457225 PMCID: PMC9027089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a disabling neurovascular disorder characterized by severe pain with still limited efficient treatments. Endocannabinoids, the endogenous painkillers, emerged, alternative to plant cannabis, as promising analgesics against migraine pain. In this thematic review, we discuss how inhibition of the main endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), could raise the level of endocannabinoids (endoCBs) such as 2-AG and anandamide in order to alleviate migraine pain. We describe here: (i) migraine pain signaling pathways, which could serve as specific targets for antinociception; (ii) a divergent distribution of MAGL and FAAH activities in the key regions of the PNS and CNS implicated in migraine pain signaling; (iii) a complexity of anti-nociceptive effects of endoCBs mediated by cannabinoid receptors and through a direct modulation of ion channels in nociceptive neurons; and (iv) the spectrum of emerging potent MAGL and FAAH inhibitors which efficiently increase endoCBs levels. The specific distribution and homeostasis of endoCBs in the main regions of the nociceptive system and their generation ‘on demand’, along with recent availability of MAGL and FAAH inhibitors suggest new perspectives for endoCBs-mediated analgesia in migraine pain.
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14
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López-Canales OA, Pavón N, Ubaldo-Reyes LM, Juárez-Oropeza MA, Torres-Durán PV, Regla I, Paredes-Carbajal MC. Characterization of hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of PHAR-DBH-Me a new cannabinoid receptor agonist. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:77-86. [PMID: 35203058 PMCID: PMC8890940 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The effect of PHAR-DBH-Me, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on different cardiovascular responses in adult male rats was analyzed. The blood pressure was measured directly and indirectly. The coronary flow was measured by Langendorff preparation, and vasomotor responses induced by PHAR-DBH-Me in aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PHEN) were analyzed. The intravenous injection of the compound PHAR-DBH-Me (0.018–185 µg/kg) resulted in decreased blood pressure; maximum effect was observed at the dose of 1,850 µg/kg. A concentration-dependent increase in the coronary flow was observed in a Langendorff preparation. In the aortic rings, with and without endothelium, pre-contracted with PHEN (10–6 M), the addition of PHAR-DBH-Me to the superfusion solution (10–12–10–5 M), produced a vasodilator response, which depends on the concentration and presence of the endothelium. L-NAME inhibited these effects. Addition of CB1 receptor antagonist (AM 251) did not modify the response, while CB2 receptor antagonist (AM630) decreased the potency of relaxation elicited by PHAR-DBH-Me. Indomethacin shifted the curve concentration-response to the left and produced an increase in the magnitude of the maximum endothelium dependent response to this compound. The maximum effect of PHAR-DBH-Me was observed with the concentration of 10–5 M. These results show that PHAR-DBH-Me has a concentration-dependent and endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect through CB2 receptor. This vasodilation is probably mediated by the synthesis/release of NO. On the other hand, it is suggested that PHAR-DBH-Me also induces the release of a vasoconstrictor prostanoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alberto López-Canales
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Natalia Pavón
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Laura Matilde Ubaldo-Reyes
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Juárez-Oropeza
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Ignacio Regla
- Drug Synthesis Laboratory, UMIEZ, Zaragoza School of Higher Education, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
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15
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Isaev D, Shabbir W, Dinc EY, Lorke DE, Petroianu G, Oz M. Cannabidiol Inhibits Multiple Ion Channels in Rabbit Ventricular Cardiomyocytes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:821758. [PMID: 35185573 PMCID: PMC8850628 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.821758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotropic cannabinoid found in the Cannabis plant, has been shown to exert anti-nociceptive, anti-psychotic, and anti-convulsant effects and to also influence the cardiovascular system. In this study, the effects of CBD on major ion currents were investigated using the patch-clamp technique in rabbit ventricular myocytes. CBD inhibited voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels with IC50 values of 5.4 and 4.8 µM, respectively. In addition, CBD, at lower concentrations, suppressed ion currents mediated by rapidly and slowly activated delayed rectifier K+ channels with IC50 of 2.4 and 2.1 µM, respectively. CBD, up to 10 μM, did not have any significant effect on inward rectifier IK1 and transient outward Ito currents. The effects of CBD on these currents developed gradually, reaching steady-state levels within 5–8 min, and recoveries were usually slow and partial. Hill coefficients higher than unity in concentration-inhibition curves suggested multiple CBD binding sites on these channels. These findings indicate that CBD affects cardiac electrophysiology by acting on a diverse range of ion channels and suggest that caution should be exercised when CBD is administered to carriers of cardiac channelopathies or to individuals using drugs known to affect the rhythm or the contractility of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Isaev
- Department of Cellular Membranology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Waheed Shabbir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ege Y. Dinc
- Department of Neurology, Diskapi Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dietrich E Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georg Petroianu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- *Correspondence: Murat Oz,
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16
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Lethal case of myocardial ischemia following overdose of the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-FUBINACA. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 54:102004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Lin YF. Potassium channels as molecular targets of endocannabinoids. Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:408-423. [PMID: 34282702 PMCID: PMC8293965 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1910461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are a group of endogenous mediators derived from membrane lipids, which are implicated in a wide variety of physiological functions such as blood pressure regulation, immunity, pain, memory, reward, perception, reproduction, and sleep. N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) represent two major endocannabinoids in the human body and they exert many of their cellular and organ system effects by activating the Gi/o protein-coupled, cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) receptors. However, not all effects of cannabinoids are ascribable to their interaction with CB1 and CB2 receptors; indeed, macromolecules like other types of receptors, ion channels, transcription factors, enzymes, transporters, and cellular structure have been suggested to mediate the functional effects of cannabinoids. Among the proposed molecular targets of endocannabinoids, potassium channels constitute an intriguing group, because these channels not only are crucial in shaping action potentials and controlling the membrane potential and cell excitability, thereby regulating a wide array of physiological processes, but also serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer and metabolic, neurological and cardiovascular disorders. This review sought to survey evidence pertaining to the CB1 and CB2 receptor-independent actions of endocannabinoids on ion channels, with an emphasis on AEA and potassium channels. To better understand the functional roles as well as potential medicinal uses of cannabinoids in human health and disease, further mechanistic studies to delineate interactions between various types of cannabinoids and ion channels, including members in the potassium channel superfamily, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fung Lin
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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18
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The electrophysiological effects of cannabidiol on action potentials and transmembrane potassium currents in rabbit and dog cardiac ventricular preparations. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2497-2505. [PMID: 34031697 PMCID: PMC8241752 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is associated with known cardiovascular side effects such as cardiac arrhythmias or even sudden cardiac death. The mechanisms behind these adverse effects are unknown. The aim of the present work was to study the cellular cardiac electrophysiological effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on action potentials and several transmembrane potassium currents, such as the rapid (IKr) and slow (IKs) delayed rectifier, the transient outward (Ito) and inward rectifier (IK1) potassium currents in rabbit and dog cardiac preparations. CBD increased action potential duration (APD) significantly in both rabbit (from 211.7 ± 11.2. to 224.6 ± 11.4 ms, n = 8) and dog (from 215.2 ± 9.0 to 231.7 ± 4.7 ms, n = 6) ventricular papillary muscle at 5 µM concentration. CBD decreased IKr, IKs and Ito (only in dog) significantly with corresponding estimated EC50 values of 4.9, 3.1 and 5 µM, respectively, without changing IK1. Although the EC50 value of CBD was found to be higher than literary Cmax values after CBD smoking and oral intake, our results raise the possibility that potassium channel inhibition by lengthening cardiac repolarization might have a role in the possible proarrhythmic side effects of cannabinoids in situations where CBD metabolism and/or the repolarization reserve is impaired.
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19
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Uguz B, Tiryakioglu S, Dal E, Kivrak Tihan A, Yalin K, Ozkan H. ACUTE EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS ON VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION. SANAMED 2020. [DOI: 10.24125/sanamed.v15i3.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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20
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The electrophysiological effect of cannabidiol on hERG current and in guinea-pig and rabbit cardiac preparations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16079. [PMID: 32999428 PMCID: PMC7528081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use is associated with cardiovascular adverse effects ranging from arrhythmias to sudden cardiac death. The exact mechanism of action behind these activities is unknown. The aim of our work was to study the effect of cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol on cellular cardiac electrophysiological properties including ECG parameters, action potentials, hERG and IKr ion channels in HEK cell line and in rabbit and guinea pig cardiac preparations. CBD increased action potential duration in rabbit and guinea pig right ventricular papillary muscle at lower concentrations (1 µM, 2.5 µM and 5 µM) but did not significantly change it at 10 µM. CBD at high concentration (10 µM) decreased inward late sodium and L-type calcium currents as well. CBD inhibited hERG potassium channels with an IC50 value of 2.07 µM at room temperature and delayed rectifier potassium current with 6.5 µM at 37 °C, respectively. The frequency corrected QT interval (QTc) was significantly lengthened in anaesthetized guinea pig without significantly changing other ECG parameters. Although the IC50 value of CBD was higher than literary Cmax values after CBD smoking and oral intake, our results raise the possibility that hERG and potassium channel inhibition might have a role in the possible proarrhythmic adverse effects of cannabinoids in situations where metabolism of CBD impaired and/or the repolarization reserve is weakened.
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21
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Richards JR. Mechanisms for the Risk of Acute Coronary Syndrome and Arrhythmia Associated With Phytogenic and Synthetic Cannabinoid Use. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:508-522. [PMID: 32588641 DOI: 10.1177/1074248420935743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytogenic cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa and synthetic cannabinoids are commonly used substances for their recreational and medicinal properties. There are increasing reports of cardiotoxicity in close temporal association with cannabinoid use in patients with structurally normal hearts and absence of coronary arterial disease. Associated adverse events include myocardial ischemia, conduction abnormalities, arrhythmias, and sudden death. This review details the effects of phytogenic and synthetic cannabinoids on diverse receptors based on evidence from in vitro, human, and animal studies to establish a molecular basis for these deleterious clinical effects. The synergism between endocannabinoid dysregulation, cannabinoid receptor, and noncannabinoid receptor binding, and impact on cellular ion flux and coronary microvascular circulation is delineated. Pharmacogenetic factors placing certain patients at higher risk for cardiotoxicity are also correlated with the diverse effects of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Richards
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 70083University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, CA, USA
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22
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Ozturk HM, Yetkin E, Ozturk S. Synthetic Cannabinoids and Cardiac Arrhythmia Risk: Review of the Literature. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:191-197. [PMID: 31030341 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are widely used recreational substances especially among adults. Although they have been considered as safe during the marketing process, our knowledge about their adverse effects has evolved since years. SCBs are associated with various cardiac events including acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. There is also growing evidence that SCBs are associated with cardiac arrhythmia development both in acute and chronic exposure. SCBs have been shown to be associated with both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. However, the exact mechanism of the SCB related arrhythmia remains unknown. Understanding the exact association and possible mechanisms may help us to identify high risk patients at an early stage and to develop treatment modalities to prevent or reverse the arrhythmic effects of SCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ertan Yetkin
- Department of Cardiology, Istinye University Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Ozturk
- Cardiology Clinic, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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23
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Shayesteh MR, Haghi-Aminjan H, Mousavi MJ, Momtaz S, Abdollahi M. The Protective Mechanism of Cannabidiol in Cardiac Injury: A Systematic Review of Non-Clinical Studies. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2499-2507. [DOI: 10.2174/2210327909666190710103103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Cardiac disease is accounted as the leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality.
The disease is characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), and
induction of oxidative stress. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive ingredient of marijuana that has been
reported to be safe and well tolerated in patients. Due to its pleiotropic effect, CBD has been shown to exert cytoprotective
effects. This study intended to clarify the mechanisms and the potential role of CBD regarding cardiac
injuries treatment.
Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, in the electronic databases including PubMed, Web of
Science, Scopus, and Embase up to June 2019 using predefined search terms in the titles and abstracts. Accordingly,
a set of pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered and 8 articles were ultimately included
in this study.
Results:
Our findings demonstrate that CBD has multi-functional protective assets to improve cardiac injuries;
preliminary through scavenging of free radicals, and reduction of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation.
Conclusion:
CBD can protect against cardiac injuries, mainly through its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects
on the basis of non-clinical studies. The cardioprotective effects of the CBD need to be further studied in welldesigned
clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R.H. Shayesteh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad J. Mousavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Tanaka M, Yagyu K, Sackett S, Zhang Y. Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Pharmacological Inhibition or Knockdown of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase in BV2 Microglial Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050491. [PMID: 31121907 PMCID: PMC6562696 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has been recognized as a therapeutic target for several neurological diseases because its inhibition can exert neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects by boosting the endogenous levels of N-acylethanolamines. However, previous studies have shown inconsistent results by pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of FAAH in response to inflammation. In this study we used two inhibitors, PF3845 and URB597, together with siRNA knockdown to characterize further the effects of FAAH inhibition in BV2 microglial cells. Treatment with PF3845 suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, and down-regulated cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal PGE synthase. PF3845 reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines but had no effect on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The anti-inflammatory effects of URB597 were not as potent as those of PF3845. Knockdown of FAAH also suppressed PGE2 production and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Interestingly, FAAH knockdown enhanced expression of anti-inflammatory molecules in both the absence and presence of LPS treatment. The anti-inflammatory effects of FAAH inhibition and knockdown were not affected by the cannabinoid receptor antagonists or the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) antagonists. Although inhibition and knockdown of FAAH have potent anti-inflammatory effects and possibly lead to the dynamic change of microglial gene regulation, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiei Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Kazuya Yagyu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Scott Sackett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Cannabinoids influence cardiovascular variables in health and disease via multiple mechanisms. The chapter covers the impact of cannabinoids on cardiovascular function in physiology and pathology and presents a critical analysis of the proposed signalling pathways governing regulation of cardiovascular function by endogenously produced and exogenous cannabinoids. We know that endocannabinoid system is overactivated under pathological conditions and plays both a protective compensatory role, such as in some forms of hypertension, atherosclerosis and other inflammatory conditions, and a pathophysiological role, such as in disease states associated with excessive hypotension. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms affecting hemodynamics and vasomotor effects of cannabinoids in health and disease states, highlighting mismatches between some studies. The chapter will first review the effects of marijuana smoking on cardiovascular system and then describe the impact of exogenous cannabinoids on cardiovascular parameters in humans and experimental animals. This will be followed by analysis of the impact of cannabinoids on reactivity of isolated vessels. The article critically reviews current knowledge on cannabinoid induction of vascular relaxation by cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms and dysregulation of vascular endocannabinoid signaling in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Bondarenko
- Circulatory Physiology Department, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.
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Yamanoglu A, Celebi Yamanoglu NG, Evran T, Sogut O. How much can synthetic cannabinoid damage the heart? A case of cardiogenic shock following resistant ventricular fibrillation after synthetic cannabinoid use. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2018; 46:605-609. [PMID: 29479764 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
New substances are constantly being added to the content of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs). SCs can affect the cardiovascular system and cause hypotension and bradycardia, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, prolonged QTc, and Mobitz type II atrioventricular block. However, no cases associated with ventricular fibrillation (VF) have been reported to date. We report a case of a 26-year-old male patient admitted to the emergency department due to altered consciousness after SC use and requiring prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation due to resistant VF and cardiogenic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Yamanoglu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Tugba Evran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Sogut
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Marijuana Induced Type I Brugada Pattern: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CASE REPORTS 2018; 6:134-136. [PMID: 30294671 DOI: 10.12691/ajmcr-6-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Marijuana is the most common drug of abuse in the United States. Marijuana acts on cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2 and another distinct endothelial receptor. Marijuana is known to cause tachycardia, hypotension and hypertension. Various arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, II degree AV block, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, asystole and brugada pattern associated with marijuana use have been reported. We here present an interesting case of Type I Brugada pattern in electrocardiography (ECG) in a 36 year old healthy African American male who presented after smoking four joints. Urine toxicology test proved marijuana use. Acute coronary syndrome was ruled out, coronary angiogram revealed normal coronaries, 2D echocardiogram showed no evidence of structural heart disease. Upon resolution of Brugada pattern in ECG, procainamide challenge performed in electrophysiology laboratory did not induce Brugada pattern. Patient was asked to return to hospital if he developed fever that did not resolve with antipyretics. Further studies are required to to understand the effect of marijuana on cardiac ion channels.
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Marichal-Cancino BA, Fajardo-Valdez A, Ruiz-Contreras AE, Mendez-Díaz M, Prospero-García O. Advances in the Physiology of GPR55 in the Central Nervous System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:771-778. [PMID: 27488130 PMCID: PMC5771053 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160729155441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a mammalian orphan receptor that awaits a formal classification. There are an increasing number of reports directed to know the physiology and pathophysiology of this receptor. Lamentably, its functions in the central nervous system (CNS) have been scarcely elucidated. Methods: A bibliographic search in PubMed database about GPR55 actions in the CNS was made. The information was grouped for brain structures to facilitate the interpretation. Finally, we constructed a schematic representation of the current knowledge about the potential participation of GPR55 in some physiological and pathophysiological events. Results: Seventy nine papers were included in the review. Only few of them showed data about GPR55 (mRNA/protein) expression in multiple brain areas. The rest showed findings in different preparations both in vitro and in vivo conditions that allowed us to speculate a potential activity of GPR55 in the different brain areas. Conclusion: GPR55 mRNA is expressed in several brain areas as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, frontal cortex and cerebellum; but due to the lack of information, only some speculative information about its function in these regions has been suggested. Therefore, this review provide relevant information to motivate further research about GPR55 physiology/pathophysiology in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Fajardo-Valdez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico; Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- Coordination of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Monica Mendez-Díaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, P.O. Box: 70-250, Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Oscar Prospero-García
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, P.O. Box: 70-250, Mexico City. Mexico
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Ozturk HM, Erdogan M, Alsancak Y, Yarlioglues M, Duran M, Boztas MH, Murat SN, Ozturk S. Electrocardiographic alterations in patients consuming synthetic cannabinoids. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:296-301. [PMID: 29108464 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117736918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the electrocardiographic parameters in patients consuming synthetic cannabinoids. METHODS Thirty-five patients who were consuming synthetic cannabinoids were enrolled to the study, prospectively. The control group included 35 healthy age and sex-matched volunteers. The standard 12-lead surface electrocardiograms of the study population were recorded. P maximum (Pmax), P minimum (Pmin), P wave dispersion, interatrial duration, P wave area in D2 derivation, abnormal P terminal force in V1 derivation, heart rate, QT interval, corrected QT, QT dispersion, PR interval duration and macrovolt T-wave alternans were evaluated by two experienced cardiologists. The intra-observer and inter-observer variations for all measurements were non-significant. RESULTS Pmax and Pmin duration was not different between the groups ( p=0.96, p=0.15, respectively). However, P wave dispersion was higher in the patient group compared to control group (34±9.4, 29.5±6.6, p=0.02, respectively). QT interval was significantly higher in the patient group than the control group (380.3±25, 365.6±22.8, p=0.01, respectively). Besides, corrected QT was higher in the patient group compared to control group (415±36.8, 392±15.5, p=0.001, respectively). QT dispersion was also higher in the patient group than the control group (39.8±10.0, 29.2±5.4, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Altered electrocardiography parameters linked with atrial and ventricular arrhythmia development may be observed in patients consuming synthetic cannabinoids. These patients should be evaluated regularly for cardiovascular disease and arrhythmia development. The electrocardiogram, which is a cheap and easy test to apply, can be used to determine the pro-arrythmic risk in patients consuming synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye M Ozturk
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erdogan
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Yakup Alsancak
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Ankara Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mikail Yarlioglues
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Duran
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - M Hamid Boztas
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, Abant Izzet Baysal University Izzet Baysal Mental Health and Disorders Education and Research Hospital, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sani N Murat
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Ozturk
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
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Sierra S, Luquin N, Navarro-Otano J. The endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular function: novel insights and clinical implications. Clin Auton Res 2017; 28:35-52. [PMID: 29222605 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-017-0488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiovascular disease is now recognized as the number one cause of death in the world, and the size of the population at risk continues to increase rapidly. The dysregulation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays a central role in a wide variety of conditions including cardiovascular disorders. Cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, as well as enzymes conferring their synthesis and degradation, exhibit overlapping distributions in the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, the pharmacological manipulation of the eCB system has effects on blood pressure, cardiac contractility, and endothelial vasomotor control. Growing evidence from animal studies supports the significance of the eCB system in cardiovascular disorders. OBJECTIVE To summarize the literature surrounding the eCB system in cardiovascular function and disease and the new compounds that may potentially extend the range of available interventions. RESULTS Drugs targeting CB1R, CB2R, TRPV1 and PPARs are proven effective in animal models mimicking cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Despite the setback of two clinical trials that exhibited unexpected harmful side-effects, preclinical studies are accelerating the development of more selective drugs with promising results devoid of adverse effects. CONCLUSION Over the last years, increasing evidence from basic and clinical research supports the role of the eCB system in cardiovascular function. Whereas new discoveries are paving the way for the identification of novel drugs and therapeutic targets, the close cooperation of researchers, clinicians and pharmaceutical companies is needed to achieve successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Sierra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Natasha Luquin
- Department of Medical Genomics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Judith Navarro-Otano
- Neurology Service, Electromyography, Motor Control and Neuropathic Pain Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Bébarová M, Horáková Z, Kula R. Addictive drugs, arrhythmias, and cardiac inward rectifiers. Europace 2017; 19:346-355. [PMID: 27302393 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In many addictive drugs including alcohol and nicotine, proarrhythmic effects were reported. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge in this field (with a focus on the inward rectifier potassium currents) to promote the lacking data and appeal for their completion, thus, to improve understanding of the proarrhythmic potential of addictive drugs.
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Direct activation of Ca 2+ and voltage-gated potassium channels of large conductance by anandamide in endothelial cells does not support the presence of endothelial atypical cannabinoid receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 805:14-24. [PMID: 28327344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid anandamide induces endothelium-dependent relaxation commonly attributed to stimulation of the G-protein coupled endothelial anandamide receptor. The study addressed the receptor-independent effect of anandamide on large conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels expressed in endothelial cell line EA.hy926. Under resting conditions, 10µM anandamide did not significantly influence the resting membrane potential. In a Ca2+-free solution the cells were depolarized by ~10mV. Further administration of 10µM anandamide hyperpolarized the cells by ~8mV. In voltage-clamp mode, anandamide elicited the outwardly rectifying whole-cell current sensitive to paxilline but insensitive to GDPβS, a G-protein inhibitor. Administration of 70µM Mn2+, an agent used to promote integrin clustering, reversibly stimulated whole-cell current, but failed to further facilitate the anandamide-stimulated current. In an inside-out configuration, anandamide (0.1-30µM) facilitated single BKCa channel activity in a concentration-dependent manner within a physiological Ca2+ range and a wide range of voltages, mainly by reducing mean closed time. The effect is essentially eliminated following chelation of Ca2+ from the cytosolic face and pre-exposure to cholesterol-reducing agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin. O-1918 (3µM), a cannabidiol analog used as a selective antagonist of endothelial anandamide receptor, reduced BKCa channel activity in inside-out patches. These results do not support the existence of endothelial cannabinoid receptor and indicate that anandamide acts as a direct BKCa opener. The action does not require cell integrity or integrins and is caused by direct modification of BKCa channel activity.
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Willis MS, Ilaiwy A, Montgomery MD, Simpson PC, Jensen BC. The alpha-1A adrenergic receptor agonist A61603 reduces cardiac polyunsaturated fatty acid and endocannabinoid metabolites associated with inflammation in vivo. Metabolomics 2016; 12:155. [PMID: 28533737 PMCID: PMC5437747 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with three highly homologous subtypes (α1A, α1B, and α1D). Of these three subtypes, only the α1A and α1B are expressed in the heart. Multiple pre-clinical models of heart injury demonstrate cardioprotective roles for the α1A. Non-selective α1-AR activation promotes glycolysis in the heart, but the functional α1-AR subtype and broader metabolic effects have not been studied. OBJECTIVES Given the high metabolic demands of the heart and previous evidence indicating benefit from α1A activation, we chose to investigate the effects of α1A activation on the cardiac metabolome in vivo. METHODS Mice were treated for one week with a low, subpressor dose of A61603, a highly selective and potent α1A agonist. Cardiac tissue and serum were analyzed using a non-targeted metabolomics approach. RESULTS We identified previously unrecognized metabolic responses to α1A activation, most notably broad reduction in the abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and endocannabinoids (ECs). CONCLUSION Given the well characterized roles of PUFAs and ECs in inflammatory pathways, these findings suggest a possible role for cardiac α1A-ARs in the regulation of inflammation and may offer novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective benefit of selective pharmacologic α1A activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S. Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Amro Ilaiwy
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Paul C. Simpson
- VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian C. Jensen
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Clinical Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Compared with Marijuana in Emergency Department Patients with Acute Drug Overdose. J Med Toxicol 2016; 12:335-340. [PMID: 27255136 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are heterogeneous compounds originally intended as probes of the endogenous cannabinoid system or as potential therapeutic agents. We assessed the clinical toxicity associated with recent SCRA use in a large cohort of drug overdose patients. METHODS This subgroup analysis of a large (n = 3739) drug overdose cohort study involved consecutive ED patients at two urban teaching hospitals collected between 2009 and 2013. Clinical characteristics of patients with the exposure to SCRAs (SRCA subgroup) were compared with those from patients who smoked traditional cannabinoids (marijuana subgroup). Data included demographics, exposure details, vital signs, mental status, and basic chemistries gathered as part of routine clinical care. Study outcomes included altered mental status and cardiotoxicity. RESULTS Eighty-seven patients reported exposure to any cannabinoid, of whom 17 reported SCRAs (17 cases, 70 controls, mean age 38.9 years, 77 % males, 31 % Hispanic). There were no significant differences between SRCA and marijuana with respect to demographics (age, gender, and race/ethnicity), exposure history (suicidality, misuse, and intent), vital signs, or serum chemistries. Mental status varied between SRCA and marijuana, with agitation significantly more likely in SCRA subgroup (OR = 3.8, CI = 1.2-11.9). Cardiotoxicity was more pronounced in the SCRA subgroup with dysrhythmia significantly more likely (OR = 9.2, CI = 1.0-108). CONCLUSIONS In the first clinical study comparing the adverse effects of SCRA overdose vs. marijuana controls in an ED population, we found that SCRA overdoses had significantly pronounced neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity compared with marijuana.
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Abstract
The lipid landscapes of cellular membranes are complex and dynamic, are tissue dependent, and can change with the age and the development of a variety of diseases. Researchers are now gaining new appreciation for the regulation of ion channel proteins by the membrane lipids in which they are embedded. Thus, as membrane lipids change, for example, during the development of disease, it is likely that the ionic currents that conduct through the ion channels embedded in these membranes will also be altered. This chapter provides an overview of the complex regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels by fatty acids, sterols, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cannabinoids. The impact of lipid regulation on channel gating kinetics, voltage-dependence, trafficking, toxin binding, and structure are explored for Nav channels that have been examined in heterologous expression systems, native tissue, and reconstituted into artificial membranes. Putative mechanisms for Nav regulation by lipids are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D'Avanzo
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Synthetic Marijuana Induced Acute Nonischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Case Rep Cardiol 2016; 2016:9625758. [PMID: 27119030 PMCID: PMC4826922 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9625758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic marijuana is an uptrending designer drug currently widely spread in the US. We report a case of acute deterioration of nonischemic left ventricular dysfunction after exposure to synthetic marijuana. This case illustrates the importance of history taking in cardiac patients and identifies a negative cardiovascular effect of synthetic marijuana known as K2, not yet well detected by urine toxicology screening tools.
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Von Der Haar J, Talebi S, Ghobadi F, Singh S, Chirurgi R, Rajeswari P, Kalantari H, Hassen GW. Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their Effects on the Cardiovascular System. J Emerg Med 2016; 50:258-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises a complex of receptors, enzymes, and endogenous agonists that are widely distributed in the central nervous system of mammals and participates in a considerable number of neuromodulatory functions, including neurotransmission, immunological control, and cell signaling. In turn, the kynurenine pathway (KP) is the most relevant metabolic route for tryptophan degradation to form the metabolic precursor NAD(+). Recent studies demonstrate that the control exerted by the pharmacological manipulation of the ECS on the glutamatergic system in the brain may offer key information not only on the development of psychiatric disorders like psychosis and schizophrenia-like symptoms, but it also may constitute a solid basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to combat excitotoxic events occurring in neurological disorders like Huntington's disease (HD). Part of the evidence pointing to the last approach is based on experimental protocols demonstrating the efficacy of cannabinoids to prevent the deleterious actions of the endogenous neurotoxin and KP metabolite quinolinic acid (QUIN). These findings intuitively raise the question about what is the precise role of the ECS in tryptophan metabolism through KP and vice versa. In this chapter, we will review basic concepts on the physiology of both the ECS and the KP to finally describe those recent findings combining the components of these two systems and hypothesize the future course that the research in this emerging field will take in the next years.
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is widely distributed throughout the cardiovascular system. Endocannabinoids play a minimal role in the regulation of cardiovascular function in normal conditions, but are altered in most cardiovascular disorders. In shock, endocannabinoids released within blood mediate the associated hypotension through CB(1) activation. In hypertension, there is evidence for changes in the expression of CB(1), and CB(1) antagonism reduces blood pressure in obese hypertensive and diabetic patients. The endocannabinoid system is also upregulated in cardiac pathologies. This is likely to be cardioprotective, via CB(2) and CB(1) (lesser extent). In the vasculature, endocannabinoids cause vasorelaxation through activation of multiple target sites, inhibition of calcium channels, activation of potassium channels, NO production and the release of vasoactive substances. Changes in the expression or function of any of these pathways alter the vascular effect of endocannabinoids. Endocannabinoids have positive (CB(2)) and negative effects (CB(1)) on the progression of atherosclerosis. However, any negative effects of CB(1) may not be consequential, as chronic CB(1) antagonism in large scale human trials was not associated with significant reductions in atheroma. In neurovascular disorders such as stroke, endocannabinoids are upregulated and protective, involving activation of CB(1), CB(2), TRPV1 and PPARα. Although most of this evidence is from preclinical studies, it seems likely that cannabinoid-based therapies could be beneficial in a range of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoirse Elizabeth O'Sullivan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Room 4107, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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Janis RA. Collaborating with Alexander Scriabine and the Miles Institute for Preclinical Pharmacology. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:318-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Davis C, Boddington D. Teenage cardiac arrest following abuse of synthetic cannabis. Heart Lung Circ 2015; 24:e162-3. [PMID: 26256565 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.04.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cardiac effects of many illegal substances (cocaine, methadone) have previously been well described [1,2]. However the association between synthetic cannabis and cardiac arrest is less well documented. Here we describe an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a previously healthy 16-year-old female associated with the use of inhaled synthetic cannabis. METHODS An electronic systematic search of online databases PubMed and Embase was performed using keywords, "synthetic cannabis death" and "cardiac arrest". RESULTS In this case study a previously healthy 16-year-old had a cardiac arrest after synthetic cannabis use. Despite extensive investigations no other cause for her arrest was found. To the best of our knowledge there has been one previous case report of cardiac arrest following synthetic cannabis use in a 56-year-old man [3]. CONCLUSIONS This case report augments the relationship between synthetic cannabis and cardiac arrest in the medical community. More awareness surrounding the risk of synthetic cannabinoids is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Davis
- Tauranga Hospital, New Zealand.
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Safrany-Fark A, Petrovszki Z, Kekesi G, Liszli P, Benedek G, Keresztes C, Horvath G. In vivo potency of different ligands on voltage-gated sodium channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:158-64. [PMID: 26033207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Ranvier nodes of thick myelinated nerve fibers contain almost exclusively voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs), while the unmyelinated fibers have several receptors (e.g., cannabinoid, transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1), too. Therefore, a nerve which contains only motor fibers can be an appropriate in vivo model for selective influence of Navs. The goals were to evaluate the potency of local anesthetic drugs on such a nerve in vivo; furthermore, to investigate the effects of ligands with different structures (arachidonic acid, anandamide, capsaicin and nisoxetine) that were proved to inhibit Navs in vitro with antinociceptive properties. The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve was explored in anesthetized Wistar rats; after its stimulation, the electrical activity of the vibrissae muscles was registered following the perineural injection of different drugs. Lidocaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine evoked dose-dependent decrease in electromyographic activity, i.e., lidocaine had lower potency than bupivacaine or ropivacaine. QX-314 did not cause any effect by itself, but its co-application with lidocaine produced a prolonged inhibition. Nisoxetine had a very low potency. While anandamide and capsaicin in high doses caused about 50% decrease in the amplitude of action potential, arachidonic acid did not influence the responses. We proved that the classical local anesthetics have high potency on motor nerves, suggesting that this method might be a reliable model for selective targeting of Navs in vivo circumstances. It is proposed that the effects of these endogenous lipids and capsaicin on sensory fibers are not primarily mediated by Navs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Safrany-Fark
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza L. krt. 64, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zita Petrovszki
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport Science, Juhász Gyula Faculty of Education, University of Szeged, Hattyas sor 10, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Kekesi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Peter Liszli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gyorgy Benedek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Keresztes
- Department of Medical Communication and Translation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szentháromság u. 5, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gyongyi Horvath
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Ali RM, Al Kury LT, Yang KHS, Qureshi A, Rajesh M, Galadari S, Shuba YM, Howarth FC, Oz M. Effects of cannabidiol on contractions and calcium signaling in rat ventricular myocytes. Cell Calcium 2015; 57:290-9. [PMID: 25711828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychotropic cannabinoid found in Cannabis plant, has been shown to influence cardiovascular functions under various physiological and pathological conditions. In the present study, the effects of CBD on contractility and electrophysiological properties of rat ventricular myocytes were investigated. Video edge detection was used to measure myocyte shortening. Intracellular Ca(2+) was measured in cells loaded with the Ca(2+) sensitive fluorescent indicator fura-2 AM. Whole-cell patch clamp was used to measure action potential and Ca(2+) currents. Radioligand binding was employed to study pharmacological characteristics of CBD binding. CBD (1μM) caused a significant decrease in the amplitudes of electrically evoked myocyte shortening and Ca(2+) transients. However, the amplitudes of caffeine-evoked Ca(2+) transients and the rate of recovery of electrically evoked Ca(2+) transients following caffeine application were not altered. CBD (1μM) significantly decreased the duration of APs. Further studies on L-type Ca(2+) channels indicated that CBD inhibits these channels with IC50 of 0.1μM in a voltage-independent manner. Radioligand studies indicated that the specific binding of [(3)H]Isradipine, was not altered significantly by CBD. The results suggest that CBD depresses myocyte contractility by suppressing L-type Ca(2+) channels at a site different than dihydropyridine binding site and inhibits excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramez M Ali
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lina T Al Kury
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Natural Science and Public Health, College of Sustainability Sciences and Humanities, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Engineering, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Anwar Qureshi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yaroslav M Shuba
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Murat Oz
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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A Unique Case of Cardiac Arrest following K2 Abuse. Case Rep Cardiol 2014; 2014:120607. [PMID: 24963415 PMCID: PMC4055418 DOI: 10.1155/2014/120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for up to 450,000 deaths every year in the United States (Zipes et al. (2006)). Most cases of sudden cardiac death occur in subjects with no prior history of heart disease (Myerburg et al. (1998)). The incidence of sudden death in a general population has been shown to increase contemporaneously with substance abuse (Phillips et al. (1999)). The causative association of sudden death with cocaine, methadone, and volatile agents is well established (Adgey et al. (1995) and Isner et al. (1986)). We describe a case of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest temporally related to abuse of the synthetic cannabinoid street drug known as K2. To our knowledge, there are no previously documented cases of sudden cardiac death associated with synthetic cannabinoids although they have been linked to myocardial infarction in teenagers despite normal coronary angiography (Mir et al. (2011)).
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