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Simón-Carrasco L, Pietrini E, López-Contreras AJ. Integrated analysis of FHIT gene alterations in cancer. Cell Cycle 2024; 23:92-113. [PMID: 38234243 PMCID: PMC11005815 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2304509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Fragile Histidine Triad Diadenosine Triphosphatase (FHIT) gene is located in the Common Fragile Site FRA3B and encodes an enzyme that hydrolyzes the dinucleotide Ap3A. Although FHIT loss is one of the most frequent copy number alterations in cancer, its relevance for cancer initiation and progression remains unclear. FHIT is frequently lost in cancers from the digestive tract, which is compatible with being a cancer driver event in these tissues. However, FHIT loss could also be a passenger event due to the inherent fragility of the FRA3B locus. Moreover, the physiological relevance of FHIT enzymatic activity and the levels of Ap3A is largely unclear. We have conducted here a systematic pan-cancer analysis of FHIT status in connection with other mutations and phenotypic alterations, and we have critically discussed our findings in connection with the literature to provide an overall view of FHIT implications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Simón-Carrasco
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla - Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Elena Pietrini
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla - Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Andrés J. López-Contreras
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla - Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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2
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Niu Z, Jiang D, Shen J, Liu W, Tan X, Cao G. Potential Role of the Fragile Histidine Triad in Cancer Evo-Dev. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041144. [PMID: 36831487 PMCID: PMC9954361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development follows an evolutionary pattern of "mutation-selection-adaptation" detailed by Cancer Evolution and Development (Cancer Evo-Dev), a theory that represents a process of accumulating somatic mutations due to the imbalance between the mutation-promoting force and the mutation-repairing force and retro-differentiation of the mutant cells to cancer initiation cells in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment. The fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene is a tumor suppressor gene whose expression is often reduced or inactivated in precancerous lesions during chronic inflammation or virus-induced replicative stress. Here, we summarize evidence regarding the mechanisms by which the FHIT is inactivated in cancer, including the loss of heterozygosity and the promoter methylation, and characterizes the role of the FHIT in bridging macroevolution and microevolution and in facilitating retro-differentiation during cancer evolution and development. It is suggested that decreased FHIT expression is involved in several critical steps of Cancer Evo-Dev. Future research needs to focus on the role and mechanisms of the FHIT in promoting the transformation of pre-cancerous lesions into cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyun Niu
- Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Dongming Jiang
- Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jiaying Shen
- Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaojie Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-81871060
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3
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Hashimoto Y, Shiina M, Dasgupta P, Kulkarni P, Kato T, Wong RK, Tanaka Y, Shahryari V, Maekawa S, Yamamura S, Saini S, Deng G, Tabatabai ZL, Majid S, Dahiya R. Upregulation of miR-130b Contributes to Risk of Poor Prognosis and Racial Disparity in African-American Prostate Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:585-598. [PMID: 31266828 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are higher in African-American (AA) than in European-American (EA) men. The main objective of this study was to elucidate the role of miR-130b as a contributor to prostate cancer health disparity in AA patients. We also determined whether miR-130b is a prognostic biomarker and a new therapeutic candidate for AA prostate cancer. A comprehensive approach of using cell lines, tissue samples, and the TCGA database was employed. We performed a series of functional assays such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, RT2-PCR array, qRT-PCR, cell cycle, luciferase reporter, immunoblot, and IHC. Various statistical approaches such as Kaplan-Meier, uni-, and multivariate analyses were utilized to determine the clinical significance of miR-130b. Our results showed that elevated levels of miR-130b correlated with race disparity and PSA levels/failure and acted as an independent prognostic biomarker for AA patients. Two tumor suppressor genes, CDKN1B and FHIT, were validated as direct functional targets of miR-130b. We also found race-specific cell-cycle pathway activation in AA patients with prostate cancer. Functionally, miR-130b inhibition reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, migration/invasion, and induced cell-cycle arrest. Inhibition of miR-130b modulated critical prostate cancer-related biological pathways in AA compared with EA prostate cancer patients. In conclusion, attenuation of miR-130b expression has tumor suppressor effects in AA prostate cancer. miR-130b is a significant contributor to prostate cancer racial disparity as its overexpression is a risk factor for poor prognosis in AA patients with prostate cancer. Thus, regulation of miR-130b may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the management of prostate cancer in AA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marisa Shiina
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pritha Dasgupta
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Taku Kato
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ryan K Wong
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Varahram Shahryari
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shigekatsu Maekawa
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Soichiro Yamamura
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Guoren Deng
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Z Laura Tabatabai
- Department of Pathology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California. .,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Urology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California. .,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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4
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Mafficini A, Scarpa A. Genetics and Epigenetics of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:506-536. [PMID: 30657883 PMCID: PMC6534496 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous regarding site of origin, biological behavior, and malignant potential. There has been a rapid increase in data publication during the last 10 years, mainly driven by high-throughput studies on pancreatic and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This review summarizes the present knowledge on genetic and epigenetic alterations. We integrated the available information from each compartment to give a pathway-based overview. This provided a summary of the critical alterations sustaining neoplastic cells. It also highlighted similarities and differences across anatomical locations and points that need further investigation. GEP-NENs include well-differentiated NETs and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). NENs are graded as G1, G2, or G3 based on mitotic count and/or Ki-67 labeling index, NECs are G3 by definition. The distinction between NETs and NECs is also linked to their genetic background, as TP53 and RB1 inactivation in NECs set them apart from NETs. A large number of genetic and epigenetic alterations have been reported. Recurrent changes have been traced back to a reduced number of core pathways, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In pancreatic tumors, chromatin remodeling/histone methylation and telomere alteration are also affected. However, also owing to the paucity of disease models, further research is necessary to fully integrate and functionalize data on deregulated pathways to recapitulate the large heterogeneity of behaviors displayed by these tumors. This is expected to impact diagnostics, prognostic stratification, and planning of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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5
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Dannewitz Prosseda S, Tian X, Kuramoto K, Boehm M, Sudheendra D, Miyagawa K, Zhang F, Solow-Cordero D, Saldivar JC, Austin ED, Loyd JE, Wheeler L, Andruska A, Donato M, Wang L, Huebner K, Metzger RJ, Khatri P, Spiekerkoetter E. FHIT, a Novel Modifier Gene in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:83-98. [PMID: 30107138 PMCID: PMC6353016 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201712-2553oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by progressive narrowing of pulmonary arteries, resulting in right heart failure and death. BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2) mutations account for most familial PAH forms whereas reduced BMPR2 is present in many idiopathic PAH forms, suggesting dysfunctional BMPR2 signaling to be a key feature of PAH. Modulating BMPR2 signaling is therapeutically promising, yet how BMPR2 is downregulated in PAH is unclear. OBJECTIVES We intended to identify and pharmaceutically target BMPR2 modifier genes to improve PAH. METHODS We combined siRNA high-throughput screening of >20,000 genes with a multicohort analysis of publicly available PAH RNA expression data to identify clinically relevant BMPR2 modifiers. After confirming gene dysregulation in tissue from patients with PAH, we determined the functional roles of BMPR2 modifiers in vitro and tested the repurposed drug enzastaurin for its propensity to improve experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We discovered FHIT (fragile histidine triad) as a novel BMPR2 modifier. BMPR2 and FHIT expression were reduced in patients with PAH. FHIT reductions were associated with endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction, rescued by enzastaurin through a dual mechanism: upregulation of FHIT as well as miR17-5 repression. Fhit-/- mice had exaggerated hypoxic PH and failed to recover in normoxia. Enzastaurin reversed PH in the Sugen5416/hypoxia/normoxia rat model, by improving right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and vascular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of the novel BMPR2 modifier FHIT in PH and the clinical value of the repurposed drug enzastaurin as a potential novel therapeutic strategy to improve PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Dannewitz Prosseda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
- Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
- Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease
| | - Kazuya Kuramoto
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
- Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease
| | - Mario Boehm
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
- Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease
| | | | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease
- Cardiovascular Institute
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Fan Zhang
- Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease
| | | | | | - Eric D. Austin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - James E. Loyd
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Lisa Wheeler
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Adam Andruska
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Michele Donato
- Biomedical Informatics Research–Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lingli Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
- Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease
| | - Kay Huebner
- Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Purvesh Khatri
- Biomedical Informatics Research–Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
- Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease
- Cardiovascular Institute
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6
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Saldivar JC, Park D. Mechanisms shaping the mutational landscape of the FRA3B/FHIT-deficient cancer genome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 58:317-323. [PMID: 30242938 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability is an enabling characteristic of cancer that facilitates the acquisition of oncogenic mutations that drive tumorigenesis. Underlying much of the instability in cancer is DNA replication stress, which causes both chromosome structural changes and single base-pair mutations. Common fragile sites are some of the earliest and most frequently altered loci in tumors. Notably, the fragile locus, FRA3B, lies within the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene, and consequently deletions within FHIT are common in cancer. We review the evidence in support of FHIT as a DNA caretaker and discuss the mechanism by which FHIT promotes genome stability. FHIT increases thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) translation to balance the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) for efficient DNA replication. Consequently, FHIT-loss causes replication stress, DNA breaks, aneuploidy, copy-number changes (CNCs), small insertions and deletions, and point mutations. Moreover, FHIT-loss-induced replication stress and DNA breaks cooperate with APOBEC3B overexpression to catalyze DNA hypermutation in cancer, as APOBEC family enzymes prefer single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as substrates and ssDNA is enriched at sites of both replication stress and DNA breaks. Consistent with the frequent loss of FHIT across a broad spectrum of cancer types, FHIT-deficiency is highly associated with the ubiquitous, clock-like mutation signature 5 occurring in all cancer types thus far examined. The ongoing destabilization of the genome caused by FHIT loss underlies recurrent inactivation of tumor suppressors and activation of oncogenes. Considering that more than 50% of cancers are FHIT-deficient, we propose that FRA3B/FHIT fragility shapes the mutational landscape of cancer genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Saldivar
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Dongju Park
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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7
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Flunkert J, Maierhofer A, Dittrich M, Müller T, Horvath S, Nanda I, Haaf T. Genetic and epigenetic changes in clonal descendants of irradiated human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:322-332. [PMID: 29964050 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To study delayed genetic and epigenetic radiation effects, which may trigger radiation-induced carcinogenesis, we have established single-cell clones from irradiated and non-irradiated primary human fibroblasts. Stable clones were endowed with the same karyotype in all analyzed metaphases after 20 population doublings (PDs), whereas unstable clones displayed mosaics of normal and abnormal karyotypes. To account for variation in radiation sensitivity, all experiments were performed with two different fibroblast strains. After a single X-ray dose of 2 Gy more than half of the irradiated clones exhibited radiation-induced genome instability (RIGI). Irradiated clones displayed an increased rate of loss of chromosome Y (LOY) and copy number variations (CNVs), compared to controls. CNV breakpoints clustered in specific chromosome regions, in particular 3p14.2 and 7q11.21, coinciding with common fragile sites. CNVs affecting the FHIT gene in FRA3B were observed in independent unstable clones and may drive RIGI. Bisulfite pyrosequencing of control clones and the respective primary culture revealed global hypomethylation of ALU, LINE-1, and alpha-satellite repeats as well as rDNA hypermethylation during in vitro ageing. Irradiated clones showed further reduced ALU and alpha-satellite methylation and increased rDNA methylation, compared to controls. Methylation arrays identified several hundred differentially methylated genes and several enriched pathways associated with in vitro ageing. Methylation changes in 259 genes and the MAP kinase signaling pathway were associated with delayed radiation effects (after 20 PDs). Collectively, our results suggest that both genetic (LOY and CNVs) and epigenetic changes occur in the progeny of exposed cells that were not damaged directly by irradiation, likely contributing to radiation-induced carcinogenesis. We did not observe epigenetic differences between stable and unstable irradiated clones. The fact that the DNA methylation (DNAm) age of clones derived from the same primary culture varied greatly suggests that DNAm age of a single cell (represented by a clone) can be quite different from the DNAm age of a tissue. We propose that DNAm age reflects the emergent property of a large number of individual cells whose respective DNAm ages can be highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Flunkert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Maierhofer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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8
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The ubiquitous 'cancer mutational signature' 5 occurs specifically in cancers with deleted FHIT alleles. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102199-102211. [PMID: 29254236 PMCID: PMC5731946 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The FHIT gene is located at the fragile FRA3B locus where activation by carcinogen-induced and endogenous replication stress causes FHIT deletions even in normal cells over a lifetime. Our lab has shown that loss of FHIT expression causes genome instability and provides single-strand DNA substrates for APOBEC3B hypermutation, in line with evidence that FHIT locus deletions occur in many cancers. Based on these biological features, we hypothesized that FHIT loss drives development of COSMIC mutational signature 5 and here provide evidence, including data mining of >6,500 TCGA samples, that FHIT is the cancer-associated gene with copy number alterations correlating most significantly with signature 5 mutation rate. In addition, tissues of Fhit-deficient mice exhibit a mutational signature strongly resembling signature 5 (cosine similarity value = 0.89). We conclude that FHIT loss is a molecular determinant for signature 5 mutations, which occur in all cancer types early in cancer development, are clock-like, and accelerated by carcinogen exposure. Loss of FHIT caretaker function may be a predictive and preventive marker for cancer development.
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9
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Irony-Tur Sinai M, Kerem B. DNA replication stress drives fragile site instability. Mutat Res 2017; 808:56-61. [PMID: 29074228 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication stress is one of the early drivers enabling the ongoing acquisition of genetic changes arising during tumorigenesis. As such, it is a feature of most pre-malignant and malignant cells. In this review article, we focus on the early events initiating DNA replication stress and the preferential sensitivity of common fragile sites (CFSs) to this stress. CFSs are specific genomic regions within the normal chromosomal structure, which appear as gaps and breaks in the metaphase chromosomes of cells grown under mild replication stress conditions. The main characteristics predisposing CFSs to instability include late replication timing, delayed replication completion, failure to activate additional origins, origin paucity along large genomic regions, collision between replication and transcription complexes along large genes, and the presence of AT-dinucleotide rich sequences. The contribution of these features to instability at CFSs during early cancer development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Irony-Tur Sinai
- Department of Genetics, The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Batsheva Kerem
- Department of Genetics, The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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10
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Hazan I, Hofmann TG, Aqeilan RI. Tumor Suppressor Genes within Common Fragile Sites Are Active Players in the DNA Damage Response. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006436. [PMID: 27977694 PMCID: PMC5157955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of common fragile sites (CFSs) in cancer remains controversial. Two main views dominate the discussion: one suggests that CFS loci are hotspots of genomic instability leading to inactivation of genes encoded within them, while the other view proposes that CFSs are functional units and that loss of the encoded genes confers selective pressure, leading to cancer development. The latter view is supported by emerging evidence showing that expression of a given CFS is associated with genome integrity and that inactivation of CFS-resident tumor suppressor genes leads to dysregulation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and increased genomic instability. These two viewpoints of CFS function are not mutually exclusive but rather coexist; when breaks at CFSs are not repaired accurately, this can lead to deletions by which cells acquire growth advantage because of loss of tumor suppressor activities. Here, we review recent advances linking some CFS gene products with the DDR, genomic instability, and carcinogenesis and discuss how their inactivation might represent a selective advantage for cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Hazan
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Thomas G. Hofmann
- Cellular Senescence Group, Department of Epigenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rami I. Aqeilan
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Karras JR, Schrock MS, Batar B, Zhang J, La Perle K, Druck T, Huebner K. Fhit loss-associated initiation and progression of neoplasia in vitro. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1590-1598. [PMID: 27513973 PMCID: PMC5132276 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The FHIT gene, encompassing an active common fragile site, FRA3B, is frequently silenced in preneoplasia and cancer, through gene rearrangement or methylation of regulatory sequences. Silencing of Fhit protein expression causes thymidine kinase 1 downregulation, resulting in dNTP imbalance, and spontaneous replication stress that leads to chromosomal aberrations, allele copy number variations, insertions/deletions, and single-base substitutions. Thus, Fhit, which is reduced in expression in the majority of human cancers, is a genome "caretaker" whose loss initiates genome instability in preneoplastic lesions. To follow the early genetic alterations and functional changes induced by Fhit loss that may recapitulate the neoplastic process in vitro, we established epithelial cell lines from kidney tissues of Fhit-/- and +/+ mouse pups early after weaning, and subjected cell cultures to nutritional and carcinogen stress, which +/+ cells did not survive. Through transcriptome profiling and protein expression analysis, we observed changes in the Trp53/p21 and survivin apoptotic pathways in -/- cells, and in expression of proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Some Fhit-deficient cell lines showed anchorage-independent colony formation and increased invasive capacity in vitro. Furthermore, cells of stressed Fhit-/- cell lines formed s.c. and metastatic tumors in nude mice. Collectively, we show that Fhit loss and subsequent thymidine kinase 1 inactivation, combined with selective pressures, leads to neoplasia-associated alterations in genes and gene expression patterns in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R. Karras
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Morgan S. Schrock
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Bahadir Batar
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Krista La Perle
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Teresa Druck
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kay Huebner
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
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Schrock MS, Karras JR, Guggenbiller MJ, Druck T, Batar B, Huebner K. Fhit and Wwox loss-associated genome instability: A genome caretaker one-two punch. Adv Biol Regul 2016; 63:167-176. [PMID: 27773744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Fhit and Wwox protein is frequently lost or reduced in many human cancers. In this report, we provide data that further characterizes the molecular consequences of Fhit loss in the initiation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and of Wwox loss in altered repair of DSBs. We show that loss of Fhit initiates mild genome instability in early passage mouse kidney cells, confirming that DNA damage associated with Fhit-deficiency is not limited to cancer cells. We also demonstrate that the cause of Fhit-deficient DSBs: thymidine deficiency-induced replication stress, can be resolved with thymidine supplementation in early passage mouse kidney cells before extensive genome instability occurs. As for consequences of Wwox loss in cancer, we show in a small panel of breast cancer cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts that Wwox expression predicts response to radiation and mitomycin C, all agents that cause DSBs. In addition, loss of Wwox significantly reduced progression free survival in a cohort of ovarian cancer patients treated with platin-based chemotherapies. Finally, stratification of a cohort of squamous lung cancers by Fhit expression reveals that Wwox expression is significantly reduced in the low Fhit-expressing group, suggesting that loss of Fhit is quickly succeeded by loss of Wwox. We propose that Fhit and Wwox loss work synergistically in cancer progression and that DNA damage caused by Fhit could be targeted early in cancer initiation for prevention, while DNA damage caused by Wwox loss could be targeted later in cancer progression, particularly in cancers that develop resistance to genotoxic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S Schrock
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jenna R Karras
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J Guggenbiller
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Teresa Druck
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bahadir Batar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kay Huebner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Paisie CA, Schrock MS, Karras JR, Zhang J, Miuma S, Ouda IM, Waters CE, Saldivar JC, Druck T, Huebner K. Exome-wide single-base substitutions in tissues and derived cell lines of the constitutive Fhit knockout mouse. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:528-35. [PMID: 26782170 PMCID: PMC4832848 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of expression of Fhit, a tumor suppressor and genome caretaker, occurs in preneoplastic lesions during development of many human cancers. Furthermore, Fhit-deficient mouse models are exquisitely susceptible to carcinogen induction of cancers of the lung and forestomach. Due to absence of Fhit genome caretaker function, cultured cells and tissues of the constitutive Fhit knockout strain develop chromosome aneuploidy and allele copy number gains and losses and we hypothesized that Fhit-deficient cells would also develop point mutations. On analysis of whole exome sequences of Fhit-deficient tissues and cultured cells, we found 300 to >1000 single-base substitutions associated with Fhit loss in the 2% of the genome included in exomes, relative to the C57Bl6 reference genome. The mutation signature is characterized by increased C>T and T>C mutations, similar to the "age at diagnosis" signature identified in human cancers. The Fhit-deficiency mutation signature also resembles a C>T and T>C mutation signature reported for human papillary kidney cancers and a similar signature recently reported for esophageal and bladder cancers, cancers that are frequently Fhit deficient. The increase in T>C mutations in -/- exomes may be due to dNTP imbalance, particularly in thymidine triphosphate, resulting from decreased expression of thymidine kinase 1 in Fhit-deficient cells. Fhit-deficient kidney cells that survived in vitro dimethylbenz(a)anthracene treatment additionally showed increased T>A mutations, a signature generated by treatment with this carcinogen, suggesting that these T>A transversions may be evidence of carcinogen-induced preneoplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Paisie
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
- Present address: The Center for Infectious Disease ResearchSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Morgan S. Schrock
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jenna R. Karras
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Satoshi Miuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Iman M. Ouda
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Catherine E. Waters
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
- Present address: Department of BiochemistryMolecular Biology and Biophysics Institute for Molecular VirologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Joshua C. Saldivar
- Department of Chemical and Systems BiologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Teresa Druck
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kay Huebner
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical GeneticsColumbusOhioUSA
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