1
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Vittorio S, Dank C, Ielo L. Heterocyclic Compounds as Synthetic Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Recent Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109097. [PMID: 37240442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme which is widely distributed in nature (e.g., bacteria, mammals, fungi) and involved in two consecutive steps of melanin biosynthesis. In humans, an excessive production of melanin can determine hyperpigmentation disorders as well as neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease. The development of molecules able to inhibit the high activity of the enzyme remain a current topic in medicinal chemistry, because the inhibitors reported so far present several side effects. Heterocycle-bearing molecules are largely diffuse in this sense. Due to their importance as biologically active compounds, we decided to report a comprehensive review of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors possessing heterocyclic moieties reported within the last five years. For the reader's convenience, we classified them as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase (Agaricus bisporus) and human tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vittorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Dank
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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2
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Zolghadri S, Beygi M, Mohammad TF, Alijanianzadeh M, Pillaiyar T, Garcia-Molina P, Garcia-Canovas F, Luis Munoz-Munoz J, Akbar Saboury A. Targeting Tyrosinase in Hyperpigmentation: Current Status, Limitations and Future Promises. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115574. [PMID: 37127249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a common and distressing dermatologic condition. Since tyrosinase (TYR) plays an essential role in melanogenesis, its inhibition is considered a logical approach along with other therapeutic methods to prevent the accumulation of melanin in the skin. Thus, TYR inhibitors are a tempting target as the medicinal and cosmetic active agents of hyperpigmentation disorder. Among TYR inhibitors, hydroquinone is a traditional lightening agent that is commonly used in clinical practice. However, despite good efficacy, prolonged use of hydroquinone is associated with side effects. To overcome these shortcomings, new approaches in targeting TYR and treating hyperpigmentation are desperately requiredessentialneeded. In line with this purpose, several non-hydroquinone lightening agents have been developed and suggested as hydroquinone alternatives. In addition to traditional approaches, nanomedicine and nanotheranostic platforms have been recently proposed in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. In this review, we discuss the available strategies for the management of hyperpigmentation with a focus on TYR inhibition. In addition, alternative treatment options to hydroquinone are discussed. Finally, we present nano-based strategies to improve the therapeutic effect of drugs prescribed to patients with skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Beygi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Alijanianzadeh
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Munoz-Munoz
- Microbial Enzymology Lab, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building A, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Shojazadeh T, Zolghadr L, JafarKhani S, Gharaghani S, Farasat A, Piri H, Gheibi N. Biomolecular interactions and binding dynamics of inhibitor arachidonic acid, with tyrosinase enzyme. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1378-1387. [PMID: 34974821 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a disorder caused by increased melanin deposition and changes in skin pigmentation. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity contributes to the control of food browning and skin pigmentation diseases. The effects of arachidonic acid (AA) on tyrosinase activity were examined using different spectroscopy methods including UV-VIS spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) differential scanning calorimetry, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Based on the kinetic results, arachidonic acid showed mixed-type of inhibition with Ki = 4.7 µM. Fluorescence and CD studies showed changes of secondary and tertiary structures of enzyme and a reduction of α-helix* amino acids after its incubation with different concentrations of AA, which is also confirmed by DSSP analysis. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed a decrease in thermodynamic stability of enzyme from Tm = 338.65k for sole enzyme after incubation with AA in comparison with complex enzyme with Tm= 334.26k, ΔH =7.52 kJ/mol, and ΔS = 0.15 kJ/mol k. Based on the theoretical methods, it was found that the interaction between enzyme and AA follows an electrostatic manner with ΔG = -8.314 kJ/mol and ΔH = -12.9 kJ/mol. The MD results showed the lowest flexibility in the complex amino acids and minimal fluctuations in AA interaction with tyrosinase in Residue 240 to 260 and 66 to 80. Thus, AA inhibitory and structural and thermodynamic instability of tyrosinase supported advantages of this fatty acid for prevention of medical hyperpigmentation. Therefore, it is a good candidate for cosmetic applications. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Shojazadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetic, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Leila Zolghadr
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saeed JafarKhani
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Gharaghani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Farasat
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hossein Piri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nematollah Gheibi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Carcelli M, Compari C, Fisicaro E, Incerti M, Miglioli F, Peracchia E, Pertinhez TA, Rogolino D, Ronda N, Gentili S, Tegoni M. A potentiometric and spectrofluorimetric approach to unravel inhibitory effects of semi- and thiosemicarbazones on mushroom tyrosinase activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:17-27. [PMID: 36459222 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects on mushrooms tyrosinase activity of some semi- and thiosemicarbazones were investigated. While the semicarbazones are inactive, the thiosemicarbazones are, in general, more active than the reference (kojic acid, IC50 = 70 μM), with maximum activity obtained with benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (IC50 = 7 μM). These inhibitors probably act by coordination of the copper(II) metal ions in the active site of tyrosinase: effectively, potentiometric studies conducted in water solutions confirm that the most active thiosemicarbazone is a good ligand for copper(II) ions. The tyrosinase CD spectra do not show any significant difference by addition of an inhibitor or an inactive compound. On the contrary, interesting results were obtained by spectrofluorimetric titrations of mushrooms tyrosinase aqueous solutions with some of the investigated compounds, giving helpful information about possible mechanism of action. The thiosemicarbazones here reported are not cytotoxic on human fibroblasts and do not activate cells in a pro-inflammatory way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carcelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - C Compari
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - E Fisicaro
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - M Incerti
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - F Miglioli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - E Peracchia
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - T A Pertinhez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - D Rogolino
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - N Ronda
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - S Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - M Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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Hassan M, Shahzadi S, Kloczkowski A. Tyrosinase Inhibitors Naturally Present in Plants and Synthetic Modifications of These Natural Products as Anti-Melanogenic Agents: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010378. [PMID: 36615571 PMCID: PMC9822343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme target to design new chemical ligands against melanogenesis. In the current review, different chemical derivatives are explored which have been used as anti-melanogenic compounds. These are different chemical compounds naturally present in plants and semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds inspired by these natural products, such as kojic acid produced by several species of fungi; arbutin-a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant; vanillin-a phenolic aldehyde extracted from the vanilla bean, etc. After enzyme inhibition screening, various chemical compounds showed different therapeutic effects as tyrosinase inhibitors with different values of the inhibition constant and IC50. We show how appropriately designed scaffolds inspired by the structures of natural compounds are used to develop novel synthetic inhibitors. We review the results of numerous studies, which could lead to the development of effective anti-tyrosinase agents with increased efficiency and safety in the near future, with many applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Correspondence: or (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Correspondence: or (M.H.); (A.K.)
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Ghani U. Azole inhibitors of mushroom and human tyrosinases: Current advances and prospects of drug development for melanogenic dermatological disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114525. [PMID: 35717871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Azoles are a famous and promising class of drugs for treatment of a range of ailments especially fungal infections. A wide variety of azole derivatives are also known to exhibit tyrosinase inhibition, some of which possess promising activity with potential for treatment of dermatological disorders such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, nevus, flecks, melasma, and melanoma. Recently, thiazolyl-resorcinol derivatives have demonstrated potent human tyrosinase inhibition with a safe and effective therapeutic profile for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation in humans, which are currently under clinical trials. If approved these derivatives would be the first azole drugs to be used for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation. Although the scientific literature has been witnessing general reviews on tyrosinase inhibitors to date, there is none that specifically and comprehensively discusses azole inhibitors of tyrosinase. Appreciating such potential of azoles, this focused review highlights a wide range of their derivatives with promising mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitory activities and clinical potential for treatment of melanogenic dermatological disorders. Presently, these disorders have been treated with kojic acid, hydroquinone and other drugs, the design and development of which are based on their ability to inhibit mushroom tyrosinase. The active sites of mushroom and human tyrosinases carry structural differences which affect substrate or inhibitor binding. For this reason, kojic acid and other drugs pose efficacy and safety issues since they were originally developed using mushroom tyrosinase and have been clinically used on human tyrosinase. Design and development of tyrosinase inhibitors should be based on human tyrosinase, however, there are challenges in obtaining the human enzyme and understanding its structure and function. The review discusses these challenges that encompass structural and functional differences between mushroom and human tyrosinases and the manner in which they are inhibited. The review also gauges promising azole derivatives with potential for development of drugs against skin hyperpigmentation by analyzing and comparing their tyrosinase inhibitory activities against mushroom and human tyrosinases, computational data, and clinical profile where available. It aims to lay groundwork for development of new azole drugs for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation, melanoma, and related dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ghani
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia.
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Hassan M, Vanjare BD, Sim KY, Raza H, Lee KH, Shahzadi S, Kloczkowski A. Biological and Cheminformatics Studies of Newly Designed Triazole Based Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors against Mushroom Tyrosinase. Molecules 2022; 27:1731. [PMID: 35268831 PMCID: PMC8911699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of nine novel 1,2,4-triazole based compounds were synthesized through a multistep reaction pathway and their structures were scrutinized by using spectral methods such as FTIR, LC-MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The synthesized derivatives were screened for inhibitory activity against the mushroom tyrosinase and we found that all the synthesized compounds demonstrated decent inhibitory activity against tyrosinase. However, among the series of compounds, N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio) acetamide exhibited more prominent activity when accompanied with the standard drug kojic acid. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies identified the interaction profile of all synthesized derivatives at the active site of tyrosinase. Based on these results, N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio) acetamide could be used as a novel scaffold to design some new drugs against melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Balasaheb D. Vanjare
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea; (B.D.V.); (K.-Y.S.)
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea;
| | - Kyou-Yeong Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea; (B.D.V.); (K.-Y.S.)
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea;
| | - Ki Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea; (B.D.V.); (K.-Y.S.)
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Bioinformatics, Nesbit Road Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Molecular Docking, Synthesis, and Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity of Acetophenone Amide: Potential Inhibitor of Melanogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1040693. [PMID: 35059457 PMCID: PMC8766184 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase and its related proteins are responsible for pigmentation disorders, and inhibiting tyrosinase is an established strategy to treat hyperpigmentation. The carbonyl scaffolds can be effective inhibitors of tyrosinase activity, and the fact that both benzoic and cinnamic acids are safe natural substances with such a scaffolded structure, it was speculated that hydroxyl-substituted benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives may exhibit potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity. These moieties were incorporated into new chemotypes that displayed in vitro inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase with a view to explore antimelanogenic ingredients. The most active compound, 2-((3-acetylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl(E)-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate (5c), inhibited mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 of
, while 2-((3-acetylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (3c) had an IC50 of
in comparison to the positive control arbutin and kojic acid with a tyrosinase inhibitory activity of IC50 of
and IC50 of
, respectively. Analysis of enzyme kinetics revealed that 5c is a competitive and reversible inhibitor with dissociation constant (Ki) value 0.0072 μM. In silico docking studies with mushroom tyrosinase (PDB ID 2Y9X) predicted possible binding modes in the enzymatic pocket for these compounds. The orthohydroxyl of the cinnamic acid moiety of 5c is predicted to form hydrogen bond with the active site side chain carbonyl of Asn 260 (2.16 Å) closer to the catalytic site Cu ions. The acetyl carbonyl is picking up another hydrogen bond with Asn 81 (1.90 Å). The inhibitor 5c passed the panassay interference (PAINS) alerts. This study presents the potential of hydroxyl-substituted benzoic and cinnamic acids and could be beneficial for various cosmetic formulations.
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Recent advances in the design and discovery of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113744. [PMID: 34365131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloenzyme that is responsible for the rate-limiting catalytic step in the melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning. As a promising target, tyrosinase inhibitors can be used as skin whitening agents and food preservatives, thus having broad potential in the fields of food, cosmetics, agriculture and medicine. From 2015 to 2020, numerous synthetic inhibitors of tyrosinase have been developed to overcome the challenges of low efficacy and side effects. This review summarizes the enzyme structure and biological functions of tyrosinase and demonstrates the recent advances of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, providing a better understanding of the catalytic mechanisms and more effective tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Wu Y, Huo D, Chen G, Yan A. SAR and QSAR research on tyrosinase inhibitors using machine learning methods. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:85-110. [PMID: 33517778 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2020.1862297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of melanin synthesis, which is closely related to human pigmentation disorders. Tyrosinase inhibitors can down-regulate tyrosinase to effectively reduce melanin synthesis. In this work, we conducted structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on 1097 diverse mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. We applied five kinds of machine learning methods to develop 15 classification models. Model 5B built by fully connected neural networks and ECFP4 fingerprints achieved the highest prediction accuracy of 91.36% and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.81 on the test set. The applicability domains (AD) of classification models were defined by d S T D - P R O method. Moreover, we clustered the 1097 inhibitors into eight subsets by K-Means to figure out inhibitors' structural features. In addition, 10 quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were constructed by four machine learning methods based on 813 inhibitors. Model 6 J, the best QSAR model, was developed by fully connected neural networks with 50 RDKit descriptors. It resulted in a coefficient of determination (r 2) of 0.770 and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.482 on the test set. The AD of Model 6 J was visualized by Williams plot. The models built in this study can be obtained from the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - D Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - G Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China
| | - A Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
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Raza H, Abbasi MA, Rehman AU, Siddiqui SZ, Hassan M, Shah SAA, Shahid M, Hong H, Seo SY. Design, synthesis and computational studies of N-(substituted-phenyl)-4-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)butanamides as potent anti-melanogenic and tyrosinase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Zhang M, Shen C, Jia T, Qiu J, Zhu H, Gao Y. One-step synthesis of rhodamine-based Fe 3+ fluorescent probes via Mannich reaction and its application in living cell imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 231:118105. [PMID: 32006914 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Four rhodamine-based fluorescent probes M1-M4 were synthesized in one step using Mannich reaction. The Mannich reaction based approach has the advantages of simplicity, good yield and excellent atomic economy. The structures were determined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and HRMS. The probe M3 as a representative compound was characterized by single-crystal X-ray analyses. The fluorescence and absorbance spectra research of the probes demonstrated that they could be used as Fe3+-selective fluorescent probes with good sensitivity, excellent linearity, and outstanding anti-interference in acetonitrile/Tris-HCl buffer solution (3:7, V/V; pH = 7.4). Moreover, confocal laser scanning microscopy experiments have proven that the probe M3 was successfully used for fluorescence imaging in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Chuanchuan Shen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ting Jia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jianwen Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Hu Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yong Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
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13
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Carcelli M, Rogolino D, Bartoli J, Pala N, Compari C, Ronda N, Bacciottini F, Incerti M, Fisicaro E. Hydroxyphenyl thiosemicarbazones as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase and antibrowning agents. Food Chem 2020; 303:125310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Zolghadri S, Bahrami A, Hassan Khan MT, Munoz-Munoz J, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Canovas F, Saboury AA. A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:279-309. [PMID: 30734608 PMCID: PMC6327992 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1545767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Asieh Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - J. Munoz-Munoz
- Group of Microbiology, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - F. Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Raza H, Abbasi MA, Siddiqui SZ, Hassan M, Abbas Q, Hong H, Shah SAA, Shahid M, Seo SY. Synthesis, molecular docking, dynamic simulations, kinetic mechanism, cytotoxicity evaluation of N-(substituted-phenyl)-4-{(4-[(E)-3-phenyl-2-propenyl]-1-piperazinyl} butanamides as tyrosinase and melanin inhibitors: In vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103445. [PMID: 31826809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the current research work, different N-(substituted-phenyl)-4-{(4-[(E)-3-phenyl-2-propenyl]-1-piperazinyl}butanamides have been synthesized according to the protocol described in scheme 1. The synthesis was initiated by reacting various substituted anilines (1a-e) with 4-chlorobutanoyl chloride (2) in aqueous basic medium to give various electrophiles, 4-chloro-N-(substituted-phenyl)butanamides (3a-e). These electrophiles were then coupled with 1-[(E)-3-phenyl-2-propenyl]piperazine (4) in polar aprotic medium to attain the targeted N-(substituted-phenyl)-4-{(4-[(E)-3-phenyl-2-propenyl]-1-piperazinyl}butanamides (5a-e). The structures of all derivatives were identified and characterized by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and Infra-Red (IR) spectral data along with CHN analysis. The in vitro inhibitory potential of these butanamides was evaluated against Mushroom tyrosinase, whereby all compounds were found to be biologically active. Among them, 5b exhibited highest inhibitory potential with IC50 value of 0.013 ± 0.001 µM. The same compound 5b was also assayed through in vivo approach, and it was explored that it significantly reduced the pigments in zebrafish. The in silico studies were also in agreement with aforesaid results. Moreover, these molecules were profiled for their cytotoxicity through hemolytic activity, and it was found that except 5e, all other compounds showed minimal toxicity. The compound 5a also exhibited comparable results. Hence, some of these compounds might be worthy candidates for the formulation and development of depigmentation drugs with minimum side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Raza
- College of Natural Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, South Korea
| | | | | | - Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Hansol Hong
- College of Natural Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, South Korea
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor D. E., Malaysia; Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor D. E., Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- College of Natural Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, South Korea.
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Zinad DS, Mahal A, Mohapatra RK, Sarangi AK, Pratama MRF. Medicinal chemistry of oxazines as promising agents in drug discovery. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 95:16-47. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhafer S. Zinad
- Applied Science Department University of Technology Baghdad Iraq
| | - Ahmed Mahal
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- Guangzhou HC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry Government College of Engineering Keonjhar Odisha India
| | - Ashish K. Sarangi
- Department of Chemistry Government College of Engineering Keonjhar Odisha India
| | - Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences Muhammadiyah University of Palangkaraya Palangka Raya Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Airlangga University Surabaya Indonesia
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Substituted phenyl[(5-benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]acetates/acetamides as alkaline phosphatase inhibitors: Synthesis, computational studies, enzyme inhibitory kinetics and DNA binding studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103108. [PMID: 31284102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Substituted phenyl[(5-benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]acetates/acetamides 9a-j were synthesized as alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. Phenyl acetic acid 1 through a series of reactions was converted into 5-benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione 4. The intermediate oxadiazole 4 was then reacted with chloroacetyl derivatives of phenols 6a-f and anilines derivatives 8a-d to afford the title oxadiazole derivatives 9a-j. All of the title compounds 9a-j were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against human alkaline phosphatise (ALP). It was found that compounds 9a-j exhibited good to excellent alkaline phosphatase inhibitory activity especially 9h displayed potent activity with IC50 value 0.420 ± 0.012 µM while IC50 value of standard (KH2PO4) was 2.80 µM. The enzyme inhibitory kinetics of most potent inhibitor 9h was determined by Line-weaever Burk plots showing non-competitive mode of binding with enzyme. Molecular docking studies were performed against alkaline phosphatase enzyme (1EW2) to check the binding affinity of the synthesized compounds 9a-j against target protein. The compound 9h exhibited excellent binding affinity having binding energy value (-7.90 kcal/mol) compared to other derivatives. The brine shrimp viability assay results proved that derivative 9h was non-toxic at concentration used for enzyme assay. The lead compound 9h showed LD50 106.71 µM while the standard potassium dichromate showed LD50 0.891 µM. The DNA binding interactions of the synthesized compound 9h was also determined experimentally by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. The compound 9h was found to bind with grooves of DNA as depicted by both UV-Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry with binding constant values 7.83 × 103 and 7.95 × 103 M-1 respectively revealing significant strength of 9h-DNA complex. As dry lab and wet lab results concise each other it was concluded that synthesized compounds, especially compound 9h may serve as lead compound to design most potent inhibitors of human ALP.
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