1
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Auger SA, Venkatachalapathy S, Suazo KFG, Wang Y, Sarkis AW, Bernhagen K, Justyna K, Schaefer JV, Wollack JW, Plückthun A, Li L, Distefano MD. Broadening the Utility of Farnesyltransferase-Catalyzed Protein Labeling Using Norbornene-Tetrazine Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:922-933. [PMID: 38654427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry has gained widespread use in the study of many biological systems of interest, including protein prenylation. Prenylation is a post-translational modification, in which one or two 15- or 20-carbon isoprenoid chains are transferred onto cysteine residues near the C-terminus of a target protein. The three main enzymes─protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), geranylgeranyl transferase I (GGTase I), and geranylgeranyl transferase II (GGTase II)─that catalyze this process have been shown to tolerate numerous structural modifications in the isoprenoid substrate. This feature has previously been exploited to transfer an array of farnesyl diphosphate analogues with a range of functionalities, including an alkyne-containing analogue for copper-catalyzed bioconjugation reactions. Reported here is the synthesis of an analogue of the isoprenoid substrate embedded with norbornene functionality (C10NorOPP) that can be used for an array of applications, ranging from metabolic labeling to selective protein modification. The probe was synthesized in seven steps with an overall yield of 7% and underwent an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction with tetrazine-containing tags, allowing for copper-free labeling of proteins. The use of C10NorOPP for the study of prenylation was explored in the metabolic labeling of prenylated proteins in HeLa, COS-7, and astrocyte cells. Furthermore, in HeLa cells, these modified prenylated proteins were identified and quantified using label-free quantification (LFQ) proteomics with 25 enriched prenylated proteins. Additionally, the unique chemistry of C10NorOPP was utilized for the construction of a multiprotein-polymer conjugate for the targeted labeling of cancer cells. That construct was prepared using a combination of norbornene-tetrazine conjugation and azide-alkyne cycloaddition, highlighting the utility of the additional degree of orthogonality for the facile assembly of new protein conjugates with novel structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby A Auger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sneha Venkatachalapathy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kiall Francis G Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexander W Sarkis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Bernhagen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katarzyna Justyna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - James W Wollack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Catherine University, 2004 Randolph Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Adhikari K, Vanermen M, Da Silva G, Van den Wyngaert T, Augustyns K, Elvas F. Trans-cyclooctene-a Swiss army knife for bioorthogonal chemistry: exploring the synthesis, reactivity, and applications in biomedical breakthroughs. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:47. [PMID: 38844698 PMCID: PMC11156836 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans-cyclooctenes (TCOs) are highly strained alkenes with remarkable reactivity towards tetrazines (Tzs) in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions. Since their discovery as bioorthogonal reaction partners, novel TCO derivatives have been developed to improve their reactivity, stability, and hydrophilicity, thus expanding their utility in diverse applications. MAIN BODY TCOs have garnered significant interest for their applications in biomedical settings. In chemical biology, TCOs serve as tools for bioconjugation, enabling the precise labeling and manipulation of biomolecules. Moreover, their role in nuclear medicine is substantial, with TCOs employed in the radiolabeling of peptides and other biomolecules. This has led to their utilization in pretargeted nuclear imaging and therapy, where they function as both bioorthogonal tags and radiotracers, facilitating targeted disease diagnosis and treatment. Beyond these applications, TCOs have been used in targeted cancer therapy through a "click-to-release" approach, in which they act as key components to selectively deliver therapeutic agents to cancer cells, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. However, the search for a suitable TCO scaffold with an appropriate balance between stability and reactivity remains a challenge. CONCLUSIONS This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the synthesis of TCOs, and its challenges, and their development throughout the years. We describe their wide ranging applications as radiolabeled prosthetic groups for radiolabeling, as bioorthogonal tags for pretargeted imaging and therapy, and targeted drug delivery, with the aim of showcasing the versatility and potential of TCOs as valuable tools in advancing biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Adhikari
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vanermen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gustavo Da Silva
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
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3
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Fang Y, Hillman AS, Fox JM. Advances in the Synthesis of Bioorthogonal Reagents: s-Tetrazines, 1,2,4-Triazines, Cyclooctynes, Heterocycloheptynes, and trans-Cyclooctenes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:15. [PMID: 38703255 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Aligned with the increasing importance of bioorthogonal chemistry has been an increasing demand for more potent, affordable, multifunctional, and programmable bioorthogonal reagents. More advanced synthetic chemistry techniques, including transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, C-H activation, photoinduced chemistry, and continuous flow chemistry, have been employed in synthesizing novel bioorthogonal reagents for universal purposes. We discuss herein recent developments regarding the synthesis of popular bioorthogonal reagents, with a focus on s-tetrazines, 1,2,4-triazines, trans-cyclooctenes, cyclooctynes, hetero-cycloheptynes, and -trans-cycloheptenes. This review aims to summarize and discuss the most representative synthetic approaches of these reagents and their derivatives that are useful in bioorthogonal chemistry. The preparation of these molecules and their derivatives utilizes both classical approaches as well as the latest organic chemistry methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhi Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
| | - Ashlyn S Hillman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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4
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Alexander AK, Elshahawi SI. Promiscuous Enzymes for Residue-Specific Peptide and Protein Late-Stage Functionalization. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300372. [PMID: 37338668 PMCID: PMC10496146 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization of peptides and proteins holds significant promise for drug discovery and facilitates bioorthogonal chemistry. This selective functionalization leads to innovative advances in in vitro and in vivo biological research. However, it is a challenging endeavor to selectively target a certain amino acid or position in the presence of other residues containing reactive groups. Biocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for selective, efficient, and economical modifications of molecules. Enzymes that have the ability to modify multiple complex substrates or selectively install nonnative handles have wide applications. Herein, we highlight enzymes with broad substrate tolerance that have been demonstrated to modify a specific amino acid residue in simple or complex peptides and/or proteins at late-stage. The different substrates accepted by these enzymes are mentioned together with the reported downstream bioorthogonal reactions that have benefited from the enzymatic selective modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Alexander
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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5
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Enzymatic Construction of DARPin-Based Targeted Delivery Systems Using Protein Farnesyltransferase and a Capture and Release Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911537. [PMID: 36232839 PMCID: PMC9569580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based conjugates have been extensively utilized in various biotechnological and therapeutic applications. In order to prepare homogeneous conjugates, site-specific modification methods and efficient purification strategies are both critical factors to be considered. The development of general and facile conjugation and purification strategies is therefore highly desirable. Here, we apply a capture and release strategy to create protein conjugates based on Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins), which are engineered antigen-binding proteins with prominent affinity and selectivity. In this case, DARPins that target the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a diagnostic cell surface marker for many types of cancer, were employed. The DARPins were first genetically modified with a C-terminal CVIA sequence to install an enzyme recognition site and then labeled with an aldehyde functional group employing protein farnesyltransferase. Using a capture and release strategy, conjugation of the labeled DARPins to a TAMRA fluorophore was achieved with either purified proteins or directly from crude E. coli lysate and used in subsequent flow cytometry and confocal imaging analysis. DARPin-MMAE conjugates were also prepared yielding a construct manifesting an IC50 of 1.3 nM for cell killing of EpCAM positive MCF-7 cells. The method described here is broadly applicable to enable the streamlined one-step preparation of protein-based conjugates.
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6
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Suazo KF, Park KY, Distefano MD. A Not-So-Ancient Grease History: Click Chemistry and Protein Lipid Modifications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7178-7248. [PMID: 33821625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipid modification involves the attachment of hydrophobic groups to proteins via ester, thioester, amide, or thioether linkages. In this review, the specific click chemical reactions that have been employed to study protein lipid modification and their use for specific labeling applications are first described. This is followed by an introduction to the different types of protein lipid modifications that occur in biology. Next, the roles of click chemistry in elucidating specific biological features including the identification of lipid-modified proteins, studies of their regulation, and their role in diseases are presented. A description of the use of protein-lipid modifying enzymes for specific labeling applications including protein immobilization, fluorescent labeling, nanostructure assembly, and the construction of protein-drug conjugates is presented next. Concluding remarks and future directions are presented in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiall F Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Keun-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Pigga JE, Fox JM. Flow Photochemical Syntheses of trans-Cyclooctenes and trans-Cycloheptenes Driven by Metal Complexation. Isr J Chem 2020; 60:207-218. [PMID: 34108738 PMCID: PMC8186252 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
trans-Cyclooctenes and trans-cycloheptenes have long been the subject of physical organic study, but the broader application had been limited by synthetic accessibility. This account describes the development of a general, flow photochemical method for the preparative synthesis of trans-cycloalkene derivatives. Here, photoisom erization takes place in a closed-loop flow reactor where the reaction mixture is continuously cycled through Ag(I) on silica gel. Selective complexation of the trans-isomer by Ag(I) during flow drives an otherwise unfavorable isomeric ratio toward the trans-isomer. Analogous photoreactions under batch-conditions are low yielding, and flow chemistry is necessary in order to obtain trans-cycloalkenes in preparatively useful yields. The applications of the method to bioorthogonal chemistry and stereospecific transannulation chemistry are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Pigga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
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8
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Johann K, Svatunek D, Seidl C, Rizzelli S, Bauer TA, Braun L, Koynov K, Mikula H, Barz M. Tetrazine- and trans-cyclooctene-functionalised polypept(o)ides for fast bioorthogonal tetrazine ligation. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetrazine- and trans-cyclooctene-functionalised polypeptides and polypetoids were prepared by ring-opening polymerisation of N-carboxyanhydrides using the respective functional initiators and shown to react in fast bioorthogonal tetrazine ligations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Johann
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Christine Seidl
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Silvia Rizzelli
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Tobias A. Bauer
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Lydia Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Matthias Barz
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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Peramo A, Dumas A, Remita H, Benoît M, Yen-Nicolay S, Corre R, Louzada RA, Dupuy C, Pecnard S, Lambert B, Young J, Desmaële D, Couvreur P. Selective modification of a native protein in a patient tissue homogenate using palladium nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:15121-15124. [PMID: 31782421 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07803g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have developed new benign palladium nanoparticles able to catalyze the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction on human thyroglobulin (Tg), a naturally iodinated protein produced by the thyroid gland, in homogenates from patients' tissues. This represents the first example of a chemoselective native protein modification using transition metal nanoobjects in near-organ medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Peramo
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Anaëlle Dumas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Hynd Remita
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000-CNRS, Bâtiment 349, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue Michel Magat, 91400 Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Mireille Benoît
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000-CNRS, Bâtiment 349, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue Michel Magat, 91400 Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Stephanie Yen-Nicolay
- Trans-Prot, UMS IPSIT, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Raphaël Corre
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, UMR8200 CNRS, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Ruy A Louzada
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, UMR8200 CNRS, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, UMR8200 CNRS, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Shannon Pecnard
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Benoit Lambert
- Hôpital Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Hôpital Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Didier Desmaële
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
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10
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Pagel M. Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions in peptide chemistry. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3141. [PMID: 30585397 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Click chemistry is applied to selectively modify, lable and ligate peptides for their use as therapeutics, in biomaterials or analytical investigations. The inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction is a catalyst-free click reaction with pronounced chemoselectivity and fast reaction rates. Applications and achievements of the IEDDA reaction in peptide chemistry since 2008 are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareen Pagel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Zhang Y, Park KY, Suazo KF, Distefano MD. Recent progress in enzymatic protein labelling techniques and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:9106-9136. [PMID: 30259933 PMCID: PMC6289631 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based conjugates are valuable constructs for a variety of applications. Conjugation of proteins to fluorophores is commonly used to study their cellular localization and the protein-protein interactions. Modification of therapeutic proteins with either polymers or cytotoxic moieties greatly enhances their pharmacokinetics or potency. To label a protein of interest, conventional direct chemical reaction with the side-chains of native amino acids often yields heterogeneously modified products. This renders their characterization complicated, requires difficult separation steps and may impact protein function. Although modification can also be achieved via the insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing bioorthogonal functional groups, these methods can have lower protein expression yields, limiting large scale production. As a site-specific modification method, enzymatic protein labelling is highly efficient and robust under mild reaction conditions. Significant progress has been made over the last five years in modifying proteins using enzymatic methods for numerous applications, including the creation of clinically relevant conjugates with polymers, cytotoxins or imaging agents, fluorescent or affinity probes to study complex protein interaction networks, and protein-linked materials for biosensing. This review summarizes developments in enzymatic protein labelling over the last five years for a panel of ten enzymes, including sortase A, subtiligase, microbial transglutaminase, farnesyltransferase, N-myristoyltransferase, phosphopantetheinyl transferases, tubulin tyrosin ligase, lipoic acid ligase, biotin ligase and formylglycine generating enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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12
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Joachimiak Ł, Błażewska KM. Phosphorus-Based Probes as Molecular Tools for Proteome Studies: Recent Advances in Probe Development and Applications. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8536-8562. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Joachimiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M. Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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13
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Ravasco JMJM, Monteiro CM, Trindade AF. Cyclopropenes: a new tool for the study of biological systems. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00054e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopropenes have become an important mini-tag tool in chemical biology, participating in fast inverse electron demand Diels–Alder and photoclick reactions in biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M. J. M. Ravasco
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Monteiro
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Alexandre F. Trindade
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
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14
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Fan X, Ge Y, Lin F, Yang Y, Zhang G, Ngai WSC, Lin Z, Zheng S, Wang J, Zhao J, Li J, Chen PR. Optimized Tetrazine Derivatives for Rapid Bioorthogonal Decaging in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yun Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Feng Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - William Shu Ching Ngai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Siqi Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Peng R. Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
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15
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Fan X, Ge Y, Lin F, Yang Y, Zhang G, Ngai WSC, Lin Z, Zheng S, Wang J, Zhao J, Li J, Chen PR. Optimized Tetrazine Derivatives for Rapid Bioorthogonal Decaging in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14046-14050. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yun Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Feng Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - William Shu Ching Ngai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Siqi Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Peng R. Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
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16
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Wang YC, Distefano MD. Synthetic isoprenoid analogues for the study of prenylated proteins: Fluorescent imaging and proteomic applications. Bioorg Chem 2016; 64:59-65. [PMID: 26709869 PMCID: PMC4731301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a posttranslational modification catalyzed by prenyltransferases involving the attachment of farnesyl or geranylgeranyl groups to residues near the C-termini of proteins. This irreversible covalent modification is important for membrane localization and proper signal transduction. Here, the use of isoprenoid analogues for studying prenylated proteins is reviewed. First, experiments with analogues containing small fluorophores that are alternative substrates for prenyltransferases are described. Those analogues have been useful for quantifying binding affinity and for the production of fluorescently labeled proteins. Next, the use of analogues that incorporate biotin, bioorthogonal groups or antigenic moieties is described. Such probes have been particularly useful for identifying proteins that are naturally prenylated within mammalian cells. Overall, the use of isoprenoid analogues has contributed significantly to the understanding of protein prenlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chih Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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17
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Jung S, Kwon I. Expansion of bioorthogonal chemistries towards site-specific polymer–protein conjugation. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistries have been used to achieve polymer-protein conjugation with the retained critical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Secheon Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 61005
- Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 61005
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering
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18
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Mannasova AA, Chernyatieva AP, Krivovichev SV. Cs2CuP2O7, a novel low-density open-framework structure based upon an augmented diamond net. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2015-1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The crystal structure of Cs2CuP2O7 [monoclinic, Cc, a=7.460(6), b=12.973(10), c=9.980(8) Å, β=111.95(2)°, V=895.8(12) Å3] prepared by solid-state reactions is based upon open framework formed by corner sharing between CuO4 distorted squares and P2O7 groups. The framework is porous and has a very low framework density of 13.4 Cu+P atoms per 1 nm3. Cs+ cations reside in large framework cavities. The heteropolyhedral network in the title compound is based upon three-dimensional (3;4)-connected net that has a three-membered CuP2 ring as its elementary unit. In terms of reticular chemistry, this net should be considered as an augmented diamond (dia) net. The Cu–P net can be obtained from the latter by the replacement of its nodes by the CuP2 triangles. This replacement is strongly non-centrosymmetric, since all CuP2 triangles are oriented along the same direction, which provides a crystal chemical explanation for the absence of a symmetry centre in the structure. Cs2CuP2O7 is the first compound in the A2CuP2O7 family (A=alkaline metal), which is based upon three-dimensional copper pyrophosphate framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A. Mannasova
- Department of Crystallography, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiya P. Chernyatieva
- Department of Crystallography, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Krivovichev
- Department of Crystallography, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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19
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Murrey HE, Judkins JC, Am Ende CW, Ballard TE, Fang Y, Riccardi K, Di L, Guilmette ER, Schwartz JW, Fox JM, Johnson DS. Systematic Evaluation of Bioorthogonal Reactions in Live Cells with Clickable HaloTag Ligands: Implications for Intracellular Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11461-75. [PMID: 26270632 PMCID: PMC4572613 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Bioorthogonal
reactions, including the strain-promoted azide–alkyne
cycloaddition (SPAAC) and inverse electron demand Diels–Alder
(iEDDA) reactions, have become increasingly popular for live-cell
imaging applications. However, the stability and reactivity of reagents
has never been systematically explored in the context of a living
cell. Here we report a universal, organelle-targetable system based
on HaloTag protein technology for directly comparing bioorthogonal
reagent reactivity, specificity, and stability using clickable HaloTag
ligands in various subcellular compartments. This system enabled a
detailed comparison of the bioorthogonal reactions in live cells and
informed the selection of optimal reagents and conditions for live-cell
imaging studies. We found that the reaction of sTCO with monosubstituted
tetrazines is the fastest reaction in cells; however, both reagents
have stability issues. To address this, we introduced a new variant
of sTCO, Ag-sTCO, which has much improved stability and can be used
directly in cells for rapid bioorthogonal reactions with tetrazines.
Utilization of Ag complexes of conformationally strained trans-cyclooctenes should greatly expand their usefulness especially when
paired with less reactive, more stable tetrazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Murrey
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joshua C Judkins
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher W Am Ende
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yinzhi Fang
- Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Keith Riccardi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edward R Guilmette
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joel W Schwartz
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Douglas S Johnson
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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20
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Kawamoto K, Grindy SC, Liu J, Holten-Andersen N, Johnson JA. Dual Role for 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines in Polymer Networks: Combining Diels-Alder Reactions and Metal Coordination To Generate Functional Supramolecular Gels. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:458-461. [PMID: 35596313 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition of tetrazines and olefins has emerged as a powerful coupling reaction for the formation of polymer gels with diverse applications. Tetrazines are also excellent ligands for metal atoms. For example, 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazines (bptz) have been used to generate discrete supramolecular Mxbptzy metal clusters and extended 2D grid structures. We reasoned that both the Diels-Alder and the metal-coordination modes of reactivity of bptz derivatives could be leveraged in the context of hydrogel design to yield novel hybrid materials. Here we report on the formation of supramolecular hydrogels via substoichiometric Diels-Alder functionalization of bptz ligands bound to the ends of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains followed by metal-coordination-induced gelation in the presence of Ni2+ and Fe2+ salts. Our results show that simple bptz-based polymers are versatile precursors to a diverse range of novel functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scott C. Grindy
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jenny Liu
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Niels Holten-Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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21
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Dozier JK, Khatwani SL, Wollack JW, Wang YC, Schmidt-Dannert C, Distefano MD. Engineering protein farnesyltransferase for enzymatic protein labeling applications. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1203-12. [PMID: 24946229 PMCID: PMC4103756 DOI: 10.1021/bc500240p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Creating covalent protein conjugates is an active area of research due to the wide range of uses for protein conjugates spanning everything from biological studies to protein therapeutics. Protein Farnesyltransferase (PFTase) has been used for the creation of site-specific protein conjugates, and a number of PFTase substrates have been developed to facilitate that work. PFTase is an effective catalyst for protein modification because it transfers Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analogues to protein substrates on a cysteine four residues from the C-terminus. While much work has been done to synthesize various FPP analogues, there are few reports investigating how mutations in PFTase alter the kinetics with these unnatural analogues. Herein we examined how different mutations within the PFTase active site alter the kinetics of the PFTase reaction with a series of large FPP analogues. We found that mutating either a single tryptophan or tyrosine residue to alanine results in greatly improved catalytic parameters, particularly in kcat. Mutation of tryptophan 102β to alanine caused a 4-fold increase in kcat and a 10-fold decrease in KM for a benzaldehyde-containing FPP analogue resulting in an overall 40-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. Similarly, mutation of tyrosine 205β to alanine caused a 25-fold increase in kcat and a 10-fold decrease in KM for a coumarin-containing analogue leading to a 300-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. Smaller but significant changes in catalytic parameters were also obtained for cyclo-octene- and NBD-containing FPP analogues. The latter compound was used to create a fluorescently labeled form of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF), a protein of therapeutic importance. Additionally, computational modeling was performed to study how the large non-natural isoprenoid analogues can fit into the active sites enlarged via mutagenesis. Overall, these results demonstrate that PFTase can be improved via mutagenesis in ways that will be useful for protein engineering and the creation of site-specific protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Dozier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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