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Weimann SR, Zhang C, Burger RM. A Developmental Switch in Cholinergic Mechanisms of Modulation in the Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0356232023. [PMID: 38383485 PMCID: PMC10883614 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0356-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) has been intensively investigated as a primary source of inhibition in brainstem auditory circuitry. MNTB-derived inhibition plays a critical role in the computation of sound location, as temporal features of sounds are precisely conveyed through the calyx of Held/MNTB synapse. In adult gerbils, cholinergic signaling influences sound-evoked responses of MNTB neurons via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs; Zhang et al., 2021) establishing a modulatory role for cholinergic input to this nucleus. However, the cellular mechanisms through which acetylcholine (ACh) mediates this modulation in the MNTB remain obscure. To investigate these mechanisms, we used whole-cell current and voltage-clamp recordings to examine cholinergic physiology in MNTB neurons from Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of both sexes. Membrane excitability was assessed in brain slices, in pre-hearing (postnatal days 9-13) and post-hearing onset (P18-20) MNTB neurons during bath application of agonists and antagonists of nicotinic (nAChRs) and muscarinic receptors (mAChRs). Muscarinic activation induced a potent increase in excitability most prominently prior to hearing onset with nAChR modulation emerging at later time points. Pharmacological manipulations further demonstrated that the voltage-gated K+ channel KCNQ (Kv7) is the downstream effector of mAChR activation that impacts excitability early in development. Cholinergic modulation of Kv7 reduces outward K+ conductance and depolarizes resting membrane potential. Immunolabeling revealed expression of Kv7 channels as well as mAChRs containing M1 and M3 subunits. Together, our results suggest that mAChR modulation is prominent but transient in the developing MNTB and that cholinergic modulation functions to shape auditory circuit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Weimann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem 18015, Pennsylvania
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem 18015, Pennsylvania
| | - R Michael Burger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem 18015, Pennsylvania
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Kurushina OV, Dumtsev VV. [Asthenia in young patients and possibilities for its correction]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:133-137. [PMID: 38884440 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2024124051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of using the drug Brainmax on various manifestations of asthenic syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS 30 patients, average age 29 years (20-44 years) took part in the study. The duration of treatment was 15 days. Subjective indicators on the asthenic state scale, hospital anxiety and depression scale, daytime sleepiness scale, as well as objective indicators of the corrective test were analysed. RESULTS It was found that after treating patients with Brainmax, the severity of asthenic syndrome, anxiety, and depression significantly decreased, the quality of sleep increased, and the results of the correction test improved. CONCLUSION The drug Brainmax can be recommended for the correction of asthenic syndrome in patients with functional diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Kurushina
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - V V Dumtsev
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
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Patt J, Alenfelder J, Pfeil EM, Voss JH, Merten N, Eryilmaz F, Heycke N, Rick U, Inoue A, Kehraus S, Deupi X, Müller CE, König GM, Crüsemann M, Kostenis E. An experimental strategy to probe Gq contribution to signal transduction in living cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100472. [PMID: 33639168 PMCID: PMC8024710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein subunits Gαq and Gα11 are inhibited by two cyclic depsipeptides, FR900359 (FR) and YM-254890 (YM), both of which are being used widely to implicate Gq/11 proteins in the regulation of diverse biological processes. An emerging major research question therefore is whether the cellular effects of both inhibitors are on-target, that is, mediated via specific inhibition of Gq/11 proteins, or off-target, that is, the result of nonspecific interactions with other proteins. Here we introduce a versatile experimental strategy to discriminate between these possibilities. We developed a Gαq variant with preserved catalytic activity, but refractory to FR/YM inhibition. A minimum of two amino acid changes were required and sufficient to achieve complete inhibitor resistance. We characterized the novel mutant in HEK293 cells depleted by CRISPR–Cas9 of endogenous Gαq and Gα11 to ensure precise control over the Gα-dependent cellular signaling route. Using a battery of cellular outcomes with known and concealed Gq contribution, we found that FR/YM specifically inhibited cellular signals after Gαq introduction via transient transfection. Conversely, both inhibitors were inert across all assays in cells expressing the drug-resistant variant. These findings eliminate the possibility that inhibition of non-Gq proteins contributes to the cellular effects of the two depsipeptides. We conclude that combined application of FR or YM along with the drug-resistant Gαq variant is a powerful in vitro strategy to discern on-target Gq against off-target non-Gq action. Consequently, it should be of high value for uncovering Gq input to complex biological processes with high accuracy and the requisite specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Patt
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Alenfelder
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Marie Pfeil
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Voss
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Merten
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Funda Eryilmaz
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina Heycke
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Uli Rick
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research and Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Crüsemann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are the core upstream elements that transduce and amplify the cellular signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to intracellular effectors. GPCRs are the largest family of membrane proteins encoded in the human genome and are the targets of about one-third of prescription medicines. However, to date, no single therapeutic agent exerts its effects via perturbing heterotrimeric G protein function, despite a plethora of evidence linking G protein malfunction to human disease. Several recent studies have brought to light that the Gq family-specific inhibitor FR900359 (FR) is unexpectedly efficacious in silencing the signaling of Gq oncoproteins, mutant Gq variants that mostly exist in the active state. These data not only raise the hope that researchers working in drug discovery may be able to potentially strike Gq oncoproteins from the list of undruggable targets, but also raise questions as to how FR achieves its therapeutic effect. Here, we place emphasis on these recent studies and explain why they expand our pharmacological armamentarium for targeting Gq protein oncogenes as well as broaden our mechanistic understanding of Gq protein oncogene function. We also highlight how this novel insight impacts the significance and utility of using G(q) proteins as targets in drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Kostenis
- Section of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Eva Marie Pfeil
- Section of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Suvi Annala
- Section of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Fernández-Cabezudo MJ, George JA, Bashir G, Mohamed YA, Al-Mansori A, Qureshi MM, Lorke DE, Petroianu G, Al-Ramadi BK. Involvement of Acetylcholine Receptors in Cholinergic Pathway-Mediated Protection Against Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1038. [PMID: 31156627 PMCID: PMC6529936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease that results in the killing of pancreatic β-cells and, consequently, loss of insulin production. Using the multiple low-dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) model of experimental autoimmune diabetes, we previously reported that pretreatment with a specific acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI), paraoxon, prevented the development of hyperglycemia in C57BL/6 mice. This correlated with an inhibition of T cell infiltration into the pancreatic islets and a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway utilizes nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs and mAChRs, respectively) expressed on a variety of cell types. In this study, we carried out a comparative analysis of the effect of specific antagonists of nAChRs or mAChRs on the development of autoimmune diabetes. Co-administration of mecamylamine, a non-selective antagonist of nAChRs maintained the protective effect of AChEI on the development of hyperglycemia. In contrast, co-administration of atropine, a non-selective antagonist of mAChRs, mitigated AChEI-mediated protection. Mice pretreated with mecamylamine had an improved response in glucose tolerance test (GTT) than mice pretreated with atropine. These differential effects of nAChR and mAChR antagonists correlated with the extent of islet cell infiltration and with the structure and functionality of the β-cells. Taken together, our data suggest that mAChRs are essential for the protective effect of cholinergic stimulation in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Fernández-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Junu A George
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghada Bashir
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yassir A Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alreem Al-Mansori
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed M Qureshi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dietrich E Lorke
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Georg Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Inhibition of TNF-α-induced neuronal apoptosis by antidepressants acting through the lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPA1. Apoptosis 2019; 24:478-498. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Potentiate 5'-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Stimulation and Glucose Uptake Triggered by Thapsigargin-Induced Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:245-258. [PMID: 28994003 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of the cellular energy metabolism and may induce either cell survival or death. We previously reported that in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) activate AMPK by triggering store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). However, whether mAChRs may control AMPK activity by regulating additional mechanisms beyond SOCE remains to be investigated. In the present study we examined the effects of mAChRs on AMPK when SOCE was induced by the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin. We found that in SH-SY5Y cells depleted of Ca2+ by thapsigargin, the re-addition Ca2+ to the medium stimulated AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172, which is required for full kinase activity. This response occurred through SOCE, as it was blocked by either the SOCE modulator 2-aminoethoxydiphephenyl borate, knockdown of the SOCE molecular component STIM1, or inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ). In thapsigargin-pretreated cells, stimulation of pharmacologically defined M3 mAChRs potentiated SOCE-induced AMPK activation. This potentiation did not involve an increased Ca2+ influx, but was associated with CaM mobilization from membrane to cytosol, increased CaM/CaMKKβ interaction, and enhanced CaMKK stimulation by thapsigargin-induced SOCE. In thapsigargin-pretreated cells Ca2+ re-addition stimulated glucose uptake and increased the membrane expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1. Both responses were significantly potentiated by mAChRs. These data indicate that in human neuroblastoma cells mAChRs up-regulate AMPK and the downstream glucose uptake by triggering not only SOCE but also CaM translocation and enhanced formation of active CaM/CaMKKβ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Olianas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Simona Dedoni
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Onali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
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Torshin IY, Gromova OA, Sardaryan IS, Fedotova LE. A comparative chemoreactome analysis of mexidol. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:75-83. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171171275-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gromova OA, Torshin IY, Stelmashuk EV, Alexandrova OP, Pronin AV, Gogoleva IV, Haspekov LG. A study of the neuroprotective effect of mexidol on the cell model of glutamate stress. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:71-77. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711712171-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P. The GABA B positive allosteric modulators CGP7930 and GS39783 stimulate ERK1/2 signalling in cells lacking functional GABA B receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 794:135-146. [PMID: 27876620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows that the GABAB positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) CGP7930 and GS39783 stimulate extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signalling in cells that do not express functional GABAB receptors. In human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, CGP7930 and GS39783 induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation with potencies similar to those displayed as GABAB PAMs. Conversely, γ-aminobutyric acid and the GABAB receptor agonists (-)baclofen and SKF97541 were completely inactive. CGP7930 and GS39783 enhanced the nuclear localization of phospho-ERK1/2 and CGP7930 promoted the phosphorylation of the transcription factors Elk-1 and CREB. CGP7930-induced ERK1/2 stimulation was insensitive to pertussis toxin, the Gq/11 antagonist YM254890 and the phospholipase C-β inhibitor U-73122, but was completely blocked by the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1, platelet--derived growth factor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt activities potentiated CGP7930-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CGP7930 enhanced the phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C (PKC) substrate and inhibition of PKC attenuated the ERK1/2 stimulation. Over-expression of N17Ras, a dominant negative mutant of c-Ras, or inhibition of c-Raf by GW5074 partially antagonized CGP7930-induced ERK1/2 activation. CGP7930 enhanced the phosphorylation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK-1) and TAK-1 inhibition by 5Z-7-oxozeaenol reduced CGP7930-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CGP7930 activated ERK1/2 in CHO-K1 fibroblasts, which lack endogenous GABAB receptors, but not in HEK-293 cells, indicating that the response displayed cell type specificity. These data demonstrate that CGP7930 and GS39783 can trigger ERK1/2 signalling, a critical modulator of mood and drug addiction, independently of an action on GABAB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Olianas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Simona Dedoni
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Onali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P. Protection from interferon-β-induced neuronal apoptosis through stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors coupled to ERK1/2 activation. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2910-28. [PMID: 27474091 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although clinically useful for their immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and antiviral properties, type I interferons (IFNs) are involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory diseases. In the present study, we investigated the ability of cholinergic stimulation to protect from IFN-β-induced neuronal apoptosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of the ACh receptor agonist carbachol (CCh) on IFN-β-induced apoptosis of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were examined by using western blots, immunofluorescence and cytofluorimetry. The involvement of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) was assessed by using selective antagonists and siRNA transfection. Pharmacological inhibitors and overexpression of ERK2 and an ERK2 constitutively active form (ERK2-CA) were employed to study ERK1/2 signalling. The effects of oxotremorine-M (Oxo-M) on IFN-β-induced apoptosis of mouse hippocampal neurons were examined by measuring cleaved caspase 3 expression. KEY RESULTS In SH-SY5Y cells, CCh inhibited IFN-β-induced mitochondrial cytochrome c release, activation of caspases 9, 7 and 3, PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. The anti-apoptotic effect of CCh was mediated by M3 receptors, blocked by Gq/11 antagonist YM254890 and PKC inhibitor Go 6983, impaired by inhibition of ERK1/2 pathway, potentiated by overexpression of ERK2 and mimicked by ERK2-CA. Blockade of JNK activation enhanced the CCh anti-apoptotic response. IFN-β inhibited JNK activation and up-regulated CCh-induced ERK1/2 signalling. In hippocampal neurons, Oxo-M reduced IFN-β-induced apoptosis; this effect was antagonized by blockade of M1 /M3 receptors and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Stimulation of mAChRs counteracted IFN-β-induced neuronal apoptosis through the activation of ERK1/2 signalling. The data indicate that activation of ERK1/2-coupled mAChRs may be an effective strategy for preventing IFNs neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Olianas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Dedoni
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Onali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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