1
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Li J, Li J, Ullah A, Shi X, Zhang X, Cui Z, Lyu Q, Kou G. Tangeretin Enhances Muscle Endurance and Aerobic Metabolism in Mice via Targeting AdipoR1 to Increase Oxidative Myofibers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38990695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Slow oxidative myofibers play an important role in improving muscle endurance performance and maintaining body energy homeostasis. However, the targets and means to regulate slow oxidative myofibers proportion remain unknown. Here, we show that tangeretin (TG), a natural polymethoxylated flavone, significantly activates slow oxidative myofibers-related gene expression and increases type I myofibers proportion, resulting in improved endurance performance and aerobic metabolism in mice. Proteomics, molecular dynamics, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) investigations revealed that TG can directly bind to adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1). Using AdipoR1-knockdown C2C12 cells and muscle-specific AdipoR1-knockout mice, we found that the positive effect of TG on regulating slow oxidative myofiber related markers expression is mediated by AdipoR1 and its downstream AMPK/PGC-1α pathway. Together, our data uncover TG as a natural compound that regulates the identity of slow oxidative myofibers via targeting the AdipoR1 signaling pathway. These findings further unveil the new function of TG in increasing the proportion of slow oxidative myofibers and enhancing skeletal muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Li
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology and Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiangtao Li
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology and Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Amin Ullah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyang Shi
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology and Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology and Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenwei Cui
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology and Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Quanjun Lyu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangning Kou
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology and Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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2
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Schachner ER, Moore AJ, Martinez A, Diaz RE, Echols MS, Atterholt J, W P Kissane R, Hedrick BP, Bates KT. The respiratory system influences flight mechanics in soaring birds. Nature 2024; 630:671-676. [PMID: 38867039 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The subpectoral diverticulum (SPD) is an extension of the respiratory system in birds that is located between the primary muscles responsible for flapping the wing1,2. Here we survey the pulmonary apparatus in 68 avian species, and show that the SPD was present in virtually all of the soaring taxa investigated but absent in non-soarers. We find that this structure evolved independently with soaring flight at least seven times, which indicates that the diverticulum might have a functional and adaptive relationship with this flight style. Using the soaring hawks Buteo jamaicensis and Buteo swainsoni as models, we show that the SPD is not integral for ventilation, that an inflated SPD can increase the moment arm of cranial parts of the pectoralis, and that pectoralis muscle fascicles are significantly shorter in soaring hawks than in non-soaring birds. This coupling of an SPD-mediated increase in pectoralis leverage with force-specialized muscle architecture produces a pneumatic system that is adapted for the isometric contractile conditions expected in soaring flight. The discovery of a mechanical role for the respiratory system in avian locomotion underscores the functional complexity and heterogeneity of this organ system, and suggests that pulmonary diverticula are likely to have other undiscovered secondary functions. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the repeated appearance of the SPD in soaring lineages and show that the respiratory system can be co-opted to provide biomechanical solutions to the challenges of flight and thereby influence the evolution of avian volancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Schachner
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Andrew J Moore
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Aracely Martinez
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Raul E Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jessie Atterholt
- Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Roger W P Kissane
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brandon P Hedrick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Karl T Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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3
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Dickinson E, Manzo M, Davis CE, Kolli S, Schwenk A, Carter A, Liu C, Vasipalli N, Ratkiewicz A, Deutsch AR, Granatosky MC, Hartstone-Rose A. Ecological correlates of three-dimensional muscle architecture within the dietarily diverse Strepsirrhini. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1975-1994. [PMID: 38063131 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of muscle architecture, traditionally conducted via gross dissection, has been used to evaluate adaptive relationships between anatomical form and behavioral function. However, gross dissection cannot preserve three-dimensional relationships between myological structures for analysis. To analyze such data, we employ diffusible, iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DiceCT) to explore the relationships between feeding ecology and masticatory muscle microanatomy in eight dietarily diverse strepsirrhines: allowing, for the first time, preservation of three-dimensional fascicle orientation and tortuosity across a functional comparative sample. We find that fascicle properties derived from these digital analyses generally agree with those measured from gross-dissected conspecifics. Physiological cross-sectional area was greatest in species with mechanically challenging diets. Frugivorous taxa and the wood-gouging species all exhibit long jaw adductor fascicles, while more folivorous species show the shortest relative jaw adductor fascicle lengths. Fascicle orientation in the parasagittal plane also seems to have a clear dietary association: most folivorous taxa have masseter and temporalis muscle vectors that intersect acutely while these vectors intersect obliquely in more frugivorous species. Finally, we observed notably greater magnitudes of fascicle tortuosity, as well as greater interspecific variation in tortuosity, within the jaw adductor musculature than in the jaw abductors. While the use of a single specimen per species precludes analysis of intraspecific variation, our data highlight the diversity of microanatomical variation that exists within the strepsirrhine feeding system and suggest that muscle architectural configurations are evolutionarily labile in response to dietary ecology-an observation to be explored across larger samples in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Madison Manzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cassidy E Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shruti Kolli
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Alysa Schwenk
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- College of Public Health, Thomacharles Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley Carter
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cindy Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nimi Vasipalli
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aleksandra Ratkiewicz
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Ashley R Deutsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Zhang Y, Herbert RD, Bilston LE, Bolsterlee B. Three-dimensional architecture and moment arms of human rotator cuff muscles in vivo: Interindividual, intermuscular, and intramuscular variations. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38690607 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The human rotator cuff consists of four muscles, each with a complex, multipennate architecture. Despite the functional and clinical importance, the architecture of the human rotator cuff has yet to be clearly described in humans in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the intramuscular, intermuscular, and interindividual variations in architecture and moment arms of the human rotator cuff. Muscle volumes, fascicle lengths, physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs), pennation angles, and moment arms of all four rotator cuff muscles were measured from mDixon and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans of the right shoulders of 20 young adults. In accordance with the most detailed dissections available to date, we found substantial intramuscular variation in fascicle length (coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 26% to 40%) and pennation angles (CVs ranged from 56% to 62%) in all rotator cuff muscles. We also found substantial intermuscular and interindividual variations in muscle volumes, but relatively consistent mean fascicle lengths, pennation angles, and moment arms (CVs for all ≤17%). Moreover, when expressed as a proportion of total rotator cuff muscle volume, the volumes of individual rotator cuff muscles were highly consistent between individuals and sexes (CVs ≤16%), suggesting that rotator cuff muscle volumes scale uniformly, at least in a younger population without musculoskeletal problems. Together, these data indicate limited interindividual and intermuscular variability in architecture, which may simplify scaling routines for musculoskeletal models. However, the substantial intramuscular variation in architecture questions the validity of previously reported mean architectural parameters to adequately describe rotator cuff function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert D Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Yao Z, Wo J, Zheng E, Yang J, Li H, Li X, Li J, Luo Y, Wang T, Fan Z, Zhan Y, Yang Y, Wu Z, Yin L, Meng F. A deep learning-based approach for fully automated segmentation and quantitative analysis of muscle fibers in pig skeletal muscle. Meat Sci 2024; 213:109506. [PMID: 38603965 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Muscle fiber properties exert a significant influence on pork quality, with cross-sectional area (CSA) being a crucial parameter closely associated with various meat quality indicators, such as shear force. Effectively identifying and segmenting muscle fibers in a robust manner constitutes a vital initial step in determining CSA. This step is highly intricate and time-consuming, necessitating an accurate and automated analytical approach. One limitation of existing methods is their tendency to perform well on high signal-to-noise ratio images of intact, healthy muscle fibers but their lack of validation on more complex image datasets featuring significant morphological changes, such as the presence of ice crystals. In this study, we undertake the fully automatic segmentation of muscle fiber microscopic images stained with myosin adenosine triphosphate (mATPase) activity using a deep learning architecture known as SOLOv2. Our objective is to efficiently derive accurate measurements of muscle fiber size and distribution. Tests conducted on actual images demonstrate that our method adeptly handles the intricate task of muscle fiber segmentation, yielding quantitative results amenable to statistical analysis and displaying reliability comparable to manual analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jingjie Wo
- College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jianhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yizhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Institute of Facility Agriculture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhenfei Fan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yuexin Zhan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yingshan Yang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Yunfu Subcenter of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu 527400, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Ling Yin
- College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Fanming Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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6
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Vetter S, Witt M, Hepp P, Schleichardt A, Schleifenbaum S, Roth C, Denecke T, Henkelmann J, Köhler HP. A 6-week randomized-controlled field study: effect of isokinetic eccentric resistance training on strength, flexibility and muscle structure of the shoulder external rotators in male junior handball players. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1368033. [PMID: 38516212 PMCID: PMC10955123 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1368033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Team handball involves a tremendous amount of shoulder motion with high forces during repeated extended external range of motion. This causes shoulder complaints and overuse injuries. While eccentric training for the lower extremity shows preventive effects by improving strength, range of motion and fascicle length, there is a research gap for the shoulder joint and for advanced tissue characterization using diffusion tensor imaging. Objectives: To investigate the effects of 6-week eccentric isokinetic resistance training on strength, flexibility, and fiber architecture characteristics of the external rotators compared to an active control group in junior male handball players. Methods: 15 subjects were randomly assigned to the eccentric training group and 14 subjects to the active control group (conventional preventive training). Primary outcome measures were eccentric and concentric isokinetic strength of the external rotators, range of motion, and muscle fascicle length and fascicle volume. Results: The intervention group, showed significant changes in eccentric strength (+15%). The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles showed significant increases in fascicle length (+13% and +8%), and in fractional anisotropy (+9% and +6%), which were significantly different from the control group. Conclusion: Eccentric isokinetic training has a significant effect on the function and macroscopic structure of the shoulder external rotators in male junior handball players. While strength parameters and muscle structure improved, range of motion did not change. This research helps understanding the physiology of muscle and the role of eccentric training on shoulder function and muscle structure. Furthermore, DTI was found to be a promising tool for advanced tissue characterization, and the in vivo derived data can also serve as model input variables and as a possibility to extend existing ex-vivo muscle models. Future research is needed for functional and structural changes following convenient eccentric field exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vetter
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Witt
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Hepp
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Schleichardt
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schleifenbaum
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timm Denecke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeanette Henkelmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Köhler
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Kissane RWP, Askew GN. Conserved mammalian muscle mechanics during eccentric contractions. J Physiol 2024; 602:1105-1126. [PMID: 38400808 DOI: 10.1113/jp285549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a broad range of biomechanical functions, including power generation and energy absorption. These roles are underpinned by the force-velocity relationship, which comprises two distinct components: a concentric and an eccentric force-velocity relationship. The concentric component has been extensively studied across a wide range of muscles with different muscle properties. However, to date, little progress has been made in accurately characterising the eccentric force-velocity relationship in mammalian muscle with varying muscle properties. Consequently, mathematical models of this muscle behaviour are based on a poorly understood phenomenon. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the concentric force-velocity and eccentric force-velocity relationships of four mammalian muscles (soleus, extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm and digastric) with varying biomechanical functions, spanning three orders of magnitude in body mass (mouse, rat and rabbits). The force-velocity relationship was characterised using a hyperbolic-linear equation for the concentric component a hyperbolic equation for the eccentric component, at the same time as measuring the rate of force development in the two phases of force development in relation to eccentric lengthening velocity. We demonstrate that, despite differences in the curvature and plateau height of the eccentric force-velocity relationship, the rates of relative force development were consistent for the two phases of the force-time response during isovelocity lengthening ramps, in relation to lengthening velocity, in the four muscles studied. Our data support the hypothesis that this relationship depends on cross-bridge and titin activation. Hill-type musculoskeletal models of the eccentric force-velocity relationship for mammalian muscles should incorporate this biphasic force response. KEY POINTS: The capacity of skeletal muscle to generate mechanical work and absorb energy is underpinned by the force-velocity relationship. Despite identification of the lengthening (eccentric) force-velocity relationship over 80 years ago, no comprehensive study has been undertaken to characterise this relationship in skeletal muscle. We show that the biphasic force response seen during active muscle lengthening is conserved over three orders of magnitude of mammalian skeletal muscle mass. Using mice with a small deletion in titin, we show that part of this biphasic force profile in response to muscle lengthening is reliant on normal titin activation. The rate of force development during muscle stretch may be a more reliable way to describe the forces experienced during eccentric muscle contractions compared to the traditional hyperbolic curve fitting, and functions as a novel predictor of force-velocity characteristics that may be used to better inform hill-type musculoskeletal models and assess pathophysiological remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W P Kissane
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graham N Askew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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8
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Taylor AB, Terhune CE, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. The impact of measurement technique and sampling on estimates of skeletal muscle fibre architecture. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38406878 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibre architecture provides important insights into performance of vertebrate locomotor and feeding behaviours. Chemical digestion and in situ sectioning of muscle bellies along their lengths to expose fibres, fibre orientation and intramuscular tendon, are two classical methods for estimating architectural variables such as fibre length (Lf ) and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). It has recently been proposed that Lf estimates are systematically shorter and hence less accurate using in situ sectioning. Here we addressed this hypothesis by comparing Lf estimates between the two methods for the superficial masseter and temporalis muscles in a sample of strepsirrhine and platyrrhine primates. Means or single-specimen Lf estimates using chemical digestion were greater in 17/32 comparisons (53.13%), indicating the probability of achieving longer fibres using chemical digestion is no greater than chance in these taxonomic samples. We further explored the impact of sampling on scaling of Lf and PCSA in platyrrhines applying a bootstrapping approach. We found that sampling-both numbers of individuals within species and representation of species across the clade significantly influence scaling results of Lf and PCSA in platyrrhines. We show that intraspecific and clade sampling strategies can account for differences between previously published platyrrhine scaling studies. We suggest that differences in these two methodological approaches to assessing muscle architecture are relatively less consequential when estimating Lf and PCSA for comparative studies, whereas achieving more reliable estimates within species through larger samples and representation of the full clade space are important considerations in comparative studies of fibre architecture and scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher J Vinyard
- Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University-Heritage College of Osteopathic, Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
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9
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Wiseman AL, Charles JP, Hutchinson JR. Static versus dynamic muscle modelling in extinct species: a biomechanical case study of the Australopithecus afarensis pelvis and lower extremity. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16821. [PMID: 38313026 PMCID: PMC10838096 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The force a muscle generates is dependent on muscle structure, in which fibre length, pennation angle and tendon slack length all influence force production. Muscles are not preserved in the fossil record and these parameters must be estimated when constructing a musculoskeletal model. Here, we test the capability of digitally reconstructed muscles of the Australopithecus afarensis model (specimen AL 288-1) to maintain an upright, single-support limb posture. Our aim was to ascertain the influence that different architectural estimation methods have on muscle specialisation and on the subsequent inferences that can be extrapolated about limb function. Parameters were estimated for 36 muscles in the pelvis and lower limb and seven different musculoskeletal models of AL 288-1 were produced. These parameters represented either a 'static' Hill-type muscle model (n = 4 variants) which only incorporated force, or instead a 'dynamic' Hill-type muscle model with an elastic tendon and fibres that could vary force-length-velocity properties (n = 3 variants). Each muscle's fibre length, pennation angle, tendon slack length and maximal isometric force were calculated based upon different input variables. Static (inverse) simulations were computed in which the vertical and mediolateral ground reaction forces (GRF) were incrementally increased until limb collapse (simulation failure). All AL 288-1 variants produced somewhat similar simulated muscle activation patterns, but the maximum vertical GRF that could be exerted on a single limb was not consistent between models. Three of the four static-muscle models were unable to support >1.8 times body weight and produced models that under-performed. The dynamic-muscle models were stronger. Comparative results with a human model imply that similar muscle group activations between species are needed to sustain single-limb support at maximally applied GRFs in terms of the simplified static simulations (e.g., same walking pose) used here. This approach demonstrated the range of outputs that can be generated for a model of an extinct individual. Despite mostly comparable outputs, the models diverged mostly in terms of strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh L.A. Wiseman
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Charles
- Evolutionary Morphology and Biomechanics Lab, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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10
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Götschi T, Snedeker JG, Fitze DP, Sarto F, Spörri J, Franchi MV. Three-dimensional mapping of ultrasound-derived skeletal muscle shear wave velocity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1330301. [PMID: 38179131 PMCID: PMC10764491 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1330301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The mechanical properties of skeletal muscle are indicative of its capacity to perform physical work, state of disease, or risk of injury. Ultrasound shear wave elastography conducts a quantitative analysis of a tissue's shear stiffness, but current implementations only provide two-dimensional measurements with limited spatial extent. We propose and assess a framework to overcome this inherent limitation by acquiring numerous and contiguous measurements while tracking the probe position to create a volumetric scan of the muscle. This volume reconstruction is then mapped into a parameterized representation in reference to geometric and anatomical properties of the muscle. Such an approach allows to quantify regional differences in muscle stiffness to be identified across the entire muscle volume assessed, which could be linked to functional implications. Methods: We performed shear wave elastography measurements on the vastus lateralis (VL) and the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) muscle of 16 healthy volunteers. We assessed test-retest reliability, explored the potential of the proposed framework in aggregating measurements of multiple subjects, and studied the acute effects of muscular contraction on the regional shear wave velocity post-measured at rest. Results: The proposed approach yielded moderate to good reliability (ICC between 0.578 and 0.801). Aggregation of multiple subject measurements revealed considerable but consistent regional variations in shear wave velocity. As a result of muscle contraction, the shear wave velocity was elevated in various regions of the muscle; showing pre-to-post regional differences for the radial assessement of VL and longitudinally for BFlh. Post-contraction shear wave velocity was associated with maximum eccentric hamstring strength produced during six Nordic hamstring exercise repetitions. Discussion and Conclusion: The presented approach provides reliable, spatially resolved representations of skeletal muscle shear wave velocity and is capable of detecting changes in three-dimensional shear wave velocity patterns, such as those induced by muscle contraction. The observed systematic inter-subject variations in shear wave velocity throughout skeletal muscle additionally underline the necessity of accurate spatial referencing of measurements. Short high-effort exercise bouts increase muscle shear wave velocity. Further studies should investigate the potential of shear wave elastography in predicting the muscle's capacity to perform work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Götschi
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P. Fitze
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Sarto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medical Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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11
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Laird MF, Iriarte-Diaz J, Byron CD, Granatosky MC, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Gape drives regional variation in temporalis architectural dynamics in tufted capuchins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220550. [PMID: 37839440 PMCID: PMC10577035 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in jaw movements and bite forces depend on muscle architectural and neural factors that have rarely been compared within the same muscle. Here we investigate how regional muscle architecture dynamics-fascicle rotation, shortening, lengthening and architectural gear ratio (AGR)-vary during chewing across a functionally heterogeneous muscle. We evaluate whether timing in architecture dynamics relates to gape, food material properties and/or muscle activation. We also examine whether static estimates of temporalis fibre architecture track variation in dynamic architecture. Fascicle-level architecture dynamics were measured in three regions of the superficial temporalis of three adult tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella) using biplanar videoradiography and the XROMM workflow. Architecture dynamics data were paired with regional fine-wire electromyography data from four adult tufted capuchins. Gape accounted for most architectural change across the temporalis, but architectural dynamics varied between regions. Mechanically challenging foods were associated with lower AGRs in the anterior region. The timing of most dynamic architectural changes did not vary between regions and differed from regional variation in static architecture. Collectively these findings suggest that, when modelling temporalis muscle force production in extant and fossil primates, it is important to account for the effects of gape, regionalization and food material properties. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra F. Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Levy 443, 4010 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383-1000, USA
| | - Craig D. Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA 312014, USA
| | - Michael C. Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11545, USA
| | - Andrea B. Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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12
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Charles JP, Bates KT. The Functional and Anatomical Impacts of Healthy Muscle Ageing. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1357. [PMID: 37887067 PMCID: PMC10604714 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Even "healthy" muscle ageing is often associated with substantial changes in muscle form and function and can lead to increased injury risks and significant negative impacts on quality of life. However, the impacts of healthy muscle ageing on the fibre architecture and microstructure of different muscles and muscle groups throughout the lower limb, and how these are related to their functional capabilities, are not fully understood. Here, a previously established framework of magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging was used to measure the muscle volumes, intramuscular fat, fibre lengths and physiological cross-sectional areas of 12 lower limb muscles in a cohort of healthily aged individuals, which were compared to the same data from a young population. Maximum muscle forces were also measured from an isokinetic dynamometer. The more substantial interpopulation differences in architecture and functional performance were located within the knee extensor muscles, while the aged muscles were also more heterogeneous in muscle fibre type and atrophy. The relationships between architecture and muscle strength were also more significant in the knee extensors compared to other functional groups. These data highlight the importance of the knee extensors as a potential focus for interventions to negate the impacts of muscle ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Charles
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK;
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13
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Vetter S, Köhler HP, Hepp P, Steinke H, Schleifenbaum S, Theopold J, Kiem S, Witt M, Henkelmann J, Roth C. Diffusion tensor imaging: Influence of segmentation on fiber tracking in the supraspinatus muscle-An inter-operator reliability analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286280. [PMID: 37733809 PMCID: PMC10513221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of muscle to generate force depends on its architecture and health condition. MR-based diffusion tensor imaging of muscle (mDTI) is an innovative approach for showing the fiber arrangement for the whole muscle volume. For accurate calculations of fiber metrics, muscle segmentation prior to tractography is regarded as necessary. Since segmentation is known to be operator dependent, it is important to understand how segmentation affects tractography. The aim of this study was to compare the results of deterministic fiber tracking based on muscle models generated by two independent operators. In addition, this study compares the results with a segmentation-free approach. Fifteen subjects underwent mDTI of the right shoulder. The results showed that mDTI can be successfully applied to complex joints such as the human shoulder. Furthermore, operator segmentation did not influence the results of fiber tracking and fascicle length (FL), fiber volume (FV), fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD) showed excellent intraclass correlation estimates (≥ 0.975). As an exploratory approach, the segmentation-free fiber tracking showed significant differences in terms of mean fascicle length. Based on these findings, we conclude that tractography is not sensitive to small deviations in muscle segmentation. Furthermore, it implies that mDTI and automatic segmentation approaches or even a segmentation-free analysis can be considered for evaluation of muscle architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vetter
- Sports Faculty Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Köhler
- Sports Faculty Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Hepp
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Universitätsklinikum, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hanno Steinke
- Department of Anatomy, Universitätsklinikum, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schleifenbaum
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Universitätsklinikum, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Theopold
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Universitätsklinikum, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon Kiem
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maren Witt
- Sports Faculty Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeanette Henkelmann
- Clinics of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- Clinics of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Xv XW, Chen WB, Xiong CH, Huang B, Cheng LF, Sun BY. Exploring the effects of skeletal architecture and muscle properties on bipedal standing in the common chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) from the perspective of biomechanics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1140262. [PMID: 37214291 PMCID: PMC10196953 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1140262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It is well known that the common chimpanzee, as both the closest living relative to humans and a facultative bipedal, has the capability of bipedal standing but cannot do so fully upright. Accordingly, they have been of exceeding significance in elucidating the evolution of human bipedalism. There are many reasons why the common chimpanzee can only stand with its hips-knees bent, such as the distally oriented long ischial tubercle and the almost absent lumbar lordosis. However, it is unknown how the relative positions of their shoulder-hip-knee-ankle joints are coordinated. Similarly, the distribution of the biomechanical characteristics of the lower-limb muscles and the factors that affect the erectness of standing as well as the muscle fatigue of the lower limbs remain a mystery. The answers are bound to light up the evolutional mechanism of hominin bipedality, but these conundrums have not been shed much light upon, because few studies have comprehensively explored the effects of skeletal architecture and muscle properties on bipedal standing in common chimpanzees. Methods: Thus, we first built a musculoskeletal model comprising the head-arms-trunk (HAT), thighs, shanks, and feet segments of the common chimpanzee, and then, the mechanical relationships of the Hill-type muscle-tendon units (MTUs) in bipedal standing were deduced. Thereafter, the equilibrium constraints were established, and a constrained optimization problem was formulated where the optimization objective was defined. Finally, thousands of simulations of bipedal standing experiments were performed to determine the optimal posture and its corresponding MTU parameters including muscle lengths, muscle activation, and muscle forces. Moreover, to quantify the relationship between each pair of the parameters from all the experimental simulation outcomes, the Pearson correlation analysis was employed. Results: Our results demonstrate that in the pursuit of the optimal bipedal standing posture, the common chimpanzee cannot simultaneously achieve maximum erectness and minimum muscle fatigue of the lower limbs. For uni-articular MTUs, the relationship between muscle activation, relative muscle lengths, together with relative muscle forces, and the corresponding joint angle is generally negatively correlated for extensors and positively correlated for flexors. For bi-articular MTUs, the relationship between muscle activation, coupled with relative muscle forces, and the corresponding joint angles does not show the same pattern as in the uni-articular MTUs. Discussion: The results of this study bridge the gap between skeletal architecture, along with muscle properties, and biomechanical performance of the common chimpanzee during bipedal standing, which enhances existing biomechanical theories and advances the comprehension of bipedal evolution in humans.
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15
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Macaulay S, Hoehfurtner T, Cross SRR, Marek RD, Hutchinson JR, Schachner ER, Maher AE, Bates KT. Decoupling body shape and mass distribution in birds and their dinosaurian ancestors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1575. [PMID: 36949094 PMCID: PMC10033513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is accepted that non-avian theropod dinosaurs, with their long muscular tails and small forelimbs, had a centre-of-mass close to the hip, while extant birds, with their reduced tails and enlarged wings have their mass centred more cranially. Transition between these states is considered crucial to two key innovations in the avian locomotor system: crouched bipedalism and powered flight. Here we use image-based models to challenge this dichotomy. Rather than a phylogenetic distinction between 'dinosaurian' and 'avian' conditions, we find terrestrial versus volant taxa occupy distinct regions of centre-of-mass morphospace consistent with the disparate demands of terrestrial bipedalism and flight. We track this decoupled evolution of body shape and mass distribution through bird evolution, including the origin of centre-of-mass positions more advantageous for flight and major reversions coincident with terrestriality. We recover modularity in the evolution of limb proportions and centre-of-mass that suggests fully crouched bipedalism evolved after powered flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Macaulay
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Tatjana Hoehfurtner
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Samuel R R Cross
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Ryan D Marek
- Department of Cell & Development Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Emma R Schachner
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Alice E Maher
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Karl T Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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16
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Kissane RWP, Charles JP, Banks RW, Bates KT. The association between muscle architecture and muscle spindle abundance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2830. [PMID: 36806712 PMCID: PMC9938265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Across the human body, skeletal muscles have a broad range of biomechanical roles that employ complex proprioceptive control strategies to successfully execute a desired movement. This information is derived from peripherally located sensory apparatus, the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organs. The abundance of these sensory organs, particularly muscle spindles, is known to differ considerably across individual muscles. Here we present a comprehensive data set of 119 muscles across the human body including architectural properties (muscle fibre length, mass, pennation angle and physiological cross-sectional area) and statistically test their relationships with absolute spindle number and relative spindle abundance (the residual value of the linear regression of the log-transformed spindle number and muscle mass). These data highlight a significant positive relationship between muscle spindle number and fibre length, emphasising the importance of fibre length as an input into the central nervous system. However, there appears to be no relationship between muscles architecturally optimised to function as displacement specialists and their provision of muscle spindles. Additionally, while there appears to be regional differences in muscle spindle abundance, independent of muscle mass and fibre length, our data provide no support for the hypothesis that muscle spindle abundance is related to anatomical specialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W P Kissane
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Science, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - James P Charles
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Science, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Robert W Banks
- Department of Biosciences and Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Karl T Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Science, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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17
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Cuff AR, Wiseman ALA, Bishop PJ, Michel KB, Gaignet R, Hutchinson JR. Anatomically grounded estimation of hindlimb muscle sizes in Archosauria. J Anat 2022; 242:289-311. [PMID: 36206401 PMCID: PMC9877486 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, active movement is driven by muscle forces acting on bones, either directly or through tendinous insertions. There has been much debate over how muscle size and force are reflected by the muscular attachment areas (AAs). Here we investigate the relationship between the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), a proxy for the force production of the muscle, and the AA of hindlimb muscles in Nile crocodiles and five bird species. The limbs were held in a fixed position whilst blunt dissection was carried out to isolate the individual muscles. AAs were digitised using a point digitiser, before the muscle was removed from the bone. Muscles were then further dissected and fibre architecture was measured, and PCSA calculated. The raw measures, as well as the ratio of PCSA to AA, were studied and compared for intra-observer error as well as intra- and interspecies differences. We found large variations in the ratio between AAs and PCSA both within and across species, but muscle fascicle lengths are conserved within individual species, whether this was Nile crocodiles or tinamou. Whilst a discriminant analysis was able to separate crocodylian and avian muscle data, the ratios for AA to cross-sectional area for all species and most muscles can be represented by a single equation. The remaining muscles have specific equations to represent their scaling, but equations often have a relatively high success at predicting the ratio of muscle AA to PCSA. We then digitised the muscle AAs of Coelophysis bauri, a dinosaur, to estimate the PCSAs and therefore maximal isometric muscle forces. The results are somewhat consistent with other methods for estimating force production, and suggest that, at least for some archosaurian muscles, that it is possible to use muscle AA to estimate muscle sizes. This method is complementary to other methods such as digital volumetric modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Cuff
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK,Human Anatomy Resource CentreUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Ashleigh L. A. Wiseman
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Peter J. Bishop
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK,Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeUSA,Geosciences ProgramQueensland MuseumBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Krijn B. Michel
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Raphäelle Gaignet
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
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18
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Whiteley R, Hickey JT, Vermeulen R, Timmins R, Best TM, Rio E, Opar D. Biceps Femoris Fascicle Lengths Increase after Hamstring Injury Rehabilitation to a Greater Extent in the Injured Leg. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5131914. [PMID: 38655154 PMCID: PMC11022767 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5131914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Document changes in fascicle length during rehabilitation from hamstring injury of the injured and uninjured legs and secondarily to describe any association between these changes and reinjury rate. Design Multicentre case series. Methods Fifty-two prospectively included hamstring injured athletes had their biceps femoris long head fascicle lengths measured at the start and end of rehabilitation using two-dimensional ultrasound. Absolute and relative changes in fascicle length were compared for each leg using linear mixed models. Participants were followed for six months after being cleared to return to sport for any reinjury. Fascicle lengths and rehabilitation duration were compared for those who reinjured and those who did not. Results Injured leg fascicle length was shorter at the start of rehabilitation (9.1 cm compared to 9.8 cm, p < 0.01 ) but underwent greater absolute and relative lengthening during rehabilitation to 11.1 cm (18% increase) compared to 10.2 cm (8% increase, p < 0.01 ) for the uninjured leg. There were no significant differences in any fascicle length parameter for the 5 participants who reinjured in the 6 months following their return to sport compared to those that did not reinjure. Conclusions While both injured and uninjured legs displayed increases in fascicle length during rehabilitation, the larger fascicle length increases in the injured leg suggest that either a different training stimulus was applied during rehabilitation to each leg or there was a different response to training and/or recovery from injury in the injured leg. Reinjury risk appears to be independent of fascicle length changes in this cohort, but the small number of reinjuries makes any conclusions speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Whiteley
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- School of Human Movement & Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jack T. Hickey
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Robin Vermeulen
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Amsterdam, Academic Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Amsterdam IOC Center, ACHSS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ryan Timmins
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Ebonie Rio
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - David Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
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