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Yuan M, Liu T, Cai A, Zhan Z, Cheng Y, Wang Q, Xia Y, Shen N, Huang P, Zou X. Emerging connectivity of programmed cell death pathways and pulmonary vascular remodelling during pulmonary hypertension. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e70003. [PMID: 39153207 PMCID: PMC11330287 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.70003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic progressive vascular disease characterized by abnormal pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure. The major structural alteration during PH is pulmonary vascular remodelling, which is mainly caused by the imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary vascular cells. Previously, it was thought that apoptosis was the only type of programmed cell death (PCD). Soon afterward, other types of PCD have been identified, including autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis. In this review, we summarize the role of the above five forms of PCD in mediating pulmonary vascular remodelling, and discuss their guiding significance for PH treatment. The current review could provide a better understanding of the correlation between PCD and pulmonary vascular remodelling, contributing to identify new PCD-associated drug targets for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng‐nan Yuan
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ting Liu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - An‐qi Cai
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zibo Zhan
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yi‐li Cheng
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qi‐yue Wang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yu‐xuan Xia
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Nong‐er Shen
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiao‐zhou Zou
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
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Jiang Q, Yang Q, Zhang C, Hou C, Hong W, Du M, Shan X, Li X, Zhou D, Wen D, Xiong Y, Yang K, Lin Z, Song J, Mo Z, Feng H, Xing Y, Fu X, Liu C, Peng F, Wu L, Li B, Lu W, Yuan JXJ, Wang J, Chen Y. Nephrectomy and high-salt diet inducing pulmonary hypertension and kidney damage by increasing Ang II concentration in rats. Respir Res 2024; 25:288. [PMID: 39080603 PMCID: PMC11290206 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02916-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant risk factor for pulmonary hypertension (PH), a complication that adversely affects patient prognosis. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain poorly understood. A major obstacle to progress in this field is the lack of a reliable animal model replicating CKD-PH. METHODS This study aimed to establish a stable rat model of CKD-PH. We employed a combined approach, inducing CKD through a 5/6 nephrectomy and concurrently exposing the rats to a high-salt diet. The model's hemodynamics were evaluated dynamically, alongside a comprehensive assessment of pathological changes in multiple organs. Lung tissues and serum samples were collected from the CKD-PH rats to analyze the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), evaluate the activity of key vascular components within the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and characterize alterations in the serum metabolic profile. RESULTS At 14 weeks post-surgery, the CKD-PH rats displayed significant changes in hemodynamic parameters indicative of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Additionally, right ventricular hypertrophy was observed. Notably, no evidence of pulmonary vascular remodeling was found. Further analysis revealed RAAS dysregulation and downregulated ACE2 expression within the pulmonary vascular endothelium of CKD-PH rats. Moreover, the serum metabolic profile of these animals differed markedly from the sham surgery group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in CKD-PH rats is likely a consequence of a combined effect: RAAS dysregulation, decreased ACE2 expression in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, and metabolic disturbances.
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Grants
- 82370063, 82170069, 82241012, 82120108001, 81970057, 82170065, 82000045, 82270052 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82370063, 82170069, 82241012, 82120108001, 81970057, 82170065, 82000045, 82270052 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- National Key Research and Development Program of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Du
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuanyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Dansha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongmei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanhui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanjie Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Huazhuo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Critical Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Liling Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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Zeder K, Siew ED, Kovacs G, Brittain EL, Maron BA. Pulmonary hypertension and chronic kidney disease: prevalence, pathophysiology and outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024:10.1038/s41581-024-00857-7. [PMID: 38890546 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidney failure, with an estimated prevalence of up to 78% in those referred for right-heart catheterization. PH is independently associated with adverse outcomes in CKD, raising the possibility that early detection and appropriate management of PH might improve outcomes in at-risk patients. Among patients with PH, the prevalence of CKD stages 3 and 4 is estimated to be as high as 36%, and CKD is also independently associated with adverse outcomes. However, the complex, heterogenous pathophysiology and clinical profile of CKD-PH requires further characterization. CKD is often associated with elevated left ventricular filling pressure and volume overload, which presumably leads to pulmonary vascular stiffening and post-capillary PH. By contrast, a distinct subgroup of patients at high risk is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular dysfunction in the absence of pulmonary venous hypertension, which may represent a right-sided cardiorenal syndrome defined in principle by hypervolaemia, salt avidity, low cardiac output and normal left ventricular function. Current understanding of CKD-PH is limited, despite its potentially important ramifications for clinical decision making. In particular, whether PH should be considered when determining the suitability and timing of kidney replacement therapy or kidney transplantation is unclear. More research is urgently needed to address these knowledge gaps and improve the outcomes of patients with or at risk of CKD-PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zeder
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- The University of Maryland-Institute for Health Computing, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward D Siew
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Evan L Brittain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bradley A Maron
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The University of Maryland-Institute for Health Computing, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Li Y, Xu H, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Xu K, Yang Z, Li Y, Guo C. Epithelium-derived exosomes promote silica nanoparticles-induced pulmonary fibroblast activation and collagen deposition via modulating fibrotic signaling pathways and their epigenetic regulations. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:331. [PMID: 38867284 PMCID: PMC11170844 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of increasing exposure to silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and ensuing respiratory health risks, emerging evidence has suggested that SiNPs can cause a series of pathological lung injuries, including fibrotic lesions. However, the underlying mediators in the lung fibrogenesis caused by SiNPs have not yet been elucidated. RESULTS The in vivo investigation verified that long-term inhalation exposure to SiNPs induced fibroblast activation and collagen deposition in the rat lungs. In vitro, the uptake of exosomes derived from SiNPs-stimulated lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) by fibroblasts (MRC-5) enhanced its proliferation, adhesion, and activation. In particular, the mechanistic investigation revealed SiNPs stimulated an increase of epithelium-secreted exosomal miR-494-3p and thereby disrupted the TGF-β/BMPR2/Smad pathway in fibroblasts via targeting bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2), ultimately resulting in fibroblast activation and collagen deposition. Conversely, the inhibitor of exosomes, GW4869, can abolish the induction of upregulated miR-494-3p and fibroblast activation in MRC-5 cells by the SiNPs-treated supernatants of BEAS-2B. Besides, inhibiting miR-494-3p or overexpression of BMPR2 could ameliorate fibroblast activation by interfering with the TGF-β/BMPR2/Smad pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested pulmonary epithelium-derived exosomes serve an essential role in fibroblast activation and collagen deposition in the lungs upon SiNPs stimuli, in particular, attributing to exosomal miR-494-3p targeting BMPR2 to modulate TGF-β/BMPR2/Smad pathway. Hence, strategies targeting exosomes could be a new avenue in developing therapeutics against lung injury elicited by SiNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hailin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yurou Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Kun Xu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Caixia Guo
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Du Y, Zhang J, Guo K, Yin Y. Identification of potential biomarkers for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing analysis. Front Genet 2024; 15:1328234. [PMID: 38586587 PMCID: PMC10995363 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1328234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare and severe cardiopulmonary disease with a challenging prognosis, and its underlying pathogenesis remains elusive. A comprehensive understanding of IPAH is crucial to unveil potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. In this study, we investigated cellular heterogeneity and molecular pathology in IPAH using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. Our scRNA-seq results revealed significant alterations in three crucial signaling pathways in IPAH: the hypoxia pathway, TGF β pathway, and ROS pathway, primarily attributed to changes in gene expression within arterial endothelial cells. Moreover, through bulk RNA sequencing analysis, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in GO and KEGG pathways, implicated in regulating cell adhesion and oxidative phosphorylation in IPAH lungs. Similarly, DEGs-enriched pathways in IPAH arterial endothelial cells were also identified. By integrating DEGs from three IPAH datasets and applying protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, we identified 12 candidate biomarkers. Subsequent validation in two additional PAH datasets led us to highlight five potential biomarkers (CTNNB1, MAPK3, ITGB1, HSP90AA1, and DDX5) with promising diagnostic significance for IPAH. Furthermore, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) confirmed significant differences in the expression of these five genes in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells from PAH mice. In conclusion, our findings shed light on the pivotal role of arterial endothelial cells in the development of IPAH. Furthermore, the integration of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing datasets allowed us to pinpoint novel candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of IPAH. This work opens up new avenues for research and potential therapeutic interventions in IPAH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated Women’s Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingqiu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated Women’s Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Pathology, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated Women’s Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Stempel M, Maier O, Mhlekude B, Drakesmith H, Brinkmann MM. Novel role of bone morphogenetic protein 9 in innate host responses to HCMV infection. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1106-1129. [PMID: 38308064 PMCID: PMC10933439 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses modulate immune control to secure lifelong infection. The mechanisms Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) employs in this regard can reveal unanticipated aspects of cellular signaling involved in antiviral immunity. Here, we describe a novel relationship between the TGF-β family cytokine BMP9 and HCMV infection. We identify a cross-talk between BMP9-induced and IFN receptor-mediated signaling, showing that BMP9 boosts the transcriptional response to and antiviral activity of IFNβ, thereby enhancing viral restriction. We also show that BMP9 is secreted by human fibroblasts upon HCMV infection. However, HCMV infection impairs BMP9-induced enhancement of the IFNβ response, indicating that this signaling role of BMP9 is actively targeted by HCMV. Indeed, transmembrane proteins US18 and US20, which downregulate type I BMP receptors, are necessary and sufficient to cause inhibition of BMP9-mediated boosting of the antiviral response to IFNβ. HCMV lacking US18 and US20 is more sensitive to IFNβ. Thus, HCMV has a mutually antagonistic relationship with BMP9, which extends the growing body of evidence that BMP signaling is an underappreciated modulator of innate immunity in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Maier
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baxolele Mhlekude
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Kimyon AS, Çetinkaya A, Hallıoğlu Kılınç O, Aras N. The evaluation of the SMAD1 rs1016792 polymorphism and gene expression on pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease in children: a preliminary study. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38410024 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2322109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Smad Family Member (SMAD), a protein family responsible for transducing the signal induced by TGF-β into the nucleus, is thought to play a role in the pathology of many heart diseases. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the influence of the SMAD1 rs1016792 polymorphism and gene expression on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) due to congenital heart disease (CHD) in children. A total of 90 children, 45 of whom were PAH-CHD children and 45 healthy children, were included in the study. Patients were selected from those who were diagnosed and followed in the Department of Pediatric Cardiology.The SMAD1 rs1016792 genotyping and expression analysis was performed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based system. It was determined that the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) value was lower in the patient group than in the control group, while the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) value was higher in the patient group than in the control group. When the SMAD1 gene expression level was examined, a statistically significant difference was found between the patient and control groups. Patients had decreased SMAD1 expression compared to controls (p˂0.001). We found no significant difference between the patient and control groups in terms of SMAD1 rs1016792 genotype distribution or allele frequency (p > 0.05). There was no difference between genotype distribution and SMAD1 expression levels in the groups. In this study, we showed for the first time that SMAD1 expression is decreased in children with PAH-CHD. These results will be a preliminary step toward understanding the role of SMAD1 in the etiopathogenesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Selim Kimyon
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Çetinkaya
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Nurcan Aras
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Arslan A, Smith J, Qureshi MR, Uysal A, Patel KK, Herazo-Maya JD, Bandyopadhyay D. Evolution of pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease: a journey through past, present, and future. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1306032. [PMID: 38298504 PMCID: PMC10827954 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1306032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a spectrum of disorders often complicated by pulmonary hypertension (PH) in its course. The pathophysiologic mechanism of WHO group 3 PH is different to other forms of PH. The advent of PH is a harbinger for adverse events like mortality and morbidity, implying that the PH component of disease expedites deteriorated clinical outcomes. In fact, WHO group 3 PH due to ILD has the worse prognosis among all groups of PH. Hence, early detection of PH by a comprehensive screening method is paramount. Given considerable overlap in clinical manifestations between ILD and PH, early detection of PH is often elusive. Despite, the treatment of PH due to ILD has been frustrating until recently. Clinical trials utilizing PAH-specific pulmonary vasodilators have been ongoing for years without desired results. Eventually, the INCREASE study (2018) demonstrated beneficial effect of inhaled Treprostinil to treat PH in ILD. In view of this pioneering development, a paradigm shift in clinical approach to this disease phenotype is happening. There is a renewed vigor to develop a well validated screening tool for early detection and management. Currently inhaled Treprostinil is the only FDA approved therapy to treat this phenotype, but emergence of a therapy has opened a plethora of research toward new drug developments. Regardless of all these recent developments, the overall outlook still remains grim in this condition. This review article dwells on the current state of knowledge of pre-capillary PH due to ILD, especially its diagnosis and management, the recent progresses, and future evolutions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Debabrata Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Fang Q, Bai Y, Hu S, Ding J, Liu L, Dai M, Qiu J, Wu L, Rao X, Wang Y. Unleashing the Potential of Nrf2: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1978. [PMID: 38001831 PMCID: PMC10669195 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling, characterized by the thickening of all three layers of the blood vessel wall, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Despite the approval of several drugs for PH treatment, their long-term therapeutic effect remains unsatisfactory, as they mainly focus on vasodilation rather than addressing vascular remodeling. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of PH. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a vital transcription factor that regulates endogenous antioxidant defense and emerges as a novel regulator of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Growing evidence has suggested an involvement of Nrf2 and its downstream transcriptional target in the process of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Pharmacologically targeting Nrf2 has demonstrated beneficial effects in various diseases, and several Nrf2 inducers are currently undergoing clinical trials. However, the exact potential and mechanism of Nrf2 as a therapeutic target in PH remain unknown. Thus, this review article aims to comprehensively explore the role and mechanism of Nrf2 in pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with PH. Additionally, we provide a summary of Nrf2 inducers that have shown therapeutic potential in addressing the underlying vascular remodeling processes in PH. Although Nrf2-related therapies hold great promise, further research is necessary before their clinical implementation can be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shuiqing Hu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Meiyan Dai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lujin Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Q.F.); (Y.B.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (L.L.); (M.D.); (J.Q.); (L.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Zeng X, Zhao R, Wu Z, Ma Z, Cen C, Gao S, Hong W, Yao Y, Wen K, Ding S, Wang J, Lu W, Wang X, Wang T. [ 18 F] -FAPI-42 PET/CT assessment of Progressive right ventricle fibrosis under pressure overload. Respir Res 2023; 24:270. [PMID: 37932744 PMCID: PMC10626814 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right heart failure (RHF) is a complication of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and increases the mortality independently of the underlying disease. However, the process of RHF development and progression is not fully understood. We aimed to develop effective approaches for early diagnosis and precise evaluation of RHF. METHODS Right ventricle (RV) pressure overload was performed via pulmonary artery banding (PAB) surgery in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to induce RHF. Echocardiography, right heart catheterization, histological staining, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) immunofluorescence and 18 F-labelled FAP inhibitor-42 ([18 F] -FAPI-42) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) were performed at day 3, week 1, 2, 4 and 8 after PAB. RNA sequencing was performed to explore molecular alterations between PAB and sham group at week 2 and week 4 after PAB respectively. RESULTS RV hemodynamic disorders were aggravated, and RV function was declined based on right heart catheterization and echocardiography at week 2, 4 and 8 after PAB. Progressive cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and capillary rarefaction could be observed in RV from 2 to 8 weeks after PAB. RNA sequencing indicated 80 upregulated genes and 43 downregulated genes in the RV at both week 2 and week 4 after PAB; Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that fibrosis as the most significant biological process in the RV under pressure overload. Immunofluorescence indicated that FAP was upregulated in the RV from week 2 to week 8 after PAB; and [18 F] -FAPI-42 PET/CT revealed FAPI uptake was significantly higher in RV at week 2 and further increased at week 4 and 8 after PAB. CONCLUSION RV function is progressively declined with fibrosis as the most prominent molecular change after pressure overload, and [18 F] -FAPI-42 PET/CT is as sensitive and accurate as histopathology in RV fibrosis evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruiyue Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuoji Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunxian Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanxian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanrong Yao
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kexin Wen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shangwei Ding
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang W, Lin W, Zeng X, Zhang M, Chen Q, Tang Y, Sun J, Liang B, Zha L, Yu Z. FUT8-Mediated Core Fucosylation Promotes the Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1927-1944. [PMID: 37196106 PMCID: PMC10529761 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary disease with unclear underlying molecular mechanisms and limited therapeutic options. This study aimed to explore the role of core fucosylation and the only glycosyltransferase FUT8 in PAH. We observed increased core fucosylation in a monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rat model and isolated rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) treated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). We found that 2-fluorofucose (2FF), a drug used to inhibit core fucosylation, improved hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular remodeling in MCT-induced PAH rats. In vitro, 2FF effectively restrains the proliferation, migration, and phenotypic switching of PASMCs and promotes apoptosis. Compared with controls, serum FUT8 concentration in PAH patients and MCT-induced rats was significantly elevated. FUT8 expression appeared increased in the lung tissues of PAH rats, and the co-localization of FUT8 with α-SMA was also observed. SiRNA was used to knockdown FUT8 in PASMCs (siFUT8). After effectively silencing FUT8 expression, phenotypic changes induced in PASMCs by PDGF-BB stimulation were alleviated. FUT8 activated the AKT pathway, while the admission of AKT activator SC79 could partially counteract the negative effect of siFUT8 on the proliferation, apoptotic resistance, and phenotypic switching of PASMCs, which may be involved in the core fucosylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Our research confirmed the critical role of FUT8 and its mediated core fucosylation in pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH, providing a potential novel therapeutic target for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenchao Lin
- Department of nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaofang Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengqiu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiyang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Benhui Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihuang Zha
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiang Ya), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zaixin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiang Ya), Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yang X, Ren L, Chen X, Pang Y, Jia B, Sun J, Quan X. BMP9 maintains the phenotype of HTR-8/Svneo trophoblast cells by activating the SDF1/CXCR4 pathway. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:24. [PMID: 37550619 PMCID: PMC10405378 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-023-00487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) has been shown to regulate processes such as angiogenesis, endothelial dysfunction, and tumorigenesis. However, the role of BMP9 in preeclampsia (PE) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of BMP9 in PE. METHODS The effects of BMP9 on the viability, migration and invasion of HTR-8/Svneo cells were investigated by CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay. The effect of BMP9 on apoptosis of HTR-8/Svneo cells was detected by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of BMP9, SDF1 and CXCR4 were detected by ELISA kit. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression levels of each gene in the cells. RESULTS Overexpression of BMP9 promoted the proliferation and migration of trophoblast cells and inhibited apoptosis. Knockdown of BMP9 had the opposite effect. The levels of BMP9, SDF1 and CXCR4 in the plasma of PE patients were down-regulated, and BMP9 was positively correlated with the levels of SDF1 and CXCR4. BMP9 also significantly upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of SDF1 and CXCR4 in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Further mechanistic studies found that BMP9 promoted the migration and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells and inhibited apoptosis by activating the SDF1/CXCR4 pathway. CONCLUSION We demonstrate for the first time that BMP9 promoted the migration and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells and inhibits apoptosis by activating the SDF1/CXCR4 pathway. This suggests that BMP9 may be a biomarker molecule for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Obstetrics department of Weapon Industry 521 Hospital, NO.12, East Zhangba Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710065, China
| | - Lingling Ren
- Obstetrics department of Weapon Industry 521 Hospital, NO.12, East Zhangba Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710065, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Obstetrics department of Weapon Industry 521 Hospital, NO.12, East Zhangba Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710065, China
| | - Ying Pang
- Obstetrics department of Weapon Industry 521 Hospital, NO.12, East Zhangba Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710065, China
| | - Baoxia Jia
- Obstetrics department of Weapon Industry 521 Hospital, NO.12, East Zhangba Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710065, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Obstetrics department of Weapon Industry 521 Hospital, NO.12, East Zhangba Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710065, China
| | - Xiaofang Quan
- Obstetrics department of Weapon Industry 521 Hospital, NO.12, East Zhangba Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710065, China
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Fließer E, Lins T, Berg JL, Kolb M, Kwapiszewska G. The endothelium in lung fibrosis: a core signaling hub in disease pathogenesis? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C2-C16. [PMID: 37184232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00097.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive chronic lung disease characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and structural destruction, associated with a severe 5-year mortality rate. The onset of the disease is thought to be triggered by chronic damage to the alveolar epithelium. Since the pulmonary endothelium is an important component of the alveolar-capillary niche, it is also affected by the initial injury. In addition to ensuring proper gas exchange, the endothelium has critical functional properties, including regulation of vascular tone, inflammatory responses, coagulation, and maintenance of vascular homeostasis and integrity. Recent single-cell analyses have shown that shifts in endothelial cell (EC) subtypes occur in PF. Furthermore, the increased vascular remodeling associated with PF leads to deteriorated outcomes for patients, underscoring the importance of the vascular bed in PF. To date, the causes and consequences of endothelial and vascular involvement in lung fibrosis are poorly understood. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the involvement of EC and the vascular system in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we will outline the current knowledge on the role of the pulmonary vasculature in PF, in terms of abnormal cellular interactions, hyperinflammation, vascular barrier disorders, and an altered basement membrane composition. Finally, we will summarize recent advances in extensive therapeutic research and discuss the significant value of novel therapies targeting the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fließer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Lins
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Lorenz Berg
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Lung Health, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
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Piccari L, Allwood B, Antoniou K, Chung JH, Hassoun PM, Nikkho SM, Saggar R, Shlobin OA, Vitulo P, Nathan SD, Wort SJ. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and phenotypes of pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease: A consensus statement from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute's Innovative Drug Development Initiative - Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension. Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12213. [PMID: 37025209 PMCID: PMC10071306 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication of interstitial lung disease (ILD). Although PH has mostly been described in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, it can manifest in association with many other forms of ILD. Associated pathogenetic mechanisms are complex and incompletely understood but there is evidence of disruption of molecular and genetic pathways, with panvascular histopathologic changes, multiple pathophysiologic sequelae, and profound clinical ramifications. While there are some recognized clinical phenotypes such as combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema and some possible phenotypes such as connective tissue disease associated with ILD and PH, the identification of further phenotypes of PH in ILD has thus far proven elusive. This statement reviews the current evidence on the pathogenesis, recognized patterns, and useful diagnostic tools to detect phenotypes of PH in ILD. Distinct phenotypes warrant recognition if they are characterized through either a distinct presentation, clinical course, or treatment response. Furthermore, we propose a set of recommendations for future studies that might enable the recognition of new phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Piccari
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineHospital del MarBarcelonaSpain
| | - Brian Allwood
- Department of Medicine, Division of PulmonologyStellenbosch University & Tygerberg HospitalCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Department of Thoracic MedicineUniversity of Crete School of MedicineHeraklionCreteGreece
| | - Jonathan H. Chung
- Department of RadiologyThe University of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Paul M. Hassoun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Rajan Saggar
- Lung & Heart‐Lung Transplant and Pulmonary Hypertension ProgramsUniversity of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Oksana A. Shlobin
- Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, Inova Health SystemFalls ChurchVirginiaUSA
| | - Patrizio Vitulo
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineIRCCS Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized TherapiesPalermoSiciliaItaly
| | - Steven D. Nathan
- Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, Inova Health SystemFalls ChurchVirginiaUSA
| | - Stephen John Wort
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Service at the Royal Brompton HospitalLondonUK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial CollegeLondonUK
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Gonzales J, Fraidenburg DR. Pharmacology and Emerging Therapies for Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Chronic Lung Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030418. [PMID: 36986517 PMCID: PMC10058846 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) frequently complicates chronic lung disease and is associated with high morbidity and poor outcomes. Individuals with interstitial lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease develop PH due to structural changes associated with the destruction of lung parenchyma and vasculature with concurrent vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling similar to what is observed in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Treatment for PH due to chronic lung disease is largely supportive and therapies specific to PAH have had minimal success in this population with exception of the recently FDA-approved inhaled prostacyclin analogue treprostinil. Given the significant disease burden of PH due to chronic lung diseases and its associated mortality, a great need exists for improved understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to vascular remodeling in this population. This review will discuss the current understanding of pathophysiology and emerging therapeutic targets and potential pharmaceuticals.
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Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020366. [PMID: 36836600 PMCID: PMC9967990 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling is the critical structural alteration and pathological feature in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and involves changes in the intima, media and adventitia. Pulmonary vascular remodeling consists of the proliferation and phenotypic transformation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) of the middle membranous pulmonary artery, as well as complex interactions involving external layer pulmonary artery fibroblasts (PAFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM). Inflammatory mechanisms, apoptosis and other factors in the vascular wall are influenced by different mechanisms that likely act in concert to drive disease progression. This article reviews these pathological changes and highlights some pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the remodeling process.
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Guan R, Yuan L, Li J, Wang J, Li Z, Cai Z, Guo H, Fang Y, Lin R, Liu W, Wang L, Zheng Q, Xu J, Zhou Y, Qian J, Ding M, Luo J, Li Y, Yang K, Sun D, Yao H, He J, Lu W. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis by modulating cellular senescence and mitophagy in lung fibroblasts. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:13993003.02307-2021. [PMID: 35777761 PMCID: PMC9808813 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02307-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of myofibroblasts is critical to fibrogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Senescence and insufficient mitophagy in fibroblasts contribute to their differentiation into myofibroblasts, thereby promoting the development of lung fibrosis. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a multifunctional growth factor, is essential for the early stage of lung development; however, the role of BMP4 in modulating lung fibrosis remains unknown. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of BMP4 in lung fibrosis using BMP4-haplodeleted mice, BMP4-overexpressed mice, primary lung fibroblasts and lung samples from patients with IPF. RESULTS BMP4 expression was downregulated in IPF lungs and fibroblasts compared to control individuals, negatively correlated with fibrotic genes, and BMP4 decreased with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulation in lung fibroblasts in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In mice challenged with bleomycin, BMP4 haploinsufficiency perpetuated activation of lung myofibroblasts and caused accelerated lung function decline, severe fibrosis and mortality. BMP4 overexpression using adeno-associated virus 9 vectors showed preventative and therapeutic efficacy against lung fibrosis. In vitro, BMP4 attenuated TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production by reducing impaired mitophagy and cellular senescence in lung fibroblasts. Pink1 silencing by short-hairpin RNA transfection abolished the ability of BMP4 to reverse the TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production, indicating dependence on Pink1-mediated mitophagy. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of BMP4 on fibroblast activation and differentiation was accompanied with an activation of Smad1/5/9 signalling and suppression of TGF-β1-mediated Smad2/3 signalling in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Strategies for enhancing BMP4 signalling may represent an effective treatment for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Liang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jingpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ziying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaowei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Mingjing Ding
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Jieping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Wenju Lu and Jianxing He contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China .,Wenju Lu and Jianxing He contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
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18
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Huang J, Cao Y, Li X, Yu F, Han X. E2F1 regulates miR-215-5p to aggravate paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis via repressing BMPR2 expression. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:940-950. [PMID: 36569483 PMCID: PMC9773066 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary fibrosis is considered to be an irreversible lung injury, which can be caused by paraquat (PQ) poisoning. MiRNAs have been demonstrated crucial roles in pulmonary fibrosis caused by numerous approaches including PQ induction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and the underlying mechanism of miR-215 in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Methods The cell and animal models of pulmonary fibrosis were established through PQ intervention. Cell viability was performed to test by MTT assay. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect COL1A1 expression and its location. The relationships among E2F1, miR-215-5p, and BMPR2 were validated by dual luciferase reporter gene assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation. Lung morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results MiR-215-5p was upregulated in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. MiR-215-5p silencing relieved PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis progression by enhancing cell viability and reducing the expression of fibrosis-related markers (COL1A1, COL3A1, and α-SMA). Mechanistically, miR-215-5p directly targeted BMRP2. BMPR2 knockdown abolished the suppressive effects of miR-215-5p knockdown on PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, E2F1 interacted with miR-215-5p promoter and positively regulated miR-215-5p expression. E2F1 downregulation reduced miR-215-5p level and promoted BMPR2 level via regulating TGF-β/Smad3 pathway, and then suppressed PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis, whereas these effects were compromised by miR-215-5p sufficiency. Conclusion MiR-215-5p was activated by E2F1 to repress BMPR2 expression and activate TGF-β/Smad3 pathway, which aggravated PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis progression. Targeting the E2F1/miR-215-5p/BMPR2 axis might be a new approach to alleviate PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Emergency Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, Jiefang west Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan Province 410005, P. R. China
| | - Yan Cao
- Emergency Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, Jiefang west Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan Province 410005, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Emergency Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, Jiefang west Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan Province 410005, P. R. China
| | - Fang Yu
- Emergency Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, Jiefang west Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan Province 410005, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- Emergency Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, Jiefang west Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan Province 410005, P. R. China
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19
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Remiszewski P, Pędzińska-Betiuk A, Mińczuk K, Schlicker E, Klimek J, Dzięcioł J, Malinowska B. Effects of the peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist JD5037 in mono— and polytherapy with the AMPK activator metformin in a monocrotaline-induced rat model of pulmonary hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:965613. [PMID: 36120288 PMCID: PMC9479636 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.965613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease leading to increased pressure in the pulmonary artery and right heart failure. The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, metformin, has a protective effect against PH. CB1 receptor blockade reduces the number of pathological alterations in experimental lung fibrosis. The current study evaluates the effect of the peripheral cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist JD5037 in mono- and polytherapy with metformin in rat monocrotaline-induced mild PH. Animals received metformin (100 mg/kg), JD5037 (3 mg/kg), or a combination of both once daily for 21 days. Monocrotaline (60 mg/kg) increased right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure (RVSP), led to RV and lung hypertrophy and remodeling, and decreased oxygen saturation. Metformin partially restored the monocrotaline-induced effects, i.e., decreased RVSP, increased oxygen saturation, and counteracted cardiac fibrotic, hypertrophic, and inflammatory changes. JD5037 modified parameters related to inflammation and/or fibrosis. Only polytherapy with metformin and JD5037 improved Fulton’s index and coronary artery hypertrophy and tended to be more effective than monotherapy against alterations in RVSP, oxygen saturation and coronary artery tunica media vacuolization. In conclusion, monotherapy with JD5037 does not markedly influence the PH-related changes. However, polytherapy with metformin tends to be more efficient than any of these compounds alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Remiszewski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Pędzińska-Betiuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Mińczuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Justyna Klimek
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Janusz Dzięcioł
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Barbara Malinowska,
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20
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Martínez-Salgado C, Sánchez-Juanes F, López-Hernández FJ, Muñoz-Félix JM. Endothelial Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 (ALK1) Regulates Myofibroblast Emergence and Peritubular Capillary Stability in the Early Stages of Kidney Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:843732. [PMID: 35770075 PMCID: PMC9234496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.843732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubulo-interstitial fibrosis is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the tubular interstitium during chronic kidney disease. The main source of ECM proteins are emerging and proliferating myofibroblasts. The sources of myofibroblasts in the renal tubular interstitium have been studied during decades, in which the epithelial contribution of the myofibroblast population through the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) process was assumed to be the major mechanism. However, it is now accepted that the EMT contribution is very limited and other mechanisms such as the proliferation of local resident fibroblasts or the transdifferentiation of endothelial cells seem to be more relevant. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) is a type I receptor which belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, with a key role in tissue fibrosis and production of ECM by myofibroblast. Predominantly expressed in endothelial cells, ALK1 also plays an important role in angiogenesis and vessel maturation, but the relation of these processes with kidney fibrosis is not fully understood. We show that after 3 days of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), ALK1 heterozygous mice (Alk1+/−) display lower levels of kidney fibrosis associated to a lower number of myofibroblasts. Moreover, Alk1+/− mice have a lower degree of vascular rarefaction, showing improved peritubular microvasculature after UUO. All these data suggest an important role of ALK1 in regulating vascular rarefaction and emergence of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Salgado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD)-REDINREN (ISCIII), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Martínez-Salgado, ; José M. Muñoz-Félix,
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Juanes
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco J. López-Hernández
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD)-REDINREN (ISCIII), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M. Muñoz-Félix
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Martínez-Salgado, ; José M. Muñoz-Félix,
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21
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Hajra A, Safiriyu I, Balasubramanian P, Gupta R, Chowdhury S, Prasad AJ, Kumar A, Kumar D, Khan B, Bilberry RSF, Sarkar A, Malik P, Aronow WS. Recent Advances and Future Prospects of Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022:101236. [PMID: 35500734 PMCID: PMC9171713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is one of the difficult situations to treat. Complex pathophysiology, association of the multiple comorbidities make clinical scenario challenging. Recently it is being shown that patients who had recovered from coronavirus disease infection, are at risk of developing pulmonary hypertension. Studies on animals have been going on to find out newer treatment options. There are recent advancements in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Role of anticoagulation, recombinant fusion proteins, stem cell therapy are emerging as therapeutic options for affected patients. SGLT2 inhibitors have potential to have beneficial effects on pulmonary hypertension. Apart from the medical managements, advanced interventions are also getting popular. In this review article, the authors have discussed pathophysiology, recent advancement of treatments including coronavirus disease patients, and future aspect of managing pulmonary hypertension. We have highlighted treatment options for patients with sleep apnea, interstitial lung disease to discuss the challenges and possible options to manage those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Akshay Kumar
- Jinnah Sindh Medical Univeristy Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Jinnah Sindh Medical Univeristy Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Baseer Khan
- Jinnah Sindh Medical Univeristy Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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22
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Wu XH, Ma JL, Ding D, Ma YJ, Wei YP, Jing ZC. Experimental animal models of pulmonary hypertension: Development and challenges. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:207-216. [PMID: 35333455 PMCID: PMC9240731 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is clinically divided into 5 major types, characterized by elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), finally leading to right heart failure and death. The pathogenesis of this arteriopathy remains unclear, leaving it impossible to target pulmonary vascular remodeling and reverse the deterioration of right ventricular (RV) function. Different animal models have been designed to reflect the complex mechanistic origins and pathology of PH, roughly divided into 4 categories according to the modeling methods: non‐invasive models in vivo, invasive models in vivo, gene editing models, and multi‐means joint modeling. Though each model shares some molecular and pathological changes with different classes of human PH, in most cases the molecular etiology of human PH is poorly known. The appropriate use of classic and novel PH animal models is essential for the hunt of molecular targets to reverse severe phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Wu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Ling Ma
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Medical Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Ma
- Medical Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Peng Wei
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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23
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Wu SM, Tsai JJ, Pan HC, Arbiser JL, Elia L, Sheu ML. Aggravation of pulmonary fibrosis after knocking down the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3430-3451. [PMID: 35083738 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease with multiple contributing factors. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), with a reciprocal function to Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), is known to be involved in the development of airway inflammation. However, the exact relationship between IGF1R and AhR in lung fibrogenesis is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the cascade pathway involving IGF1R and AhR in IPF. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The AhR and IGF1R expressions were determined in the lungs of IPF patients and in a rodent fibrosis model. Pulmonary fibrosis was evaluated in bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury in wild type and AhR knockout (AhR-/- ) mice. The effects of IGF1R inhibition and AhR activation in vitro on TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in Beas2B cells and in vivo on BLM-exposed mice were also examined. KEY RESULTS There were increased IGF1R levels but diminished AhR expression in the lung tissues of IPF patients and BLM-induced mice. Knockout of AhR aggravated lung fibrosis, while the use of IGF1R inhibitor and AhR agonist significantly attenuated such effects and inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT in Beas2B cells. Both TGF-β1 and BLM markedly suppressed AhR expression through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequently, IGF1R activation. The IGF1R inhibitor and specific knockdown of IGF1R reversed the activation of the TGF-β1 signal pathway. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In the development of IPF, AhR and IGF1R play opposite roles via the TGF-β/Smad/STAT signaling cascade. The AhR/IGF1R axis is a potential target for the treatment of lung injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Mao Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ji Tsai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chuan Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta Veterans Administration Health Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leonardo Elia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Lombardia, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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24
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Andre P, Joshi SR, Briscoe SD, Alexander MJ, Li G, Kumar R. Therapeutic Approaches for Treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Correcting Imbalanced TGF-β Superfamily Signaling. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:814222. [PMID: 35141256 PMCID: PMC8818880 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.814222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation driven by pathological remodeling of distal pulmonary arteries, leading typically to death by right ventricular failure. Available treatments improve physical activity and slow disease progression, but they act primarily as vasodilators and have limited effects on the biological cause of the disease—the uncontrolled proliferation of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Imbalanced signaling by the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily contributes extensively to dysregulated vascular cell proliferation in PAH, with overactive pro-proliferative SMAD2/3 signaling occurring alongside deficient anti-proliferative SMAD1/5/8 signaling. We review the TGF-β superfamily mechanisms underlying PAH pathogenesis, superfamily interactions with inflammation and mechanobiological forces, and therapeutic strategies under development that aim to restore SMAD signaling balance in the diseased pulmonary arterial vessels. These strategies could potentially reverse pulmonary arterial remodeling in PAH by targeting causative mechanisms and therefore hold significant promise for the PAH patient population.
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25
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Fukihara J, Maiolo S, Kovac J, Sakamoto K, Wakahara K, Hashimoto N, Reynolds PN. Overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 suppresses transforming growth factor β-induced profibrotic responses in lung fibroblasts. Exp Lung Res 2022; 48:35-51. [PMID: 35037801 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2021.2024301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated BMPR2 expression in pulmonary fibrosis and TGF-β/BMP signaling in lung fibroblasts. Then we evaluated the impact of BMPR2 upregulation using adenoviral transduction on TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and fibronectin production in lung fibroblasts. RESULTS BMPR2 was distributed in airway epithelium and alveolar walls in rat lungs. BMPR2 expression was decreased in fibrotic lesions in the lungs of rats with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) stimulated with TGF-β. Although Smad2/3 phosphorylation and fibronectin production were not suppressed solely by BMPs, phosphorylated Smad2/3 was decreased in BMPR2-transduced cells even without BMP stimulation. Fibronectin was decreased only when BMPR2-transduced HLFs were stimulated with BMP7 (but not BMP4). Similar results were also observed in IPF patient HLFs and rat lung fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS BMPR2 expression was reduced in fibrotic lungs and lung fibroblasts stimulated with TGF-β. BMPR2 transduction to lung fibroblasts reduced Smad2/3 phosphorylation, and reduced fibronectin production when treated with BMP7. Upregulation of BMPR2 may be a possible strategy for treating pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fukihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne Maiolo
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica Kovac
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Koji Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiko Wakahara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naozumi Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Paul N Reynolds
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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26
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Sim C, Lamanna E, Cirnigliaro F, Lam M. Beyond TGFβ1 - novel treatment strategies targeting lung fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 141:106090. [PMID: 34601088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a key feature of chronic lung diseases and occurs as a consequence of aberrant wound healing. TGFβ1 plays a major role in promoting fibrosis and is the primary target of current treatments that slow, but do not halt or reverse the progression of disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that additional mechanisms, including excessive airway contraction, inflammation and infections including COVID-19, can contribute to fibrosis. This review summarises experimental and clinical studies assessing the potential beneficial effects of novel drugs that possess a unique suite of complementary actions to oppose contraction, inflammation and remodelling, along with evidence that they also limit fibrosis. Translation of these promising findings is critical for the repurposing and development of improved therapeutics for fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sim
- Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Lamanna
- Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Maggie Lam
- Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
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Sitapara R, Sugarragchaa C, Zisman LS. SU5416 plus hypoxia but not selective VEGFR2 inhibition with cabozantinib plus hypoxia induces pulmonary hypertension in rats: potential role of BMPR2 signaling. Pulm Circ 2021; 11:20458940211021528. [PMID: 34178306 PMCID: PMC8202272 DOI: 10.1177/20458940211021528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SU5416 plus chronic hypoxia causes pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats and is assumed to occur through VEGFR2 inhibition. Cabozantinib is a far more potent VEGFR2 inhibitor than SU5416. Therefore, we hypothesized that cabozantinib plus hypoxia would induce severe pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Cell proliferation and pharmacokinetic studies were performed. Rats were given SU5416 or cabozantinib subcutaneously or via osmotic pump and kept hypoxic for three weeks. Right ventricular systolic pressure and hypertrophy were evaluated at days 14 and 28 following removal from hypoxia. Right ventricular fibrosis was evaluated with Picro-Sirius Red staining. Kinome inhibition profiles of SU5416 and cabozantinib were performed. Inhibitor binding constants of SU5416 and cabozantinib for BMPR2 were determined and Nanostring analyses of lung mRNA were performed. Cabozantinib was a more potent VEGFR inhibitor than SU5416 and had a longer half-life in rats. Cabozantinib subcutaneous plus hypoxia did not induce severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Right ventricular systolic pressure at 14 and 28 days post-hypoxia was 36.8 ± 2.3 mmHg and 36.2 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively, versus 27.5 ± 1.5 mmHg in normal controls. For cabozantinib given by osmotic pump during hypoxia, right ventricular systolic pressure was 40.0 ± 3.1 mmHg at 14 days and 27.9 ± 1.9 mmHg at 28 days post-hypoxia. SU5416 plus hypoxia induced severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (right ventricular systolic pressure 61.9 ± 6.1 mmHg and 64.9 ± 8.4 mmHg at 14 and 28 days post-hypoxia, respectively). Cabozantinib induced less right ventricular hypertrophy (right ventricular free wall weight/(left ventricular free wall weight + interventricular septum weight) at 14 days post-hypoxia compared to SU5416. Right ventricular fibrosis was more extensive in the SU5416 groups compared to the cabozantinib groups. SU5416 (but not cabozantinib) inhibited BMPR2. Nanostring analyses showed effects on pulmonary gene expression of BMP10 and VEGFR1 in the SU5416 28 days post-hypoxia group. In conclusion, selective VEGFR2 inhibition using cabozantinib plus hypoxia did not induce severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension due to SU5416 plus hypoxia may be due to combined VEGFR2 and BMPR2 inhibition.
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