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Latent profile analysis of post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth among firefighters. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2159048. [PMID: 37052101 PMCID: PMC9848271 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2159048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to the job characteristics, firefighters are repeatedly exposed to trauma incidents. However, not all firefighters exhibit the same level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or post-traumatic growth (PTG). Despite this, few studies have looked into firefighters' PTSD and PTG.Objective: This study identified subgroups of firefighters based on their PTSD and PTG levels, and investigated the influence of demographic factors and PTSD/PTG-related factors on latent class classification.Method: Latent profile analysis was used to examine the patterns of PTSD and PTG among 483 firefighters in South Korea. Using a cross-sectional design, demographic factors and job factors were examined as group covariates through a three-step approach. PTSD-related factors such as depression and suicide ideation, as well as PTG-related factors such as emotion-based response were analysed as differentiating factors.Results: Four classes were identified and named 'Low PTSD-low PTG (65.2%),' 'Mid PTSD-mid PTG (15.5%),' 'Low PTSD-high PTG (15.3%),' and 'High PTSD-mid PTG (3.9%).' The likelihood of belonging to the group with high trauma-related risks increased with more rotating shift work and years of service. The differentiating factors revealed differences based on the levels of PTSD and PTG in each group.Conclusions: 34.8% of firefighters experienced changes due to traumatic events while on the job, and some required serious attention. Modifiable job characteristics, such as the shift pattern, indirectly affected PTSD and PTG levels. Individual and job factors should be considered together when developing trauma interventions for firefighters.
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Fletcher S, Mitchell S, Curran D, Armour C, Hanna D. Empirically Derived Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress and Growth: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3132-3150. [PMID: 36367208 PMCID: PMC10594833 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221129580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been extensively studied; however, the nature of the relationship remains unclear. Inconsistencies in the literature could be, in part, due to the use of variable level approaches. Person centered methods may further our understanding of this relationship, as they enable the identification of clinically meaningful subgroups based on PTS/PTG scores. This review aimed to identify commonly found subgroups of PTS and PTG, clinically relevant factors that distinguish the subgroups and to critically appraise the utility of categorizing individuals into subgroups based on PTS/PTG scores. Five databases (Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PILOTS, and PsycINFO) were searched. Seven studies (with a total of eight study samples; n = 6,776) met the eligibility criteria. A narrative synthesis of the findings revealed that the majority of the analyses (n = 6) found three patterns of PTS/PTG. These were categorized as: (1) low PTS/PTG (representing 26.89% of the entire sample), (2) high PTS/PTG (weighted mean percentage = 20.05%), and (3) low PTS/high PTG (weighted mean percentage = 43.1%). The role of social support was examined in five studies and higher social support was consistently found to predict membership in the low PTS/high PTG class. All five studies that examined the role of trauma characteristics found that it was a significant predictor of class membership. These findings could inform the developments of tailored interventions. The utility of person-centered approaches was discussed and recommendations to improve the application and reporting of such methods were made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Curran
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
| | - Cherie Armour
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
| | - Donncha Hanna
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
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Zang X, Li T, Li M, An Y, Cheng X, Jin J. Resilience Mediates the Relationship Between Parental Attachment and Posttraumatic Growth in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e381. [PMID: 37185263 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that parental attachment was associated with higher levels of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in individuals who have experienced traumatic events. The aim of the current longitudinal study is to investigate resilience as one pathway through which parental attachment is related to PTG among Chinese adolescents following the Yancheng tornado. METHODS A total of 351 adolescent survivors participated in this longitudinal study. Participants completed the revised version of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA-R) at 12 months (T1), and the revised Chinese version of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-R) and the Connor and Davidson's Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) at 18 months (T2) after the tornado, respectively. RESULTS It indicated that parental attachment at T1 has direct and positive effect on PTG at T2, and resilience at T2 fully mediated the relationship between parental attachment at T1 and PTG at T2. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that parental attachment and resilience are two key resources that promote adolescent's PTG, and parental attachment acts through resilience to promote PTG in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zang
- Nanjing Normal University, School of Psychology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyuan Li
- The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mengdan Li
- Nanjing Normal University, School of Psychology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan An
- Nanjing Normal University, School of Psychology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- Nanjing Normal University, School of Psychology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jialu Jin
- Nanjing Normal University, School of Psychology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang S, Liu CY, Wang F, Ni ZH. Post-traumatic growth among childhood cancer survivors: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2023; 63:102289. [PMID: 36889244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2023.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies on the post-traumatic growth experiences of childhood cancer survivors. METHOD Various databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, PsycInfo, ProQuest, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, China Science and Technology Journal Database (CSTJ), and China Biology Medicine (CBM) were used to retrieve qualitative studies on childhood cancer survivors who experienced post-traumatic growth. RESULTS Eight papers were included in this study, and similar fragments were combined to form eight categories, which were further combined into four synthesized findings: adjustment of cognitive system, enhancement of personal strength, improving relationships with others, resetting of life goals. CONCLUSIONS Post-traumatic growth was observed in some childhood cancer survivors. The potential resources and positive forces contributing to this growth are of great significance in the fight against cancer, in tapping into individual and social resources to help survivors grow, and in improving their survival rates and quality of life. It also provides a new perspective for healthcare providers regarding the relevant psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, No. 92 Zhong Nan Street, Soochow, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Nursing, Medical College of Soochow University, No. 1 Shi Zi Road, Soochow, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Yan Liu
- Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, No. 92 Zhong Nan Street, Soochow, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Nursing, Medical College of Soochow University, No. 1 Shi Zi Road, Soochow, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, No. 92 Zhong Nan Street, Soochow, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Nursing, Medical College of Soochow University, No. 1 Shi Zi Road, Soochow, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Ni
- Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, No. 92 Zhong Nan Street, Soochow, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Xu M, Tian R, Fu C, Li J, Bi D, Wang Y. The impact of family function on post-traumatic reactions of Chinese adolescents infected with COVID-19: a latent profile study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1153820. [PMID: 37213623 PMCID: PMC10192572 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1153820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the end of 2019, Corona Virus Disease 2019, also known as COVID-19, has broken out in various countries. However, the change of China's COVID-19 prevention and control policy and the sharp increase in the number of infected people are making the teenagers have post-traumatic reactions. Negative post-traumatic reactions include: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety. Positive post-traumatic reaction mainly refers to post-traumatic growth (PTG). The purpose of this study is to explore the post-traumatic reaction, which refers to PTSD, depression, anxiety and the co-occurrence pattern of growth after trauma and to further explore the influence of family function on different categories of Post-traumatic Reactions. Methods Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to explore the co-occurrence of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and PTG. Multiple logistics regression was used to analyze the influence of family function on different categories of post-traumatic response. Results There were three categories of post-traumatic reactions in adolescents infected with COVID-19 adolescents infected with COVID-19, namely: growth class, struggling class, and pain class. Multivariate Logistic regression showed that the growth class and struggling class were affected by problem solving and behavior control in family function, while the growth class and pain class were affected by problem solving, roles, behavior control, and general functioning. Multiple logistic regression showed that the growth class and struggling class were affected by problem solving and roles. Conclusions The findings of this study provide evidence for the identification of high-risk individuals and the provision of effective interventions in clinical practice, as well as the influence of family functioning on the different categories of PTSD among adolescents infected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtu Xu
- Department of Mental Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Runhui Tian
- Department of Mental Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Runhui Tian
| | - Cong Fu
- Department of Mental Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyang Li
- Department of Mental Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dingyu Bi
- Department of Politics and Education, Jilin Experimental Middle School, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Affiliated Middle School of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Turan N, Yılmaz DY, Ertekin K. The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, and rumination in adolescents after earthquake: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2022; 35:267-276. [PMID: 35267222 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review aims to examine, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth (PTG), and rumination in adolescents after an earthquake. The aim of the review is to provide high-quality, evidence-based recommendations that contribute to the roles of psychiatric nurses and the development of psychosocial support systems. DESIGN AND METHODS This study has been conducted in line with the Centres for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) guideline which guides preparation for transparent reporting of meta-analysis and systematic reviews. FINDINGS Despite the limited evidence, it was concluded that it is important to identify the psychological processes that lead to PTG and reduce the incidence of PTSD in earthquake-affected adolescents. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This evidence shows how important it is to raise the awareness of healthcare providers in different disciplines, including psychiatric nurses, around the need for psychosocial support interventions following a natural disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Turan
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Ufuk University School of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Yüksel Yılmaz
- Department of Child Health Nursing, Ufuk University School of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kutluhan Ertekin
- Department of Physiology, Ufuk University School of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
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Zhen R, Zhou X. Latent Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Depression, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:197-209. [PMID: 34339577 PMCID: PMC8426724 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Researchhas shown that posttraumatic reactions can co-occur in trauma-exposed individuals. Many studies have assessed the co-occurring patterns of two types of reactions, but few have assessed the patterns of multiple reactions. To build on existing knowledge, the present study examined co-occurring patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants (N = 683) were adolescents selected from an area in China severely affected by COVID-19 who completed the PTSD Checklist, a measure of depression, a PTG inventory, and a cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire. Latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression were used for the data analyses. The results showed three heterogeneous patterns characterized by growth (n = 248, 36.3%), distress (n = 101, 14.8%), and struggle (n = 334, 48.9%). Positive refocusing and reappraisal were associated with membership in the growth group compared with distress group, OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.75, 0.93] and OR = 0.78, 95% CI [0.68, 0.90], whereas rumination, catastrophizing, and "putting into perspective" were associated with membership in the distress group compared with growth group, ORs = 1.15-1.44. These findings suggest that posttraumatic reactions show heterogeneous characteristics: struggle, rather than growth or distress, is common among adolescents during COVID-19; and distinct cognitive emotional regulation strategies have distinguishing roles in the three patterns of posttraumatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhen
- School of EducationHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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8
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Abstract
Existing literature on posttraumatic growth following adverse experiences has questioned adolescent capacity to experience such growth given immature cognitive and affective development. The aim of this review was to conduct the first review of the literature regarding post-traumatic growth among adolescents (ages 12-18) to determine whether there is empirical evidence of adolescent post-traumatic growth. Results of the review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, are reported to (1) summarize existing support for adolescent post-traumatic growth within available empirical literature, (2) discuss potential moderators of adolescent post-traumatic growth occurrence, and (3) review existing measures of post-traumatic growth. Evidence of adolescent post-traumatic growth was found within three studies with correlational designs and two studies with longitudinal designs. The majority of the literature regarding adolescent post-traumatic growth provides initial support in the form of correlational evidence; however, such support is difficult to empirically establish given the lack of longitudinal studies in this area. Critiques of the extant research and areas for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Harmon
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, USA
| | - Amanda Venta
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, USA.
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Li J, Sun Y, Maccallum F, Chow AYM. Depression, Anxiety and Post-traumatic Growth Among Bereaved Adults: A Latent Class Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 11:575311. [PMID: 33519589 PMCID: PMC7844091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The death of a loved one can trigger a range of responses, including painful thoughts and emotions, as well as positive changes, such as post-traumatic growth (PTG). To understand more about the relationship between these outcomes this study explored the co-occurrence of depression, anxiety and PTG among a group of bereaved Chinese adults. Methods Data were collected from 194 participants, who had lost a first-degree relative. Latent class analysis was used to analyze the data to identify subgroups of participants with shared symptom profiles. Results Three classes were identified: a Growth class, a Depression/Anxiety/Growth class and a Depression/Anxiety class. Marital status, social support, close relationship with the deceased and witnessing the suffering of the deceased were identified as differential predictors of class membership. Conclusion The findings contribute to our understanding of the potentially wide ranging impacts of bereavement and highlight the important role of stressor characteristics and support and in influencing impairment and positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Sun
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fiona Maccallum
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy Y M Chow
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, China
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Zhou Y, Liang Y, Tong H, Liu Z. Patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among women after an earthquake: A latent profile analysis. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51:101834. [PMID: 31648926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that women are more vulnerable than men to mental health problems following disasters. However, the patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among women are unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the profiles of PTSD and PTG among women after an earthquake and determine the predictors of profile membership. A total of 1487 women (Mage = 40.66 years, SD = 10.39) completed questionnaires assessing PTSD, PTG, trauma exposure during an earthquake, trauma history, and demographic information. A three-step latent profile analysis was used. Five profiles were identified: mild PTSD/mild PTG (12.4% of the sample), moderate PTSD/moderate PTG (39.4%), high PTSD/moderate PTG (9.6%), mild PTSD/high PTG (17.5%) and high PTSD/high PTG (21.1%). Women who were older, had been injured, or felt horrible and those whose houses were severely damaged in the earthquake were more likely to be in profiles characterized by higher levels of PTSD and PTG, whereas women with lower education levels were more likely to be in profiles characterized by higher levels of PTSD but lower levels of PTG. The results of this study provide a foundation for providing psychological assistance for particular groups of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiming Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiqi Tong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Liu X, Zhang Q, Yu M, Xu W. Patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among breast cancer patients in China: A latent profile analysis. Psychooncology 2020; 29:743-750. [PMID: 31957127 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the patterns of posttraumatic responses among breast cancer (BC) patients, to explore the variables associated with these patterns, and to compare anxiety and depression on various posttraumatic response patterns. METHODS A questionnaire survey was conducted with a sample of 612 BC patients who were currently undergoing treatment. The questionnaire package included Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale (PSS), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Network of Relationships Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Modeling was performed using a latent profile analysis (LPA) to explore patterns of posttraumatic responses among BC patients. RESULTS Based on the fitting indicators of LPA, three-class patterns model of posttraumatic responses was optimal. Resisting group (34.6%): patients reported mild posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and mild posttraumatic growth (PTG). Growth group (47.4%): patients showed mild PTSS and high PTG. Struggling group (18.0%): patients showed high PTSS and high PTG. BC patients with lower income were more likely to belong to Resisting group and Struggling group. BC patients with high levels of social support were more likely to belong to Growth group. Patients in Struggling group had the highest levels of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that there was heterogeneity in posttraumatic response patterns of BC patients. The results provided theoretical base guiding the development of health care schemes and psychological interventions for patients, suggesting the necessity of differentiated health care for BC patients with different posttraumatic response patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Meng Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Zhou X, Zhen R, Wu X. Trajectories of posttraumatic growth among adolescents over time since the Wenchuan earthquake. J Adolesc 2019; 74:188-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zięba M, Wiecheć K, Biegańska-Banaś J, Mieleszczenko-Kowszewicz W. Coexistence of Post-traumatic Growth and Post-traumatic Depreciation in the Aftermath of Trauma: Qualitative and Quantitative Narrative Analysis. Front Psychol 2019; 10:687. [PMID: 30984082 PMCID: PMC6449626 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Post-traumatic growth (PTG) and post-traumatic depreciation (PTD) can be defined, respectively, as positive and negative changes in the aftermath of trauma. These changes can be assigned to the following domains: personal strength, relating to others, new possibilities, appreciation of life, spiritual and existential change. The aim of this study was to explore the possibility that positive and negative effects of trauma can coexist and explore the categories of effect. Methods: 72 participants were asked to recount their experience of trauma and answer questions about how it had affected their thinking about themselves and the world. Participants' narratives were analyzed by competent judges and using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Results: The domains in which positive changes were most frequently observed were Personal Strength (26.09%), Relating to Others (24.22%), and Appreciation of Life (21.12%). Negative changes mainly affected Relating to Others (33.33%) and Personal Strength (23.33%). The results were confirmed by quantitative analysis of narratives: participants' narratives of trauma and its consequences contained more words which expressing positive emotions (1.67%) than negative emotions (0.90%), paired-sample t(60) = 9.70, p < 0.001. There were correlations between the frequency of words referring to positive emotions and PTG, r(62) = 0.39, p < 0.01, and between the frequency of words referring to negative emotions and PTG, r(62) = 0.23, p < 0.05. Conclusion: PTG and PTD can coexist and they can be regarded as outcomes of two separate processes. The study results also suggest that although PTG and PTD can coexist, they may be considered different domains of psychological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Zięba
- Poznan Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wiecheć
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Biegańska-Banaś
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Mieleszczenko-Kowszewicz
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Zhou X, Zhen R, Wu X. How does parental attachment contribute to post-traumatic growth among adolescents following an earthquake? Testing a multiple mediation model. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1605280. [PMID: 31105903 PMCID: PMC6507859 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1605280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of parental attachment on post-traumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents. Nine and a half years after the Wenchuan earthquake, 872 adolescents in China were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. The results showed that parental attachment had a direct association with PTG, two significant one-step indirect associations with PTG (through justice beliefs and cognitive reappraisal), two significant two-step indirect associations (through feelings of safety via justice beliefs and justice beliefs via cognitive reappraisal), and one significant three-step indirect association (through feelings of safety via justice beliefs by cognitive reappraisal). The results indicated that feelings of safety, justice beliefs, and cognitive reappraisal mediated the association between parental attachment and PTG. These findings highlight the importance of a family perspective and may help clinical psychologists to improve adolescents' PTG by helping them to build positive parental attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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15
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Cao C, Wang L, Wu J, Li G, Fang R, Cao X, Liu P, Luo S, Hall BJ, Elhai JD. Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth in an Epidemiological Sample of Chinese Earthquake Survivors: A Latent Profile Analysis. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1549. [PMID: 30210393 PMCID: PMC6121515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) are different psychological outcomes triggered by exposure to extraordinarily traumatic events. In this study, we aimed to examine patterns of co-occurrence between DSM-5 PTSD symptoms and PTG, among natural disaster survivors, and to clarify whether empirically-based subgroups differed by several specific predictors. Methods: Latent profile analysis was used to examine patterns of self-reported PTSD symptoms and PTG in an epidemiological sample of 1063 Chinese earthquake survivors. Results: Three distinct profiles were identified, involving high PTSD/high PTG, mild PTSD/mild PTG, and mild PTSD/high PTG. Class membership was predicted by several variables, especially different sources of perceived social support. Conclusion: Our findings contribute to the knowledge about the coexisting patterns of PTSD and PTG, and provide suggestions for identifying high-risk individuals and providing effective interventions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqi Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gen Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology (CAS), Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Shu Luo
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Brian J. Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jon D. Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines factors thought to be associated with posttraumatic growth (PTG) (demographic variables, exposure, and family and social processes) among youth exposed to natural disasters, describes the relationship between PTG and posttraumatic stress, and discusses psychological processes (rumination and coping) linked to PTG. RECENT FINDINGS Guided by PTG theory and the literature on PTG in adults, research has revealed relationships between PTG and child, environmental, and family and social factors among youth though the results are mixed. Youth's subjective exposure to disasters, their level of posttraumatic stress following the disaster, and the type of psychological processes they employ to cope with the disaster appear to be associated with PTG. Research has garnered preliminary support for PTG in children exposed to natural disasters but additional research is needed to fully explicate these relationships and to understand how these relationships change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bernstein
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Betty Pfefferbaum
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
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17
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Lai BS, Osborne MC, Piscitello J, Self-Brown S, Kelley ML. The relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms among youth exposed to a natural disaster. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1450042. [PMID: 29696072 PMCID: PMC5912434 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1450042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Children are a vulnerable population following a natural disaster, due to their age and dependence on adults. The primary presenting problem children report after disasters is posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Prior research suggests that PTSS is inversely related to social support, which is often disrupted after a disaster. Objective: This study examined the relationship between social support (from parents, teachers, and peers) and PTSS in children affected by Hurricane Katrina. The research contributes to the literature by examining the mechanisms that drive this relationship over time. Methods: In this study, 426 children were followed over four timepoints, beginning 3-7 months after Hurricane Katrina and concluding 25-27 months post-hurricane. Three path models analysed the relationship between social support (from parents, teachers, and peers, measured by the Social Support Scale for Children) and PTSS (measured by the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index). Covariates included child age, minority status, gender, perceived life threat, and actual life threat. Nonsignificant paths were trimmed from the final models. Global fit indices were examined to determine model fit. Results: In the parent and peer social support models, PTSS exhibited statistically significant effects on social support from one wave to the next. In the teacher model, this was only true between Waves 2 and 3. Social support showed a statistically significant effect on PTSS between Wave 2 and Wave 3 in the peer model (standardized estimate = -0.26, p < .0001). No paths from social support to PTSS were significant in the parent and teacher models. Conclusion: Findings support a social selection model in which PTSS undermine social support, particularly in the first two years post-disaster. If these findings are replicated, this suggests that, in cases of limited funding, PTSS should be prioritized, given their cascading effects on social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S Lai
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mary Lou Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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18
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Chen J, Wu X. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth in Children and Adolescents Following an Earthquake: A Latent Transition Analysis. J Trauma Stress 2017; 30:583-592. [PMID: 29244905 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the transitions in classes of posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth in a sample of children and adolescents (N = 757), between 8 and 20 months after the 2013 Ya'an earthquake in China. Using latent profile analysis, three classes of symptoms (resilient, thriving, and struggling) were identified at 8 and 20 months after the earthquake. Latent transition analysis indicated that the majority of survivors remained in the same class during the period, while others showed a transition between different classes over time. The transition was mainly characterized by three paths: from struggling to resilient, and from thriving to either resilient or struggling. Of the survivors who were classified as thriving at 8 months, those transitioning to the struggling class at 20 months were more likely to experience higher levels of loss and injury compared with those transitioning to the resilient class (Cohen's d = 0.72) or remaining in the thriving class (Cohen's d = 0.36) at 20 months postearthquake. Survivors who remained stable in the struggling class were older than those who remained stable in the thriving class (Cohen's d = 0.41) or those who moved from thriving at 8 months to resilient at 20 months after the earthquake (Cohen's d = 0.39). It is recommended that clinicians consider the classes of posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth, and the potential development paths and associated factors, when implementing interventions for children and adolescents after a natural disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieling Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews youth outcomes following exposure to natural disaster, with a focus on three relatively understudied outcomes: externalizing behavior problems, physical health, and posttraumatic growth. Recent, high-impact studies focusing on each outcome are summarized. RECENT FINDINGS Studies highlighted in this review utilize innovative and comprehensive approaches to improve our current understanding of youth broad-based physical and mental health outcomes beyond PTSD. The review concludes with recommendations to advance the field of youth disaster research by exploring how disasters may impact children across multiple domains, as well as using cutting edge ecobiological approaches and advanced modeling strategies to better understand how youth adjust and thrive following natural disaster.
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